Geography: bọọdụ mkpọsa - na ọ bụ ... Aldan Shield. Ukrainian ọta

The Earth jikọrọ ọnụ bụ heterogeneous na mejupụtara dị iche iche bughi ọcha. Study nke ihe owuwu nke lithosphere (siri ike Earth) bụ n'etiti ebumnobi chua site ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ọdịdị ala. Solid - bụ otu n'ime ndị dị otú ahụ ọcha. Ọ bụ banyere ha ga-atụle nke a na-acha ọcha akwụkwọ.

The ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ na ya Ọdịdị

Isi bughi ọcha nke jikọrọ ọnụ na-lithospheric efere na ike ndị continental ma ọ bụ Oceanic. Ndị a abụọ na ụdị dị iche na Ọdịdị (cross-ngalaba): na konkiri oyi akwa bụ ugbu ke continental efere.

Akpọ ihe ndị kasị ufọk ufene nyiwe (tectonically) akụkụ nke lithospheric efere Earth. N'otu oge ahụ, ha bụ nuclei (ndabere) maka kọntinent. E wezụga ha n'ime lithospheric efere nwekwara ekenyela orogenic (apịaji) belt - na epiplatform epigeosynclinal.

Platform - kasị mụ Ọdịdị nke jikọrọ ọnụ na kpụrụ ebe ọtụtụ narị nde afọ gara aga, e nwere ndị dike ugwu usoro. N'ime oge ahụ, ha dara, n'elu-boo anya n'ebe a. N'ihi ya na-kpụrụ a siri ike na ike Ọdịdị - ntọala. Mgbe e mesịrị na ọ na-amalite imubanye sedimenti nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eke a oké oyi akwa (cover).

All ẹdude n'elu ikpo okwu na ụwa na-ekewa n'ime oge ochie (na Bekee e ji amụ ha na-emekarị na-akpọ cratons) na-eto eto. Ndị na-esonụ map na-egosi na isi (ochie) n'elu ikpo okwu nke mbara ala anyị. Ha na-akara na a ọbara ọbara tinge.

Earth jikọrọ ọnụ Ọdịdị amụ sayensị nke ọdịdị ala (mezuwo 7). Next anyị anya na Ọdịdị nke ahụ n'elu ikpo okwu na ihe zuru ezu.

Structural ọcha nke n'elu ikpo okwu (ọdịdị mbara ala, mezuwo 7)

The ikpo okwu mejupụtara abụọ n'ígwé: na crystal isi (emee n'okpuru) na sedimentary cover (ekpuchi ntọala).

Na geological sayensị igbunye owuwu nke anọ iwu na-eme ka ọ bụla n'elu ikpo okwu. Ọta, efere, anticline na syncline - a bụ ndị bụ isi. Ọzọ, anyị ga-atụle ya ha. Ịmara ihe ndị a owuwu bụ nnọọ ezu maka ntozu nke a ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ "Geography".

Ọta - ya-eche nche na Ụwa elu nke crystalline n'okpuru ala nke n'elu ikpo okwu. The ego nke ndị dị otú ahụ ndapụta pụrụ iru ruo 1,000 kilomita ma ọ bụ karịa n'ogologo. A, ogwe bụ kpọmkwem oge ochie n'elu ikpo okwu owuwu.

Efere - a buru ibu ebe nke n'elu ikpo okwu, nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu kpuchie sedimentary cover. Ọtụtụ mgbe eto eto afọ nyiwe kpuchie ke a cover kpamkpam. Ya mere, ha na-akpọ efere.

Anticline na syncline - ọ bụ Ọdịdị nke 2nd iji. ANTECLISE akpọ nwayọọ mkpọlite nke efere. Syneclise - a-emighị emi efere na stovu ma ọ bụ, obere ọtụtụ, n'ime crystalline ọta.

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-ele anya na ọta nke oge ochie nyiwe nke Eurasia - Siberia na East European. Otú ọ dị, a Ilerukwu tupu ya na nke nke "ihe a ọta."

Geography: bọọdụ mkpọsa - na ọ bụ ...

Okwu ahụ bụ "ọta" na ọtụtụ-eji geological sayensị. N'ihi na oge mbụ a okwu na-eji na Germany Eduard Suess (1903).

Shield - a crystalline n'okpuru ala outcrop n'ime oge ochie n'elu ikpo okwu. N'ihi ya, n'elu ụwa na-emi odude Precambrian nkume, afọ nwere ike iru 3,5-4 ijeri afọ. Ha na-na-anọchi anya ya granites, quartzites, gneisses, nke na-gụrụ dịtụ nnukwu ebe.

