Description nke Hagia Sophia na Constantinople. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a masterpiece nke Byzantine ije

Nke a grandiose ụkpụrụ ụlọ Ọdịdị na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Bosphorus kwa afọ na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị njem na njem ala nsọ si ọtụtụ mba na kọntinent. N'ịbụ ha mmata nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na a dị mfe nkọwa nke Hagia Sophia na Constantinople si a akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ ọgụgụ adịghị enye a zuru foto nke a pụtara ìhè ncheta nke omenala nke ụwa oge ochie. Ọ ga-hụrụ gị anya dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ha ndụ.

Of mere n'oge ochie

Ọbụna ndị kasị zuru ezu nkọwa nke Hagia Sophia na Constantinople adịghị enye ozuzu nke nghọta nke a ụkpụrụ ụlọ onu. Enweghị a na-agbanwe agbanwe analysis nke inwe nke eras, site na nke ọ nwere rue, ọ bụ eleghi anya ọma na-aghọta mkpa nke ebe a. Tupu ọ pụtara n'ihu anyị na otu ọnọdụ nke ọ ga-hụrụ taa site njem nleta, ọtụtụ mmiri na-asọpụta.

The Cathedral mbụ wuru dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke kasị elu mmụọ Byzantium, a ọhụrụ Christian ike, nke bilitere n'etiti ndị na mkpọmkpọ ebe nke oge ochie Rome na narị afọ nke anọ AD. Ma akụkọ nke Hagia Sophia na Constantinople malitere ọbụna tupu ida nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom n'ime n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime obodo a, emi odude a putara ighe mkpa ókè-ala n'etiti Europe na Eshia, anyị mkpa a dị ike ihe nnọchianya nke mmụọ na civilizational ịdị ukwuu. Emperor Konstantin m Veliky ghọtara nke a ka mba ndị ọzọ. Na naanị na ike nke eze ahụ yiri ka na-amalite na-ewu nke a magburu Ọdịdị, nke enweghị analogues n'oge ochie. Ụbọchị nke ntọala + ụlọ nsọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi metụtara na aha na oge nke ọbubu-eze nke eze ukwu ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na n'ezie dere nke katidral e nwere ndị ọzọ ndị biri ndụ ọtụtụ mgbe e mesịrị, n'oge ọchịchị Eze Ukwu Justinian. Mere eme isi mmalite anyị maara aha abụọ ndị a kasị mkpa architects nke ya oge. Nke a Greek architects Anfimov Trallsky na Isidore nke Miletus. Ọ bụ ha na onye dere ma engineering na-ewu ụlọ, nakwa dị ka nkà akụkụ nke otu ụkpụrụ ụlọ imewe.

Otú iwu a temple

Description nke St. Sophia Katidral ke Constantinople, ọmụmụ nke ya ụkpụrụ ụlọ atụmatụ na-ewu n'ụzọ ebute ọgwụgwụ na mbụ plan nke ya na-ewu nke ukwuu gbanwere n'okpuru nduzi nke dị iche iche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba. Facilities nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ na Alaeze Ukwu Rom ruo mgbe ọ bụ.

Historical isi mmalite haa na ụbọchị nke ntọala nke katidral - 324 afọ site na mụrụ Kraịst. Ma ihe anyị na-ahụ taa wee malite iwu banyere narị afọ abụọ mgbe na ụbọchị. Narị afọ nke anọ ụlọ, nchoputa nke nke bụ Konstantin m Veliky, ugbu a chebekwara nanị ntọala na ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Gịnị bụ na saịtị nke ugbu St. Sophia Cathedral, a maara dị ka ndị nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti nke Constantine na nnukwu ụlọ ụka Senti nke Theodosius. Tupu ndị na-achịkwa n'etiti narị afọ nke isii, na Emperor Justinian nwere a ọrụ iji kwem ihe ọhụrụ na mgbe hụrụ tupu. The ịtụnanya n'ezie eziokwu na grandiose ewu nke Katidral kere naanị afọ ise, si 532 537 afọ. N'otu oge ahụ na-ewu na-arụ ọrụ karịa iri puku ndị ọrụ chịkọtara nile nke alaeze ukwu. On n'igbere mmiri na Bosphorus a napụta na chọrọ ego nke kacha mma iche marble si Greece. Ego maka owuwu nke Emperor Justinian chebere n'ihi na wuru bụghị naanị a nnọchianya nke ịdị ukwuu nke ala nke Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom, ma ụlọ nsọ na ebube Jehova. O nwere na-ebu n'ụwa ìhè nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst.

