Dị Mfe na mgbagwoju na-edozi. Ọdịdị, ọrụ, Njirimara, àgwà, ihe atụ nke mgbagwoju na-edozi

Otu n'ime nkọwa nke ndụ bụ dị ka ndị a: "Life bụ mode nke ịdị adị nke protein ozu." On ụwa anyị, na-enweghị isịneke ntule nwere ndị dị otú ahụ organic ihe, dị ka na-edozi. Isiokwu a ga-akọwa na ndị dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju edozi mata iche iche na molekụla Ọdịdị, na-atụle ha na ọrụ na cell.

Gịnị bụ na-edozi

Si echiche n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ - a elu molekụla ibu organic Polymers, monomers nke bụ 20 dị iche iche iche iche nke amino asịd. Ha na-Igbere site covalent chemical agbụ, ma mara peptide. Ebe ọ bụ na protein monomers bụ amphoteric ogige, ha nwere ma ihe amino ìgwè na a carboxyl ọtọ otu. Chemical nkekọ CO-NH n'etiti ha emee.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị polypeptide mejupụtara amino acid residues njikọ, ọ Nleta a mfe protein. The ụmụ irighiri nke polima, ozokwa gụnyere metal ion, vitamin, nucleotides, carbohydrates - na mgbagwoju na-edozi. Ọzọ, anyị na-atụle gbasara ohere Ọdịdị nke polypeptides.

Etoju nke nzukọ nke protein ụmụ irighiri

Ha na-n'ihu na anọ dị iche iche configurations. The mbụ Ọdịdị - linear, ọ bụ ihe kasị dị mfe ma nwere n'ụdị a polypeptide yinye n'oge ya agbasa n'ọtụtụ guzobe nke ọzọ hydrogen agbụ. Ha nụ helix, nke a na-akpọ a abụọ Ọdịdị. Tertiary oru nwere mfe ma dị mgbagwoju na-edozi, ọtụtụ osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke ikpeazụ nhazi - quaternary ebilite na mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nke nwa afọ Ọdịdị, n'otu coenzymes, ya bụ dị otú ahụ na-edozi nwere mgbagwoju Ọdịdị, rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ahụ ọrụ.

A dịgasị iche iche nke dị mfe na-edozi

Otu a abụghị ọtụtụ polypeptides. Ha irighiri iso naanị nke amino acid residues. Iji na-agụnye na-edozi ahụ, dị ka histones na globulins. The mbụ na-anọchi anya na isi Ọdịdị, na na-jikọtara na DNA ụmụ irighiri. Nke abụọ otu - globulins - bụ isi mmiri ọbara plasma. Ndị dị otú ahụ a protein ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka gamma globulin, arụ ọrụ nke dịghịzi ozize na bụ ihe antibody. A ogige nwere ike na-etolite okụre, nke nwere mgbagwoju carbohydrates na-edozi ahụ. Dị otú ahụ fibrillar mfe edozi ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka collagen na elastin, bụ akụkụ nke connective anụ ahụ, cartilage, akwara, anụ. Ha isi ọrụ - na-ewu na nkwado.

Tubulin protein bụ onye so microtubules, nke bụ mmiri nke cilia na flagella unicellular ntule dị ka ciliates, Euglena, parasitic flagellates. Nke a otu protein bụ onye so multicellular ntule (flagella spermatozoa, ova cilia, ciliated epithelium nke obere eriri afọ).

Protein albumin na-eje ozi na na ngwaahịa a ọrụ (eg, a protein nke ọkụkọ àkwá). Na endosperm nke mkpụrụ nke ọka - rye, osikapa, wheat - protein ụmụ irighiri akpọkọtara. Ha na-akpọ cellular inclusions. Ndị bekee na-eji na nkpuru ẹmbrayo na mmalite nke ya mmepe. Ke adianade do, elu protein ọdịnaya nke wheat Weevil bụ a dị nnọọ mkpa egosi àgwà nke ntụ ọka. Bread butere site gluten-ọgaranya ntụ ọka nwere nnukwu flavor quality na ndị ọzọ bara uru. Gluten nwere na-akpọ ike wheat. The miri-osimiri azụ ọbara plasma nwere protein na gbochie ha ọnwụ si oyi. Ha enweta antifirizi Njirimara, na-egbochi ọnwụ nke organism na ala mmiri okpomọkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, na ihe ndị mejupụtara nke cell mgbidi thermophilic bacteria na geothermal isi mmalite nwere ndi na-edozi ike idowe eke nhazi (tertiary ma ọ bụ quaternary Ọdịdị) nakwa na ọ dịghị denature na okpomọkụ sitere na site +50 ka + 90 Celsius C.

