Dịkwa ka usoro ha: general e ji mara na ọ dị mkpa

Ezi ihe ọmụma zuru ezu banyere ntule nke na-adọrọ mmasị anyị na-enye Nkuzi na isiokwu "Biology" (mezuwo 6). General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha, Otú ọ dị, - isiokwu maka dum akwụkwọ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akwụkwọ. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya - amụ ha akpali nnọọ mmasị.

Mushrooms, a n'ozuzu nkọwa ya na-na-e kwuru n'isiokwu a, gburugburu ebe obibi na trophic indices - heterotrophic eukaryotes na naanị osmotrofnym ụdị nri. Nke a definition n'ụzọ doro anya gosiri ọdịiche ha na ndị ọzọ na ntule na ohere ji nke biota. General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha na-atụ aro na ọ osmotrofnym ụzọ ike n'ihi morphological, n'ahụ na Biochemical e ji mara.

Vegetative aru nke dịkwa ka usoro ha

The vegetative aru nke kasị dịkwa ka usoro ha bụ a ukwuu branched filaments (hyphae) na-akparaghị ókè ibu, nke ọnụ na-akpọ mycelium ma ọ bụ mycelium. A, mycelium na kpamkpam mikpuru ke mkpụrụ (ala, osisi anụ ahụ, anụmanụ na nsị, akuku residues, na na.), Ma otú ahụ na atụmatụ nke ya Ọdịdị ekwe nke kacha wepụ si ya niile nri ahụ iji ekzoosmosa.

Organic bekee na ndị a substrates ndị tumadi na ụdị nke elu molekụla ibu Polymers (edozi, polysaccharides, nucleic asịd) na-adịghị agabiga cell mkpuchite. Ya mere dịkwa ka usoro ha, n'ozuzu e ji mara nke anyị nwere mmasị na mkpụrụ emit depolymerase enzymes ịrapara n'ahụ oligo- na Polymers nke monomers na ike ga-ebuga n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na anụmanụ digestive enzymes na-secreted n'ime eriri afọ, mgbe ahụ, mushrooms ha guzo, na mgbe ahụ fungal hyphae pụrụ iji tụnyere ihe everted gootu.

amụba nke dịkwa ka usoro ha

Full imikpu n'ime mkpụrụ mycelium egbochi ha dispersal na ohere. Ya mere, ha omumu akụkụ na-etinye na-atụ n'elu nke mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ e kwuru na ọ na-agbasa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ (ma ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ bụ na mmiri) nke okenye ọkara. Ọtụtụ fungi (macromycetes) spore-amị ozu bụ nnukwu, doro anya na anya ka gba ọtọ anya (ebili n'elu ala shlyapochnye mushrooms na-eto eto na ọ bụ tinder osisi). Ndị ọzọ dịkwa ka usoro (mikromitcety) bụ obere ozu sporulation, ha mebere atumatu nwere ike hụrụ naanị n'okpuru a microscope, ma ha na-etolite a uka mmepe nke na agba na ụdị raids dịkwa ka usoro ha dị iche iche substrates.

Abụọ nke alaeze fungi

Phylogenetic reconstructions na-egosi na ecomorphs "ero" bụghị homogeneous monophyletic otu, na a na-kewara abụọ phyla (alaeze). The akụkụ kasị mma, a na-akpọ "ezi dịkwa ka usoro ha" (eumitsety) monophyly na bụ n'ezie alaeze fungi (dịkwa ka usoro ha). The nta akụkụ, na-akpọ "gribopodobnymi ntule" (psevdomitsety) abịa tinyere ụfọdụ ahịhịa mmiri na alaeze Stramenopila, nke na-grouped n'ime ìgwè abụọ - Oomycota (oomycetes) na Labyrinthulomycota (net slime Ebu). Na ndabere nke a nkewa na-ewuli elu izugbe e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha. Amanita, dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ na - na nke a bụ nanị otu akụkụ nke ihe nile ha di iche iche.

