Ebe mepụtakwara akwụkwọ. History na Facts

Na mbu ka papaịrọs

Anyị na-akpọ akwụkwọ, na-enweghị nke oge a na ụlọ ọrụ ndụ agaghị, ọ bụghị mgbe niile a format mpempe akwụkwọ A4. Ya mere, ajụjụ nke ebe mepụtakwara akwụkwọ, i nwere ike na-enye a anya azịza. Ọzọ ka puku afọ anọ gara aga ndị Ijipt oge ochie na-eji papaịrọs na-ede. Na ị ga-akpachara anya na-ewepụ n'elu oyi akwa nke anụ. Previous fere fere karịrị ibe ma na-n'okpuru oké nsogbu. The bonded na mịrị amị akwụkwọ papaịrọs na-eje ozi na-ede akwụkwọ.

Na oge ochie Russia e ji ede ihe n'ime oyi akwa nke birch ogbugbo. Chọpụtara site ọkà mmụta ihe ochie birchbark akwụkwọ ozi ndị 11-15 ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ nke Arab dere Ibn al-Nedim na-ekwu na "n'ala Rousseau nwere akwụkwọ ozi pịrị na a na-acha ọcha osisi." Post ụbọchị laghachi afọ 987. Ụfọdụ ndiife isi mmalite na-egosi na ojiji nke birch-n'ụgbụgbọ letters of North American Indian.

akwụkwọ n'ala nna

A mba ebe akwụkwọ echepụta, nke anyị na-eji a ụbọchị, nyere ụwa poselin, compass, gunpowder, ezimezi oku. Nke a, n'ezie, banyere China. Ma ọ bụrụ na aha ndị echepụta nke "precursors" a mpempe akwụkwọ - papaịrọs akwụkwọ mpịakọta na mbadamba - amaghị, aha nke onye na mepụtakwara akwụkwọ, nnọọ nke ọma mara. Ha bụ Tsai Lun, bụ ndị jere ozi dị ka a eunuch n'obí. Nke a mere na 105 AD, n'oge ọchịchị nke ndị Han usoro ndị eze.

A mba ebe mepụtakwara akwụkwọ, ọ bụghị kụrụ birch Asherim. Ebe a na-eto eto mulberry, achara na osikapa. Cai Lun rastolok fibrous ogbugbo nke mulberry osisi. Ihe ngwakọta e weere mmiri, hemp na osisi ash, na mgbe enịm na a achara etiti Ogwe. M mechara kpezie dapụtara oyi akwa site na iji nkume na Fikiere ke anyanwụ. Nke a bụ otú ọ ga-akpa mpempe akwụkwọ. N'ime oge ahụ, mmepụta technology mma. The ngwakọta echepụta site cai Lun, malitere tinye starch, silk emep uta eri, colorants, nke ukwuu mma àgwà nke akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ.

All nzuzo na-aghọ doro anya

The ndị mmadụ nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ebe mepụtakwara akwụkwọ, jiri nlezianya debe ihe nzuzo nke ya mmepụta. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga, Chinese ahịa so àkù-ha gburugburu ụwa. Adọkpụ, ọ bịarutere a ọhụrụ obodo, na-ekwurịta okwu, na-ekerịta ozi ọma. Alaghachi ya na obodo ya, ha we me ka ozi ọma si n'elu oké osimiri nile. Ihe a bụ ụdị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ okwu. Na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'obodo Samarkand, Arab ahịa chọpụta ihe nzuzo nke akwụkwọ Ndinam, na mmụta me ka Spain. Akwụkwọ ebe a malitere na 1150. N'oge na-adịghị akwụkwọ mmepụta technology a mara na niile na mba Europe.

The Russian akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ pụtara naanị na nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 16. Isi mmalite na-akọ na na Moscow na narị afọ nke 16, e nwere 10 akwụkwọ mills, 50 ụlọ ọrụ, ebe ha mere aka akwụkwọ na katọn.

Ugbu a ọ bụla schoolchild maara, òle ebe-abịa tii, chopstiiki, ebe akwụkwọ echepụta, n'ozuzu, ihe ndị ahụ na-aghọ akụkụ nke anyị ná ndụ kwa ụbọchị.

Otú ọ dị, obere ihe a maara banyere eziokwu na, bụ ebe ndị mbụ ígwè ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na a ụzọ nke anyị na-eji ya ugbu a. Na ihe a merenụ mere na France na 1798. Na na 1807 egwuregwu na England patented mepụtara nke igwe maka imewe nke akwụkwọ na-apụta. N'oge na-adịghị na-amalite ubiquity nke n'ichepụta akwụkwọ nkwakọ. Ma nke ahụ bụ ihe ọzọ akụkọ.