proteid

Ndị a bụ mgbagwoju na-edozi, nke na-ji dịgasị nnọọ iche iche na njikọ na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche rụrụ site ha. Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, na ìgwè nke polypeptides, ma e wezụga n'ihi na protein òkè nwere a prosthetic otu. N'okpuru nduzi nke ihe dị iche iche dị ka elu okpomọkụ, oké metal salts, lekwasị alkali na acid mgbagwoju na-edozi nwere ike igbanwe ya gbasara ohere udi, mfe ya. Nke a na onu na-akpọ denaturation. Ọdịdị nke mgbagwoju na-edozi na-akwusila hydrogen nkekọ na-agbajikwa, na ụmụ irighiri ihe ida ha Njirimara na ọrụ. Dị ka a na-achị, ndị denaturation bụ irreversible. Ma ụfọdụ nke polypeptides eme ihe dị ka a mkpali, na-akwọ ụgbọala na egosi na ọrụ, ọ bụ ike renaturation - eweghachiri eke Ọdịdị nke ahụ proteids.

Ọ bụrụ na ihe bụ a itisasị obodo akpata na-aga ruo ogologo oge, na protein molekul na-ebibi kpam kpam. Nke a na-eduga ná agbawa nke peptide nkekọ nke bụ isi Ọdịdị. Weghachi protein na ọrụ ya bụ agaghịkwa ekwe omume. Nke a na onu na-akpọ mbibi. Otu ihe atụ bụ nri nke àkwá: mmiri mmiri protein - albumin, emi odude ke tertiary Ọdịdị na-ebibi kpam kpam.

protein biosynthesis

Ọzọkwa, na-echeta na na polypeptides ndụ ntule mejupụtara 20 amino asịd, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na irreplaceable. Nke a lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, na na. D. Ha na-abanye n'ọbara si obere eriri afọ mgbe ekewa ya protein ngwaahịa. Synthesize oké mkpa amino asịd (alanine, proline, serine), dịkwa ka usoro ha na ụmụ anụmanụ na-eji nitrogen-nwere ogige. Osisi, na-autotrophic, onwe ha na-etolite a dị mkpa constituent monomers anọchite anya mgbagwoju na-edozi. N'ihi na nke a assimilation Jeremaya mere ha na-eji nitrates, amonia, ma ọ bụ nitrogen-free. Na ụfọdụ ụdị nke microorganisms enye onwe ha na a zuru set nke amino acid, n'ebe ndị ọzọ naanị ụfọdụ na-synthesized monomers. Nkebi nke biosynthesis nke na-edozi ime na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe niile dị ndụ ntule. Na isi nke transcription etịbe, na na cytoplasm nke cell - agbasa ozi n'ikuku.

Nzọụkwụ mbụ - njikọ nke ndị mRNA precursor emee site enzyme RNA polymerase. Ọ na-agbaji hydrogen nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị DNA ígwè, na otu onye n'ime ha na ụkpụrụ nke complementarity nakọtara tupu mRNA molekul. Ọ na-gụrụ slaysingu na bụ mfri eke, na mgbe ahụ na-abịa n'ime ntọala na cytoplasm, akpụ ozi ribonucleic acid.

Mejuputa nke abụọ ogbo achọ a kpọmkwem organelles - ribosomes na molekụla ọmụma ma nyefee ribonucleic asịd. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ọnọdụ bụ ọnụnọ nke ATP, dị ka Jeremaya mere plastic metabolism, nke bụ nke ndị biosynthesis nke na-edozi na-adị na absorption nke ike.