Atụmatụ nke Ọdịdị nke mbadamba

Boards bụ isi na nke kasị mụ owuwu nke kọntinent. Na-emekarị, ha na-gburugburu eriri nke apịaji nkume nke Cambrian afọ. The enyemaka ogwe mgbe akpọ ubé convex mbara ọzara na obere ugwu.

Ọta na-gburugburu ọzọ agile na mobile ebe, ugwu ụlọ Filiks na a kọrọ dịtụ nso nso (na geological okwu - 100-200 nde afọ gara aga).

The kasị ama ihe atụ nke ogwe na mbara ụwa anyị: Canadian, Ukrainian, Aldan, Baltic. Ebe ndị a na-metụtara nnukwu ego nke ore minerals (ígwè ore, ọla kọpa, manganese, gold, nickel, na na. P.). N'ihi ya, n'ime Aldan Shield chọpụtara nnukwu ego ọla kọpa ore na apatite. Na Ukrainian Shield hụrụ ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa mee nke ferruginous quartzite (Krivoi Rog efere).

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na e guzobere na Ọdịdị nke Siberia Platform

Siberia n'elu ikpo okwu - a nnukwu geological ebe, nke enyene a nnukwu ebe ke edem edere-ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eurasia. Nke a bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie nyiwe na ụwa, ntọala nke nke e guzobere azụ ke Archean. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-otu ugboro kpuchie site mmiri nke oké osimiri, nke mere na e guzobere a dị ike cover of sedimentary nkume.

Siberia ikpo okwu nwere doro anya ókè n'elu nke Earth: ugwu - bụ n'ebe ndịda mkpọda Byrranga ugwu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ - ndagwurugwu Yenisei River, n'ebe ndịda na-agba tinyere idé, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ - na ala esịmde nke Lena River.

Siberia ikpo okwu n'okpuru ala mgbagwoju nkume nke Archean na Proterozoic, nke ike crumpled n'ime folds. Ọ gneisses, amphibolites, schist, marble na ndị ọzọ. Ha afọ bụ nnọọ ihe siri ike: site 2.3 na 3.7 ijeri afọ. Platform sedimentary cover-emi esịnede nke nkume dị iche iche afọ. N'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ọnụ nke n'elu ikpo okwu e ji intrusive nkume na-etolite na diamond ọkpọkọ.

Siberia n'elu ikpo okwu bụ unusually ọgaranya dị iche iche ịnweta ego. E nwere nnukwu ego na ígwè ore, mica, apatite, graphite. Na sedimentary cover bizi ọkpụrụkpụ mee nke mmanụ na gas, nakwa dị ka coal, diamond, ọla kọpa, nickel na gold ores.

The geological Ọdịdị nke ahụ Aldan Shield

Aldansky ọta - a ntule crystal isi n'ime Siberia Platform. Ọ na-emi odude ke n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ akụkụ nke otu na enyemaka na Aldan Plateau na idé. N'ebe ndịda na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọta-n'ókè na ebe nke ugwu ụlọ site a usoro nke oké mmejọ. Na n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ya kpuchie oké uwe-nwuda nke sedimentary ego nke Cambrian afọ.

Deferred (ala), ochie na okpuru ulo nke Aldan Shield, ị pụrụ ịgbaso evolushọn nke ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ dị ka a dum. N'ihi ya, na ala EBIONITISM bedded gneiss, schist, marble na quartzite granulite. The ọzọ n'ala jupụtara sedimentary-mgbawa nkume, metamorphosed zonally. The elu n'ala na-anọchi anya oké ego nke clastic na mgbawa nkume, dị ka nke ọma dị ka isi intrusions.

The dị iche iche geological epochs tectonic Filiks ke Aldan echebe ihe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọrụ ọzọ. Nke a mere na Paleozoic, Mesozoic na Cenozoic nkezi. Nke a bụ otu n'ime iche atụmatụ nke ugbu crystalline ọta.

Na ókèala nke Aldan ọta metụtara na ego na nke ọtụtụ mineral. Ya mere, ebe a na ọ na-chọpụtara na-enyoba ịrịba mee nke ígwè na ọla kọpa ores, mica, apatite, kimberlites, coal, gold, dị iche iche ọkara dị oké ọnụ ahịa na nkume.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na e guzobere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ East European Platform

East-European n'elu ikpo okwu - otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu na ọtụtụ anụ n'elu ikpo okwu nke oge a na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọ gbatịrị si Scandinavian Peninsula na Ural Mountains, bi ọtụtụ ndị North na East Europe.