Primary na sekọndrị metabolites

All metabolites conventionally kewara isi na sekọndrị. Primary metabolites dị mkpa maka uto nke ahụ ahụ, ya na irreplaceable. Nke a nucleic asịd, ndi na-edozi, carbohydrates, coenzymes, lipids, wdg Of a wuru cellular organelles -. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell mgbidi na akpụkpọ ahụ owuwu nke bụ mushrooms. General e ji mara ndị bụ isi metabolite bụ na abụba ha mkpụrụ ndụ na-eji dị ka a isi iyi nke nri na ume. Secondary metabolites ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị na ọnọdụ nke ndụ. Ha nwere ike ime na ụfọdụ ụdị na-ejighị na ndị ọzọ. N'adịghị ka ndị bụ isi, nke abụọ metabolites - na-abụkarị ala molekụla ibu ogige.

ndi na-edozi

Structural edozi bụ akụkụ nke cell mgbidi, akpụkpọ ahụ akụkụ, chromosomes na-wuru cytoskeletal ọcha - microtubules na microfilaments. Enzyme edozi enye niile intracellular Filiks na na mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi.

carbohydrates

Structural polymeric carbohydrates - ndabere nke cell mgbidi, nke na-dịkwa ka usoro ha. General e ji mara nke carbohydrates na okwu nke chemical mejupụtara eme ka o kwe ka ha kee ha ụzọ atọ dị iche iche: glucose na ndị ọzọ na monosaccharides na carbohydrates covalently jikọrọ peptides (glycoproteins).

Glucose Polymers - bụ glucans, chitin na cellulose. Glucans bụ n'usoro ma ọ bụ branched n'agbụ nke glucose ụmụ irighiri. Ha mejupụtara ná mpụta oyi akwa nke cell mgbidi kasị dịkwa ka usoro ha. Na ụmụ irighiri nke chitin glucose residues na-ejikọta ya na amino otu (aminated) ka nke, n'aka, na-mmasị acetic acid residues (acetylated). Ụmụ irighiri "kpachie" ọnụ branched ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ polysaccharides mejupụtara siri ike ọkpụkpụ nke cell mgbidi. Cellulose a hụrụ na niile na-enyocha Oomycetes nke ọ bụ banyere 10% nke cell mgbidi uka. Long kweere na ọ bụghị eziokwu dịkwa ka usoro ha, ma ugbu a na-egosi ya edidu ke mgbidi ụfọdụ Ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).

Polymers ọzọ monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, na ndị ọzọ.), Na-akpọ na na elu osisi hemicellulose, n'ebe na-adịghị niile dị iche iche nke dịkwa ka usoro ha. Karịsịa a otutu Polymers nke mannose - mannans - na cell mgbidi yist. O doro anya na, dị a Ọdịdị enye budding mgbidi mma karịa glucan.

N'ikpeazụ, a n'ozuzu e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha nwere ike gbakwunyere site eziokwu na ha cell mgbidi, nakwa dị ka osisi nwere ọtụtụ polysaccharides jikọrọ protein ụmụ irighiri -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny wdg Ha na-etolite a isi oyi akwa nke multilayer cell mgbidi na-egwu ọrụ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe cell bughi ike n'ezi, na ya mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi Filiks.

mapụtara carbohydrates

Nke a akwụkwọ na-egosi na a pụtara zuru ezu general e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha. 6 ọkwa akwụkwọ - a oge mgbe mbụ anyị juputara ịmara ihe ndị a ntule na usoro ndu na klas. Anyị na-atụ aro ka mikwuo ihe ọmụma ha na inyocha ha na ihe zuru ezu. Anyị ugbu a na-akọwa nnọchi nke carbohydrate.