Enzymes, ha mebere atumatu ma ọrụ

Nke a bụ a nnukwu ìgwè edozi (banyere 2000), na-arụ ọrụ nke bekee emetụta ọnụego Biochemical Jeremaya mere na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ha nwere ike ịdị mfe (trepsin, pepsin) ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju. Mgbagwoju na-edozi ugbua ka enwere apoenzyme na coenzyme. The specificity nke protein ikwu na ogige nke na ọ na-eme, na-ekpebi a coenzyme, na proteids ọrụ a hụrụ naanị na ihe banyere ebe protein akụrụngwa na njikọ aka apoenzyme. The catalytic ọrụ nke enzyme bụ onwe ha nke molekul, kama naanị site na-arụsi ọrụ ike center. Ya Ọdịdị kwekọrọ na chemical Ọdịdị nke bekee catalyzed site ụkpụrụ nke "isi-mkpọchi", nke mere na ihe nke enzymes bụ nditịm kpọmkwem. Ọrụ nke mgbagwoju na-edozi na-na na-ekere òkè metabolic Filiks na na iji ha ka acceptors.

Klas nke mgbagwoju na-edozi

Ha e mepụtara site biochemists, dabeere na 3 ibiere: physico-chemical Njirimara, atụmatụ na bughi atụmatụ proteids specificity. The mbụ gụnyere ndị polypeptides nke dị iche iche electrochemical Njirimara. Ha na-ekewa n'ime isi, na-anọpụ iche na acidic. Ikwu na mmiri na-edozi nwere ike ịbụ hydrophilic, amphiphilic na hydrophobic. Nke abụọ otu nke enzymes na e weere na mbụ. Ìgwè nke atọ na-agụnye polypeptides na iche na chemical mejupụtara prosthetic otu (bụ chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Tụlee Njirimara nke mgbagwoju na-edozi na ihe zuru ezu. N'ihi ya, n'ihi na ihe atụ, acidic protein na bụ akụkụ nke ribosomes, nwere 120 amino asịd na bụ vasatail. Ọ na-emi odude ke protein-synthesizing organelles, ma prokaryotic na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọzọ so otu a - S-100 protein, mejupụtara abụọ n'agbụ jikọrọ calcium ion. Ọ bụ onye so na akwara ozi na glia - akwado anụ ahụ nke ụjọ usoro. The nkịtị onwunwe nke niile acidic protein - a elu ọdịnaya nke dicarboxylic asịd: glutamic na aspartic. Site alkaline edozi gụnyere histones - edozi na-eme ka RNA na DNA nucleic asịd. The peculiarity nke chemical mejupụtara bụ nnukwu ego nke lysine na arginine. Histones, ọnụ na nuclear chromatin chromosome ụdị - oké egwu cell Ọdịdị si n'aka ruo n'aka. Ndị a na-edozi na-aka na usoro nke transcription na translation. Amphiphilic edozi n'ọtụtụ ebe na-anọchi anya na cell membranes, akpụ a lipoprotein bilayer. N'ihi ya, otu na-amụ n'elu tụlere mgbagwoju na-edozi, anyị kwenyesiri ike na ha physico-chemical Njirimara n'ihi na Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein akụrụngwa na prosthetic iche iche.

Ụfọdụ mgbagwoju cell akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi na-enwe ike ịmata a dịgasị iche iche nke chemical ogige, dị ka abụkwara na-eme ha. Nke a egosi ọrụ proteids, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa maka nhọrọ absorption Filiks, bekee site mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi, na-echebe ya.

Glycoproteins na proteoglycans

Ha na-mgbagwoju na-edozi ndị dị iche n'etiti a Biochemical mejupụtara prosthetic iche iche. Ọ bụrụ na ndị chemical nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị protein akụrụngwa na carbohydrate akụkụ - covalently-glycoside, dị bekee na-akpọ glycoproteins. Apoenzyme ha ọkọnọ ụmụ irighiri nke mono- na oligosaccharides, ihe atụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-edozi na-prothrombin, fibrinogen (edozi aka na ọbara coagulation). Kortiko- na gonadotropic homonụ, interferons, enzymes na akpụkpọ ahụ na-glycoproteins. Na ụmụ irighiri proteoglycan protein akụkụ bụ naanị 5%, ndị fọdụrụnụ ịbụ a prosthetic otu (geteropolitsaharid). Ma akụkụ na-ejikọrọ na a glycosidic nkekọ nke OH otu-threonine na arginine iche iche na NH₂-glutamine, na lysine. Proteoglycan ụmụ irighiri na-egwu a dị nnọọ mkpa na mmiri nnu metabolism mkpụrụ ndụ. N'okpuru ebe a bụ tebụl nke mgbagwoju na-edozi, anyị na-amụ.