Mere eme isi mmalite

Description nke Hagia Sophia na Constantinople nwere ike dị na mmalite akụkọ nke ogige nke Byzantine chroniclers. N'ime ndị a, o doro anya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ mere agaghị echefu nke ịdị ebube na ima-nma nke ụlọ a.

Ọtụtụ kweere na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na-ewu a katidral enweghị kpọmkwem aka nke Chineke agha. Isi dome nke kasị ukwuu Christian temple nke oge ochie ụwa anya site n'ebe di anya niile ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na Sea of Marmara, eru nso Bosphorus. O jere ozi dị ka ogidi ọkụ, na nke ahụ bụ ihe ime mmụọ na ihe atụ. N'ihi ya, e bu n'obi: Byzantium ụka bụ na akan ha ịdị ebube niile na-ewuli elu ha.

Cathedral Interior

The n'ozuzu mejupụtara nke temple ohere bụ n'okpuru iwu nke symmetry. Ụkpụrụ a kemgbe ihe ndị kasị mkpa ma na ụlọ nsọ oge ochie ije. Ma na akporo na larịị nke arụmọrụ interiors Temple Sophia na Constantinople karịa nnọọ ihe ọ bụla na-ewuli elu ya. Nke ahụ bụ ọrụ na-etinye n'ihu architects na-ewu ụlọ nke Eze Ukwu Justinian. Uche ya si ọtụtụ ndị na obodo nke alaeze ukwu rụchaa temple ogidi ndị dị njikere ka a napụta, na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọcha e si tupu ẹdude ụlọ mgbe ochie. Of akpan akpan isi ike bụ ẹkụre dome. The akwa isi dome akwado ihe arched veranda nwere ogidi na iri anọ window oghere, na-enye efefe ọkụ ke oghere nile nke temple. Great elekọta asuan ebe ịchụàjà nke Katidral, na ya mma nọrọ a ịrịba ego nke gold, silver na ọdụ. Dị ka Byzantine historiography na oge a na-eme atụmatụ, ndị ọkachamara na, naanị Emperor Justinian n'ime ime nke katidral nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ Amawaputala nke mba. Na ya oké ọchịchọ ọ chọrọ iti ndị Old Testament Eze Solomọn Temple na Jerusalem vozdvignuvshego. Okwu ndị a nke eze ukwu ahụ ikpe e dere site chroniclers. Na e nwere ihe mere kwere na Emperor Justinian ịga nke ọma ya bu n'uche.

Byzantine style

Sophia Cathedral, a foto nke a na-now mma na nkwado ngwaahịa ọtụtụ njem nleta ụlọ ọrụ, bụ a classic n'onwe alaeze ukwu Byzantine style na ije. Nke a style bụ mfe recognizable. Ya nnukwu ịdị ebube ọ na-emekwa-aga azụ ndị kasị mma omenala nke alaeze ukwu Rom na Grik ochie, ma na-emegharị a ije na ihe ọzọ bụ nanị agaghị ekwe omume.

Byzantine ụka nwere ike mfe achọpụtara na a bukwanu anya si akụkọ ihe mere eme Byzantium. Nke a akara nke temple ije na taa bụ kpagburuibe ụkpụrụ ụlọ style nile, ebe mbụk adịkwaghị Ọtọdọks alaka nke zuru ụwa ọnụ Christianity. Ndị a owuwu na-ji a oke dome n'elu akụkụ bụ isi nke ẹkụre ụlọ ahụ ma na ihe arched veranda nwere ogidi n'okpuru. Architectural atụmatụ a style na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ na-ga-aghọ akụkụ nke chọọchị Russia ije. Taa, ọ bụghị ọbụna ndị niile na-aghọta na isi iyi nke na ọ na-emi odude n'ikperé nke Bosphorus.

pụrụ iche mosaics

Mba dị ochie nke ezi nkà aghọwo oyiyi na Mozis murals si mgbidi St. Sophia Katidral. Na ha compositional Ọdịdị mfe anya Roman na Grik so nnukwu sere.

Frescoes nke Hagia Sophia wuru karịrị narị afọ abụọ. N'elu ha, ọtụtụ ọgbọ nke nna ukwu ma na a ọtụtụ icon sere ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mozis Usoro onwe ya nwere a ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ ọkaibe technology tụnyere na omenala tempera sere na mmiri plaster. All na ihe nke Mozis murals kere nka ha naanị ka iwu ụfọdụ, nke ga-uninitiated. Ọ bụ onye na-adịghị na nnọọ oké ọnụ, ma ọ ga-esi n'ime ime nke Nsọ Sophia Byzantine eze ukwu na-akwa ụta. E dịghịkwa ebe ọsọ ọsọ nna ukwu, n'ihi na ihe ha na-kere, bụ na-adị ndụ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. A esiri na e kere eke nke Mozis murals kere elu nke mgbidi na ụlọ ọcha nke katidral. The nkiri a manyere hụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nsọ na mgbagwoju gaje Mbelata. Byzantine ese bụ ndị mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa art, bụ ndị a na-echebara a na-akpata. Tupu ha ahụmahụ dị otú ahụ na ọ dịghị onye ọzọ. Na na ọrụ ha na-ekpe ọma, o nwere ike ugbu a gosiri na ọtụtụ puku ndị njem na njem ala nsọ bụ kwa afọ gaa na Katidral nke St. Sophia na Istanbul.

The ogologo oge nke Ottoman achị, Byzantine mosaics na mgbidi nke ụka techie na a oyi akwa nke plaster. Ma mgbe mweghachi ọrụ rụrụ na zitere nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, ha pụtara na anya fọrọ nke nta na-emebibeghị. Na taa, n'ulo nke St. Sophia, ọbịa nwere ike na-edebe Byzantine frescoes e sere Christ na Virgin Mary interspersed na e kwuru na ewepụtara calligraphic suras si Koran.

Ihe-nketa nke ndi Islam oge na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke katidral restorers nwekwara-emeso ya na ùgwù. Ọ bụ na-akpali mara na ụfọdụ Orthodox nsọ na Mozis fresco ese nyere a Eserese oyiyi ahụ na-achị achị eze na ndị ọzọ na-akwanyere ùgwù ndị nke oge ya. Na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, a na-eme ga-nkịtị na-ewu Cathedrals Catholic Cathedrals na kasị obodo nke ochie Europe.

katidral vaults

Sophia Cathedral, onye photos na-anapụ bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Bosphorus njem na, ya e ji mara silhouette enwetara bụghị dịghị ruru ka ẹkụre akwa cupola. The dome onwe ya nwere a dịtụ ala elu na nnukwu n'obosara. Ndị dị otú ahụ a ruru nke n'ike-n'ike na-eme n'ọdịnihu ga-aga na nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ so Byzantine style. Ya elu site na ntọala larịị - 51 mita. Ọ tụkwasịwo size naanị na Renaissance, na-ewu nke ama Katidral nke St. Peter na Rome.

The expressiveness nke Isi nke St. Sophia Cathedral enye abụọ hemispherical dome, emi odude ke n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi dome. Ya udi na ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọcha na-ugboro ugboro na ya n'ozuzu na-emepụta otu set nke mejupụtara katidral. All ndị a ụkpụrụ ụlọ chọpụtara nke oge ochie Byzantium mesịrị mee ọtụtụ ugboro na chọọchị ije, na-ewu Cathedrals n'obodo nke ochie Europe, na mgbe ahụ gburugburu ụwa. Na Russian Alaeze Ukwu, na Byzantine dome nke Hagia Sophia, hu ihe nke ukwuu gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọdịdị nke Kronstadt Naval Cathedral na Kronstadt. Nakwa dị ka ndị a ma ama temple na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Bosporus, o nwere na-anya si n'oké osimiri niile akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-eru nso ka isi obodo, na-anọchi anya na ịdị ukwuu nke alaeze ukwu.

Ọgwụgwụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium

Dị ka a maara, ọ bụla alaeze ruru n'ọtụtụ ya kasị elu, na mgbe ahụ-akpali na ntụziaka nke e wedara n'ala na-adakpọ. M agaghị a akara aka, na Byzantium. Eastern Alaeze Ukwu Rom dara na n'etiti iri na ise na narị afọ n'okpuru ibu nke ya esịtidem emegiderịta na n'okpuru amụba nsogbu mpụga iro. Nso nso a, a Christian ozi ke Katidral nke St. Sophia na Constantinople, ẹkenịmde May 29, 1453. Nke a bụ ụbọchị ikpeazụ maka Byzantine isi obodo ya. Nke e kere fọrọ nke nta ka a puku afọ alaeze ukwu e meriri na ụbọchị site na onslaught nke Ottoman Turks. Kwụsịrị ịdị adị na Constantinople. Ugbu a ọ bụ Istanbul, ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọ bụ isi obodo nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman. The ndị meriri obodo bugara ụlọ nsọ na oge nke ofufe, brutally massacred dị n'ebe ahụ, na obi ọjọọ n'agha àkù nke katidral. Ma Ottoman Turks ibibi ụlọ na ya na-agaghị na - Christian temple a kara aka na-aghọ a na ụlọ alakụba. Nke a ọnọdụ ọ bụghị emetụta mpụga ọdịdị a Byzantine katidral.

The dome na minarets

N'oge Ottoman oge na ọdịdị nke Temple nke Sacred Sofia agbanweela ịrịba mgbanwe. Istanbul nwere nwere kwesịrị ekwesị isi obodo ọnọdụ isi ụlọ alakụba. Biri Ndụ n'Ụwa na iri na ise na narị afọ ụlọ chọọchị na akara na ihe mgbaru ọsọ a bụ site okè. Ekpere na ụlọ alakụba ga-mere na ntụziaka nke Mecca, mgbe Chọọchị Ọtọdọks ka ebe ịchụàjà a gbakwasara na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ottoman Turks rụrụ nwughari nke temple wee ha - wuru a ike ike buttresses na mere ihe akụkọ ụlọ na-ewusi ibu-amị mgbidi na wuru anọ nnukwu minarets na dị na n'ụkpụrụ iwu nke Islam. Saint Sophia Katidral ke Istanbul na aha ya bụ ụlọ alakụba Hagia Sophia. Na ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ime e wuru mihrab otú ekpere Alakụba ga-enịm ke n'akuku na axis nke ụlọ, na-ahapụ ekpe ebe ịchụàjà nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ. Ke adianade do, mgbidi nke katidral na techie na akara ngosi. Ma, ọ bụ omume na-weghachi nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, authentic sere nke temple mgbidi. Ha na-ọma chebere n'okpuru a oyi akwa nke ochie plaster. Saint Sophia Katidral ke Istanbul bụ ihe pụrụ iche site na eziokwu na ya na mpụga anya na esịtidem ọdịnaya nke a chọrọ nnọọ nwere njikọ chiri anya nketa nke ukwu abụọ omenala na ụwa abụọ okpukpe - Orthodox Christianity, na Islam.

Hagia Sophia Museum

Na 1935 ụlọ nke ụlọ alakụba Hagia Sophia e nwetara site na udi nke òtù nzuzo. Nke a ga-achọ a pụrụ iche iwu nke President of Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Nke a na-aga n'ihu nzọụkwụ ga-akwụsị na nzọrọ nke mere ihe akụkọ ụlọ nke na-anọchite anya nke okpukpe dị iche iche na okpukpe. The ndú nke Turkey nwekwara ike na-egosi ha anya site ụdị nile nke ụkọchukwu okirikiri.

Si kwuo mmefu ego e ego na rụrụ n'ọrụ mweghachi na mere ihe akụkọ ụlọ na ebe gburugburu ya. Ime ndokwa ndị dị mkpa akụrụngwa maka n'ikuku nke a nnukwu eruba n'ime ndị njem nleta si mba dị iche iche. Ugbu a, ndị Katidral nke St. Sophia na Istanbul bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adọrọ mmasị nke Turkey. Na 1985, ụlọ nsọ na-depụtara na UNESCO World Heritage Site dị ka otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa na ihe anụ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ mmadụ na mmepe anya. Nweta a na-adọrọ mmasị na obodo nke Istanbul dị nnọọ mfe - ọ na-emi odude ke prestigious ebe Sultanahmet na anya site n'ebe di anya.