Na ya Ọdịdị abụọ dị ike mmepụta crystal isi - Ukrainian na Baltic ọta. Ebe a n'elu n'ọtụtụ ebe ileghara oge ochie nkume - ukwuu n'ime konkiri na quartzite. Ukwuu n'ime ha na-etolite elu nkume outcrops na nnọọ sinik omimi. Na mbara n'etiti ọta na-ewekar Belarus anteklizy Voronezh.

Foundation ikpo okwu mgbagwoju igneous na metamorphic nkume nke Precambrian afọ, nke a na biri dissected site miri tectonic mmejọ. East-European ikpo okwu kpụrụ ntọala ya na ngwụsị Proterozoic. Platform cover mejupụtara ubé nkwarụ sedimentary na mgbawa nkume nke dị iche iche geological afọ.

Ịnweta akụ nke East European n'elu ikpo okwu

Na East European ikpo okwu enyoba ogaranya ego dị iche iche na mineral. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-ejikọrọ na ntọ-ala nke geological Ọdịdị, ndị ọzọ na - na ya sedimentary cover.

WepuÚ ebe na ntọala n'elu ikpo okwu n'elu bizi nnukwu ego na ígwè ore (Krivbass, Kurskaia magnetik anomaly Kremenchugsky ọdọ mmiri, wdg), ọla kọpa, titanium, nickel ores na apatites. Na sedimentary cover n'elu ikpo okwu metụtara na ego nke eke gas (Volgouralskaya mmanụ n'ógbè, Dneprovsko-Donetskaya ịda mbà n'obi, wdg), coal na lignite (Donbass, Moscow region), phosphate nkume, bauxite dị iche iche ụlọ ihe (nkume nzu, marble, dolomite na dị ka. D.) .

The geological Ọdịdị nke ahụ Ukrainian ọta

Ukrainian crystalline ọta - a protrusion nke ntọala nke East-European n'elu ikpo okwu na ya ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ná mpụga. Ọ agbatị a puku kilomita (n'ime Ukraine na Belarus na akụkụ) si Gorin River n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ikperé mmiri nke Oké Osimiri Azov n'ebe ndịda. The map n'okpuru ya na-akara na-acha odo odo.

The kacha obosara nke Ukrainian ọta bụ 250 kilomita. Ngụkọta nke ebe nke elu - banyere 135 puku square kilomita.

Ukrainian ọta-emi esịnede ukwuu n'ime nke igneous na metamorphic nkume nke Archean afọ (ọ gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites na ndị ọzọ). N'ọtụtụ ebe, ndị a crystalline nkume na-gụrụ, akpụ a mara mma nkume, rapids na cascades na osimiri nke na mbara ọzara.

Mineral nke Ukrainian ọta

Site na projections ntọala nke oge ochie nyiwe na-maara na-anọzi ore mineral. Na Ukrainian ọta ebe a - bụghị ma e wezụga.

N'ime nke a geological Ọdịdị enyoba nnukwu mee ígwè ore (Krivoi Rog efere), uranium ore (Zheltovodsky na Ternovskii ubi), zirconium ores (Vol'nogorskoe nkwụnye ego), dị oké ọnụ ahịa na semiprecious nkume, ụlọ ihe (akpan akpan, na Zhitomir na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Ukraine mined konkiri ndị kasị mma). Site niile akụkọ na ịnweta akụ nwere nke Ukrainian ọta bụ fọrọ nke nta na-enweghị atụ Europe na na ụwa.

Hụrụ na a na osisi na mineral nke sedimentary ụdị. Ha ego na-anọzi obere ike (ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 50 mita) ngalaba ekpuchi. Mbụ niile, ọ bụ lignite Dnieper efere na Nikopol manganese ore efere.

ọgwụgwụ

The ọmụmụ nke crustal Ọdịdị bụ akụkụ nke nso nke aga-eme setịpụrụ sayensị nke ọdịdị ala. Ọta - bụ bughi ihe nke oge ochie Earth n'elu ikpo okwu. Ndị a na-emekarị bizi dị ike ego nke ore minerals na semiprecious nkume.

Aldan Shield, na Ukrainian - bụ kasị crystalline protrusions bases na kọntinent nke Eurasia. Nke mbụ n'ime ha dị na Russia, n'ime Siberia n'elu ikpo okwu, na nke abụọ - na Ukraine, na East European n'elu ikpo okwu.