metalloproteins

Ndị a ihe nwere dị ka akụkụ nke ya molekụla ion nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọla. Tụlee ihe atụ nke mgbagwoju na-edozi nke na n'elu otu. Ọ bụ n'elu niile enzymes dị ka cytochrome oxidase. Ọ bụ nsogbu na cristae nke mitochondria na activates njikọ nke ATP. Ferrin na transferrin - proteid nwere ígwè ion. Mmalite ego ha na mkpụrụ ndụ, na nke abụọ bụ iga nke ọbara protein. Ọzọ metalloproteins - alfaamelaza ọ na e dere calcium ion a gụnyere ke mejupụtara nke asu na pancreatic ihe ọṅụṅụ, na-ekere òkè gbawara starch. Haemoglobin bụ otú metalloproteins na hromoproteidov. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka a iga protein na-eburu oxygen. N'ihi bụ a compound nke oxyhemoglobin. Inhalation nke carbon monoxide, ma ọ bụ carbon monoxide na-akpọ, ya haemoglobin ụmụ irighiri na-etolite nnọọ anụ compound erythrocytes. Ọ ngwa ngwa na-agbasa na akụkụ na anụ ahụ, na-eme cell nsi. N'ihi ya, mgbe ogologo oge inhalation nke carbon monoxide anwụọ si mkwomeuzu. Haemoglobin ikpe na-eburu na carbon dioxide guzobere catabolic Filiks. N'ebe ọbara iyi nke carbon dioxide na akpa ume na akụrụ, ma site na ha - na mpụga na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụfọdụ crustaceans na molluscs iga protein na-eburu oxygen, bụ keyhole. N'ọnọdụ ígwè na ọ nwere ọla kọpa ion, otú ọbara anụmanụ bụghị red, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

chlorophyll ọrụ

Dị ka anyị kwuru na mbụ, mgbagwoju na-edozi nwere ike na-etolite okụre na pigments - acha organic bekee. Ha na agba na-adabere na hromoformnyh iche iche na bibiri banye ụfọdụ spektra nke ìhè anyanwụ. Na osisi sel nwere green plastids - chloroplasts nwere chlorophyll ink. Ọ na-emi esịnede magnesium atọm na a polyhydric mmanya, phytol. Ha na-metụtara protein ụmụ irighiri ihe, na onwe ha na-ebu chloroplasts thylakoids (efere), ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ metụtara na stacks - akụkụ. Ha na-photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll - na ndị ọzọ carotenoids. Ebe a na-niile enzymes eji na photosynthetic Jeremaya mere. N'ihi ya chromoproteids, nke na-agụnye chlorophyll, igosi oké egwu ọrụ na metabolism, ya bụ na Jeremaya mere assimilation na dissimilation.

malitere ịrịa na-edozi

Ha na-agụnye ndị nnọchiteanya nke na-abụghị cellular iche nke ndụ, na-abanye n'alaeze .Salmo. Viruses adịghị nwere onwe ha protein-synthesizing ngwa. Nucleic asịd, DNA ma ọ bụ RNA, nwere ike ime njikọ nke kasị ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ nje virus. Simple nje iso naanị nke protein irighiri, compactly gbakọrọ na a helical Ọdịdị ma ọ bụ a polyhedral udi, dị ka ụtaba Mozis virus. Mgbagwoju nje nwere ndị ọzọ akpụkpọ ahụ na-akpụ akụkụ nke plasma akpụkpọ ahụ nke usu cell. Dị ka ọ pụrụ ịgụnye glycoproteins (ịba ọcha n'anya B virus, kịtịkpa virus). Isi ọrụ nke glycoproteins - a ude nke kpọmkwem na-anabata ya usu cell akpụkpọ ahụ. The mejupụtara nke ọzọ malitere ịrịa membranes na-edozi ahụ na-agụnye enzymes enye reduplication nke DNA ma ọ bụ RNA transcription. Dabere na ndị e kwuru n'elu, otu onye nwere ike ikwubi na-esonụ: malitere ịrịa urughuru edozi shells nwere a kpọmkwem Ọdịdị, dabere na akpụkpọ ahụ na-edozi nke usu cell.

N'isiokwu a anyị na e nyere ndị e ji mara nke mgbagwoju na-edozi, na-amụ ha mebere atumatu ma ọrụ sel nke dị iche iche na ntule.