"East" - booster. The mbụ rọketi "Vostok"

Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na mgbakwunye na ihe mere ka a nnukwu ego nke imerime mmadụ na-ahụ mbibi mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nkà na ụzụ mgbanwe. The post-agha n'ìgwè nke ụwa choro na isi asọmpi - na USSR na United States - ịzụlite nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ, ịzụlite sayensị na mmepụta. Ugbua na 50-ies nke mmadu ekpe na ohere: October 4, 1957 mbụ ugboelu na a laconic aha "Sputnik 1" gburugburu na mbara ala, akpọsa mmalite nke a n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ. Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị, mbụ cosmonaut enyefe orbit igba egbe ụgbọala "Vostok": Yuri Gagarin ghọrọ andikan nke cosmos.

prehistory

World War II, n'agbanyeghị na-achụso nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ụwa akwụsịbeghị. Ọ malitere na esemokwu nke West (edu US) na Eastern (Soviet) nkeji - mbụ maka dominance na Europe na mgbe ahụ na n'ụwa nile. Ọ-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-akpọ "agha nzuzo", n'oge ọ bụla nwere ike ghọọ ọkụ ogbo.

Na ihe e kere eke nke ngwá agha nuklia bụ a ajụjụ na ihe ndị kasị ụzọ nke nnyefe karịrị anya. The Soviet Union na United States adaberewo na mmepe nke nuclear akụ ụta ike nke na a nkeji ole na ole ka ha tie ndị iro bụ onye nke ọzọ n'akụkụ nke Earth. Otú ọ dị, ihe yiri ka n'akụkụ ekenyenede oké ọchịchọ atụmatụ ịzụlite nso-Earth ohere. Dị ka a n'ihi nke rọketi "Vostok" e kere, Gagarin Yuriy Alekseevich ghọrọ ndị mbụ Astronotu na Soviet Union na-edu ndú na agha okirikiri.

Space Race

Ke ufọt ufọt 1950 a ballistic agha "Atlas" na e kere United States na Soviet Union - P-7 (n'ọdịnihu "East"). Rọketi e kere na ọtụtụ ike na ikike na-enye ohere ọ ga-eji ọ bụghị nanị maka mbibi, ma n'ihi na constructive nzube. Ọ bụ mba na nzuzo na ndi-isi-mmebe Sergey Pavlovich Korolev si agha nọworo a supporter nke Tsiolkovsky echiche na rọrọ nke na-emeri na ohere ngagharị. Ekwe omume nke R-7-enye gị ohere iji zipu Satellites ma ọ bụ ọbụna manned ugboelu anya na mbara ala.

Ọ bụ ekele R-7 ballistic na "Atlas" n'ihi na oge mbụ a kpọrọ mmadụ anọwo nwee ike imeri ike nke ike ndọda. N'otu oge ahụ anụ ụlọ akụ ụta ike nke na-anapụta lekwasịrị 5-ton ibu nke nnukwu mee nke mma, kama US. Nke a, jikọtara na obodo ọnọdụ nke mba abụọ, ka a mata ụzọ dị iche iche ike mbụ manned ugboelu (GAC) "Mercury" na "East". Booster na Soviet Union nwere otu aha dị ka PKK.

History nke e kere eke

ship development malitere na Edo S. P. Koroleva (ugbu a RSC "Energia") na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1958. Iji nweta oge na United States "ka outdo" na Soviet Union wee tinyere nke kasị nso ụzọ. Na ogbo nke emebe sekit na-atụle dị iche iche ụgbọ mmiri ndị si ụgbọ ụdị ikwe ala na a nyere ebe na fọrọ nke nta na ala, ka ballistic - n'ụdị a okirikiri. Mepụta a nrughari agha na a elu ibu-ebu ikike e jikọtara ya na a nnukwu olu nke nnyocha, jiri ya tụnyere a * Tụkwasị na udi.

Dabeere na ọhụrụ-e mere iji napụta nuclear warheads, Intercontinental agha (MR) P-7. Mgbe ya modernization na mụrụ "East": na roketi ụgbọelu na eponymous manned ugboelu. The peculiarity nke "Vostok" bụ iche iche usoro nke ọdịda nke ụmụ Capsule na Astronotu mgbe ya ejection. Nke a na usoro a na-zubere maka mberede esi kpọpụ mmadụ nile nke ụgbọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-adọ nke ụgbọ elu. Nke a mbo ichebe ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ebe akuku e rụrụ - na a ike n'elu ma ọ bụ mmiri.

Ihe a haziri nke obubata

mbụ "Vostok" rọketi maka ndi nkiti na nzube e mepụtara maka iwepụ nke ụgbọ mmiri-satellite n'ime orbit gburugburu Earth na MP R-7 ndabere. Ya elu ule unmanned malitere May 5, 1960, na-ama 12 on April 1961 maka oge mbụ na-enwe a manned ohere ụgbọ elu - a nwa amaala nke USSR YU. A. Gagarina.

atọ-ogbo ewu atụmatụ iji obula nke mmiri mmiri mmanụ ụgbọala (kerosin + mmiri mmiri oxygen) e rụọ ọrụ. The mbụ na nke abụọ nkebi iso nke ise nkanka: otu Central (kacha dayameta 2,95 m; ogologo 28,75 m) na anọ n'akụkụ (dayameta 2,68 m; ogologo 19,8 m). The atọ mkpanaka e jikọọ na Central unit. Nakwa na n'akụkụ nke onye ọ bụla nzọụkwụ bụ ime-ulo nile n'iru kpaa kụrụ ọnụ. Na isi nke PAC n'ịnyịnya (dịrị gaba n'ime ebe - Satellites), kpuchie a fairing. The n'akụkụ nkanka na-onwem na ọdụ amara.