Na dịkwa ka usoro ha ahụghị isi idobere polysaccharide pụta ụwa na elu osisi na ọtụtụ algae - starch. Glucose na-echekwara na eumitsetov glucan dị ka nso na anụmanụ starch glycogen. Ke adianade glucans si mushrooms nwere ndị ọzọ mapụtara carbohydrates, na ụfọdụ ndị pụrụ iche na alaeze dịkwa ka usoro ha. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi disaccharide trehalose. N'ihi na a ogologo oge trehalose hụrụ naanị dịkwa ka usoro, mere ọ natara a abụọ aha - mycosis. Ugbu a, ọ na-hụrụ na ụfọdụ elu osisi dị ka a obere compound. Trehalose ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmegharị nke ndị fungal mkpụrụ ndụ na-emesi na ụkpụrụ nke osmotic Filiks. The fungal mkpụrụ ndụ na-nakwa ẹdude sugar alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol na ndị ọzọ.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters nke monocarboxylic asịd nwere unbranched aliphatic yinye) dị mkpa mapụtara ngwaahịa, ha na-edebe ke cell na ụdị nke abụba ụmụ irighiri mmiri. N'ihi na fungi ji a elu ọdịnaya nke polyunsaturated (enwe ole na ole abụọ nkekọ na aliphatic yinye) ọdụdụ asịd ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka linolenic - atọ, na arachidonic - anọ abụọ agbụ. The phospholipid ụdị (jikọrọ Ester nkekọ na a phosphoric acid), lipids bụ isi na mmiri nke cell membranes. A nnukwu ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke owuwu nke akpụkpọ ahụ lipids na sterols Play, inye akpụkpọ ahụ ike. N'adịghị ka cholesterol anumanu inwe 27 carbon atọm na molekul (C-27) na phytosterols (C-29) osisi, isi fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

Secondary metabolites: pigments

Mushrooms na-na-efunahụ nke photosynthetic pigments, ma na-emepụta a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ogige, agba? Mycelium propagative akụkụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ. Dị ka chemical ọdịdị nke kasị pigments akọ terpenoid (carotenoids) ma ọ bụ na aromatic ogige. Ha na-arụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ọrụ. N'ihi ya, oroma carotene nkwekọrịta eji eruba nke mmekọahụ usoro na Mucorales; gbara ọchịchịrị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nwa pigments phenolic Aspergillus edebe naanị Sporiferous ngwa nke, n'adịghị ka mkpụrụ mycelium, a kpụrụ na ikuku, na esemokwu maka nchebe site na ultraviolet ìhè; ọchịchịrị na-acha melanin na-edebe ke cell mgbidi, na-amụba ike ha.

Nsị na ọgwụ nje

Ọtụtụ dịkwa ka usoro ha na-emepụta bekee na-egbu egbu ndị ọzọ na ntule na mgbe mgbe a hụrụ mgbe weere general e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha (6 ọkwa akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ na akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu). Bekee bụ na-egbu egbu na microorganisms, a na-akpọ ọgwụ nje na-egbu egbu na osisi - phytotoxins nsí na ụmụ anụmanụ na mmadụ - mycotoxins. Ụfọdụ metabolites nke dịkwa ka usoro ha, ịbụ na-egbu egbu na iche iche iche iche nke ntule (osisi na microorganisms, osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ), nwere a mgbagwoju edinam. Ọgwụ nje na-synthesized site na ọtụtụ dịkwa ka usoro ha bi ala, nke ga mpi maka nri substrates na ndị ọzọ microorganisms. Ha chemical ọdịdị na mode nke edinam bụ iche iche. N'ihi ya, ọgwụ nje-penicillins na cephalosporins inhibit cell mgbidi njikọ na bacteria, trichothecenes - protein nsụchi eukaryotic ntule, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins na mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins ekenyela dịkwa ka usoro ha na nje osisi anụ ahụ, ime ka ọnwụ nke osisi sel, nke ahụ na-mfe eri anụ na nje. Nsị inhibit enzymatic Filiks ke mkpụrụ ndụ oria osisi (e.g., ero Alternaria tentoksin egbochi photosynthetic phosphorylation) nwere ike akpụkpọ ahụ mmetụta na mmetụta na iga nke bekee site na akpụkpọ ahụ, ndị transmembrane ion nyefe (fusaric acid, fusicoccin et al.).

Mycotoxins na-kewara abụọ iche iche - na nsị nke microscopic fungi (mikromitcetov) na fungal nsí macromycetes enwe nnukwu fruiting ozu. Nke mbụ bụ nnọọ ize ndụ dịkwa ka usoro ha na ife efe osisi na ngwaahịa na-eji oriri. Ihe atụ, na sclerotia ergot alkaloids akpọkọtara (heterocycles nwere nitrogen), nke neuro-kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ nsị. Ha adịghị gbarie n'oge mmiri, otú achịcha butere site na ntụ ọka na a gbaara nke gburu sclerotia, bụ nnọọ ize ndụ. Ya iji ike eme ka oké nsi, mgbe mgbe na-egbu egbu na ya pụta. Ọzọ ọka nje - nje Fusarium isi ọrịa akụkụ. Ọ bụ a ero nke Fusarium, nke allocates ọka terpenoid nsí na-eme ka oké nsi (nri butere site na ntụ ọka mmeru na Fusarium, popularly na-akpọ "mmanya na-egbu achịcha", dị ka ọ na-akpata dizziness, vomiting na mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ yiri oké mmanya nsi).

nri mushrooms

Ugbu a, a otutu ihe ọmụma banyere ha nri nweela sayensị na usoro ndu. General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha, si na nke a echiche dị ka ndị a. Power kasị dịkwa ka usoro ha bụ n'ihi na osisi, n'ihi ya, ha nwere ifịk enzymes na-agbaji bughi na mapụtara polysaccharides ndụ osisi na osisi irighiri. Dị otú ahụ pectinases ebibi polygalacturonic acid (pectin) na ala molekụla ibu oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase na cellulose ihere cellulose na hemicellulose - isi carbohydrate akụrụngwa nke osisi cell mgbidi, amylase erekasịchaala starch, wdg Nke abụọ, mgbe cellulose site arọ nke mmiri nke osisi sel -. Lignin, na-anọchite anya a atọ akụkụ polima aromatic yiri mgbaaka. Karịsịa a otutu ya na Original Mix mkpụrụ ndụ. Lignin - kasị eguzogide vegetative polima na naanị mushrooms (tumadi drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) nwere lignazy eweda enzymes ya. Mushrooms nje ibunye mkpuchite ụmụ anụmanụ na mmadụ (akpụkpọ, ntutu isi, feathers), secrete enzymes na gbarie protein keratin, site na nke ha na-wuru.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a enzymes maka ume ịzọpụta na-synthesized site mkpụrụ ndụ bụghị mgbe niile ma naanị na ọnụnọ nke umi ke gburugburu ebe obibi (e.g., ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị pectin na gburugburu ebe obibi, na pectinase na-adịghị synthesized). Ha na-adịghị constitutive, dị ka isiokwu na-mkpụrụ itinye n'ọkwa. Ọzọkwa, ha na-agaghị kpụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-ajụ bụ ngwakọta nke potassium ogige na ihe mma ume metabolism (catabolites). Ka ihe atụ, ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa mbibi nke kasị polysaccharides - glucose, Otú ọ dị na gburugburu ebe nke na mgbakwunye nwere pectin ma ọ bụ cellulose, glucose, cellulase na pectinase na-adịghị emepụta. Eleghi anya ịbụ ndị bara uru na-emepụta mgbagwoju chemical Filiks na-emepụta glucose, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ugbua ugbu ke ibu ọkara. Ndị dị otú ahụ iwu na-akpọ catabolite ada.

agamobium

N'ịnọgide na-emeghe a isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka "General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha", na nkenke na-akọwa na atụmatụ nke ịnọgide. Asexual mmeputakwa nke a ntule nwere ike ịbụ mobile na kwụụrụ spores. Zoospores Nleta a obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dịkwa ka usoro ha, aquatic na terrestrial, onye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anya ruru ka mmiri. flagella Ọdịdị na na zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh yiri nke ahụ a kọwara maka ochrophyta, mgbe Chytridiomycota ga-atụle n'isiokwu na nkọwa nke otu a. Ọtụtụ ụdị dịkwa ka usoro ha spores reproduces stills, na-egosi na ha dị nnọọ ogologo oge ohere ala. Spores pụrụ kpụrụ endogenously na sporangia (sporangiospory) ma ọ bụ exogenously (conidia). Endogenous spores na-tọhapụrụ naanị mgbe mbibi nke sporangium, nke na-emekarị mgbe udu mmiri. a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (puku) nke spores, ma ụfọdụ ụdị-etolite obere sporangium (sporangioli) nke bụ nanị ole na ole spores (mgbe ụfọdụ otu) na-emekarị guzobere sporangia. Na nke ikpeazụ ahụ shei sporangioli na spores ike coalesce, na mgbe ahụ na-ese okwu endogenous ọrụ dị ka exogenous. Nke a na-egosi na isi omume nke endogenous spores, nke bụ precursors nke exogenous.

syngenesis

The kasị ụdị mmekọahụ usoro, na ihe ndị kasị mfe - na anọ na abụọ gametes na-adịghị ọdịiche dị na vegetative mkpụrụ ndụ, na-akpọ somatogamiya. Nke a na ụdị usoro a na-ahụkarị maka mmekọahụ askomitsetnyh yeasts, Basidiomycetes na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dịkwa ka usoro ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ewe ọbụna enweghị cell Fusion, a mfe anọ na nke nuclei n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. A ihe mgbagwoju usoro a kpọkwasịwo mmekọahụ iche òkè mycelium mmekọ (gametangia) nke ahụ jikọrọ ọnụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a mmekọahụ usoro, gametangiogamiya, ahụkarị ọtụtụ zigo- na Ascomycetes. N'ikpeazụ, na fungi hụrụ na mbụ ndị ọzọ eukaryotic ntule gametogamiya, ie mmakọ pụrụ iche gametes.

Classic i- na heterogamy e ji mara nke algae, hụrụ naanị na ala dịkwa ka usoro ha - Chytridiomycota. Classical oogamy dịkwa ka usoro ha na-abụghị existent. Ọbụna oomycetes, otú a na-akpọ n'ihi na ha na-enwe oogamy enweghị nwoke gametes (spam ma ọ bụ spermatsiev) na egg na oogonia napụ nke cell mgbidi na aha ya bụ oosferami. Na ụfọdụ ụdị nke marsupials mushrooms nwere oogonium (ma na-enweghị nne gametes bụ àkwá, ie na-anọchite anya gametangium), ma ọ dịghị antheridium, ka njikọta emee autonomic gifoy. Ndị ọzọ na-askomitsegov na bazidiomitsetnyh nchara dịkwa ka usoro ha bụ nwoke gametes - spermatsii, ma ọ dịghị nwaanyị gametes, na mgbe ụfọdụ gametangia (spermatogamiya). Na ụfọdụ ụdị spermatsii bụ sọrọ ọrụ - nwoke gametes na asexual spores (conidia).

ọgwụgwụ

General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha: eri ihe, na-eku ume, Spore amụba - niile nke oké mmasị na ọdịdị hụrụ. Ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche nke na-na-abụghị osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Oghere n'akwụkwọ ahụ isiokwu ya bụ "General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha" (mezuwo 7), ị ga-achọpụta na ha na-emekwa a iche iche na alaeze. Alaeze ndị ọzọ - na-na ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, nje virus na-bacteria. The isiokwu nke "General e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha na uru" weputara Akwụkwọ na n'isiokwu a - bụ nanị ihe ọmụma bụ isi banyere ha. Na ha e dere dum akwụkwọ, otú aku mmụta ha nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ ogologo. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị akpali isiokwu na echiche anyị, bụ n'ozuzu e ji mara nke dịkwa ka usoro ha. Ebu - otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie na ụwa na umu nke ndu eme ntule. Ọ pụtara 200 nde. Afọ gara aga na-eto nke ọma na ụwa nke oge a. Open ngalaba nke ọ bụla n'ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ "Alaeze nke dịkwa ka usoro ha. General e ji mara" (mezuwo 6), na ị ga-ahụ ihe ọmụma banyere ya.