Nka na ụzụ e ji mara na ụgbọelu "Vostok"

The agha nwere a kacha dayameta nke 10.3 mita na a ogologo 38,36 mita. Malite usoro ibu ruru 290 tọn. Atụmatụ na arọ nke payload bụ fọrọ nke nta ugboro atọ elu karịa American counterpart na hà 4,73 tọn.

Traction boosters na a agụụ:

• Central - 941 kN;
• n'akụkụ - 1 MN;
• 3rd ogbo - 54,5 kN.

GAC imewe

Manned rọketi "East" (Gagarin ka pilot) gụnyere nrida ngwa n'ụdị ngalaba elu dayameta nke 2.4 mita na a orùrù ngwaọrụ-ngwá ogige. A thermal mgbochi mkpuchi lander nwere a ọkpụrụkpụ nke 30 180 mm. Herọd nwere input, parachuting na nkà na ụzụ hatches. The ụmụ ngwa bụ ike ọkọnọ usoro, kwes akara, akara, ndụ support na ikuziri nakwa dị ka akara ahụ, n'aka nke nkwurịta okwu na telemetry DF, ime spaceman.

Na nchịkọta ogige ngwaọrụ-emi odude akara na okporo ụzọ nghazi, ike esenyịn, VHF radio telemetry, usoro-oge ngwaọrụ. On a n'elu 16 enịm PAC nitrogen cylinders maka ojiji nghazi usoro na oxygen maka ume, oyi radiators na hinged shutters, anyanwụ sensọ na Motors na ikuziri. N'ihi de-orbiting bu n'obi braking engine, kere n'okpuru nduzi nke M. Isayev.

Mmadụ bi modul mejupụtara:

• ụlọ;
• engine braking;
• ejection nmehie;
• 16 gas cylinders Life na ikuziri usoro;
• thermal nchebe;
• ngwá ogige;
• input, usoro na ọrụ hatches;
• akpa na-oriri;
• mgbagwoju antennas (teepu nkịtị radio radio iwu usoro);
• eletriki njikọ ụlọ;
• ịda mbà teepu;
• mgbanye usoro;
• unit nke kọmputa akụrụngwa;
• oghere;
• telivishọn igwefoto.

"Mercury" oru ngo

Obere oge mgbe nke ọma ụgbọ elu nke mbụ wuru Earth satellite na US media ọbọ touted e kere eke nke a manned "Mercury" ugboelu ọbụna kpọrọ aha ụbọchị nke mbụ ụgbọ elu. Na ọnọdụ ndị a, ọ dị oké mkpa iji nweta oge iji iputa mmeri na ohere agbụrụ, na n'otu oge ahụ na-egosi na ụwa na-kara a akpan akpan usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ihi ya, na igba egbe rọketi "Vostok" na nwoke na osisi mgbagwoju anya na oké ọchịchọ atụmatụ nke asọmpi.

Development nke "Mercury" malitere na "Mc Donnell Douglas" na 1958. April 25, 1961, mbụ egbe nke ihe unmanned ụgbọala na a suborbital trajectory, na May 5 - akpa manned ụgbọ elu nke Astronotu A. Shepard - nakwa na a suborbital trajectory nke 15 nkeji. Naanị February 20, 1962, ọnwa iri mgbe Gagarin ụgbọelu, mbụ orbital ụgbọ elu (3 ibe-adịgide adịgide banyere 5 awa) Astronotu Dzhona Glenna na osisi "Frendshir-7." rọketi "Redstone" e ji suborbital flights na orbital - "Atlas-D". Site na oge na Soviet Union bụ ifịk ụbọchị ụgbọ elu n'ime oghere G. S. Titova n'ụgbọ ahụ "Vostok-2".

Njirimara ibi na modul

"East" - a roket ga-eme n'ọdịnihu

E wezụga ise ule ebupụta ụgbọ mmiri nke ụdị, isii manned flights e mere. N'ọdịnihu, dabere na "East" kere a usoro nke "Voskhod" na atọ na abụọ nhọrọ, nakwa dị ka Satellites fotorazvedchik "Zenith".

The Soviet Union ulo oru mbụ ohere sputnik na ugboelu na nwoke na osisi. Na mbụ, ndị ụwa nakweere okwu "satellite" na "Astronotu", ma ka oge na-na ha na-anọchi esenidụt English-na-ekwu okwu "satellite" na "Astronotu".

ọgwụgwụ

Space rọketi "Vostok" ga-emeghe ka ụmụ mmadụ a ọhụrụ eziokwu - pụọ n'ala na iru maka na kpakpando. N'agbanyeghị ugboro ugboro mgbalị ledaa uru nke ụgbọ elu nke mbụ cosmonaut n'ụwa Yuriya Alekseevicha Gagarina April 12, 1961, ihe omume a ga-mgbe ịjụ oyi, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị a kasị mara akara ofụri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepeanya.