Biodiversity: ihe ntule bụ prokaryotes?

Nke ntule bụ prokaryotes? Prokaryotes - ịtụnanya na iche iche e kere eke. Ha nwere ike na-ebi ọ fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla ebe obibi, ike na-enweta ume juru ụzọ dị iche iche, na ụfọdụ n'ime ha ọbụna na-anụ.

Prokaryotes: ozi izugbe

Nke ntule bụ prokaryotes? Ndị a bụ ndị kasị ọtụtụ ntule na-ebi na mbara Ụwa. Ugbu nhazi ọkwa nke prokaryotes dabeere na a Nchikota genomic na phenotypic Njirimara. The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mara umu prokaryotes ugbu a karịa 6200. Nje ndị a na pụtara na Earth tupu onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-anọgide na-ahụ n'enweghị adị ugbu a.

Nti eziokwu na a nkenke nkọwa prokaryotes

1) Prokaryotes ibi n'ebe ọ bụla e nwere ndụ, na ọ ga-eyi, ndụ nwere ike ịbụ, n'ihi na lanarị ndị a ntule nwere ike oyi, na-ekpo ọkụ, acidic na alkaline mgbasa ozi.

2) Prokaryotes na-ahụrụ ọbụna na a omimi nke banyere 3 km n'okpuru ụwa elu.

3) Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime prokaryotes - a dịgasị iche iche nke otu-celled ntule na a oké agbanwe ikike.

4) Ọtụtụ ndị na-ibughari, odika ọkara nke ndị nile prokaryotes ike nke na-eduzi ije.

5) mkpụrụ ndụ prokaryotes mfe karịa eukaryotic dị ka n'ime Ọdịdị na genomic nzukọ.

6) The bi na nke prokaryotes eto na imeghari ngwa ngwa.

7) N'okpuru mma ọnọdụ otu otu cell bụ ike ịmị a nnukwu ógbè nke ụmụ na a dịtụ mkpirikpi oge.

8) Researchers mgbe nile oyi kpọnwụrụ chịrị samples iji mepụta ọzọ post-igbaze nwere na-anọgide na-inyocha atụmatụ nke ndị a na-adịgide adịgide e kere eke.

Food mmegharị

Na a ntụle zuru ezu nke ihe ntule bụ prokaryotes, ọ enyene ihe dị mkpa n'ebe a usoro maka akwadebe nri. N'ihi ya, ntule na-ike ìhè phototrophic, dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical Jeremaya mere - chemotroph. Ntule na naanị carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ dị ka a carbon iyi, bụ autotrophic. Ibi ntule, nke na-achọ dịkarịa ala otu organic potassium iyi (glucose), bụ heterotrophs.

Photoautotrophs - photosynthetic ntule na-eji ìhè ike na-akpali ndị njikọ nke organic ogige si carbon dioxide (osisi na algae). Chemotroph mkpa naanị carbon dioxide na carbon iyi, ma nwekwara ike inweta ume site oxidizing inorganic bekee (hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), amonia (NH ₃₎ na ígwè ion (Fe ^2+)). Nke a pụrụ iche na usoro nke oriri prokaryotes.

ebe obibi

Banyere gburugburu ebe obibi prokaryotes ebe obibi, o nwere ike ịbụ ihe kasị iche iche. Ọtụtụ atụmatụ nke prokaryotes na-metụtara eziokwu na ndị a ntule na-enwe ike na-adị ndụ na ihe ndị kasị oké ọnọdụ: elu salinity, oké okpomọkụ, ebe kọrọ oxygen. Prokaryotes nwere ike ibi na ahụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, na-enyere onye nwe site symbiosis ịrụ ọrụ nke ozu ya (mgbaze).

Power prokaryotes na-emepụta si a dịgasị iche iche nke isi mmalite. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ a search of sel ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ịchụ nta maka ndụ (nnọọ obere). Kacha nkịtị usoro nke inweta ndị dị mkpa nri - bụ ike ike site photosynthesis, ma ọ bụ ojiji nke ọzọ minerals dị ka sọlfọ ahụ.

Na ụdị na Ọdịdị nke prokaryotes

Nke ntule bụ prokaryotes? E nwere isi ihe abụọ na ụdị: bacteria na-alụbeghị di-celled ntule. Prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ na-agụnye plasma akpụkpọ ahụ, cytoplasm, ribosomes na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe (DNA ma ọ bụ RNA). Ụfọdụ ụdị nwekwara ọzọ owuwu - cell mgbidi, flagella na ndị ọzọ. Ọdịdị nke prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ, onye ọ bụla cell owuwu na mmiri na-egwu a dị oké mkpa ọrụ ke ibu, lanarị na amụba.

plasma akpụkpọ

Prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike a multi-oyi akwa plasma akpụkpọ ahụ. Na prokaryotes, mara dị ka gram-adịghị mma bacteria, n'ihi na ihe atụ, mgbe mgbe, ihe abụọ plasma akpụkpọ ahụ, n'etiti nke bụ ndị na-akpọ periplasm. Dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ nile, na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ na prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ bụ maka na management na ịchịkwa niile ahụ bụ otu akụkụ nke cell.

Communication-ewe ebe site a akpụkpọ ahụ, gụnyere izipụ na inweta n'ókè site ọzọ chemical na nje na nkwukọrịta eukaryotic sel, ntule n'oge na-efe efe Filiks. Ọ ga-iburu n'uche na plasma akpụkpọ ahụ bụ eluigwe na ala ma prokaryotic na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic na prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ, na-echetara nke jelii ma ọ bụ jel, a mmiri mmiri umi, nke ụlọ ndị ọzọ nile na cellular mmiri. Nso nso a, ndị ọkà ama chọpụtara na prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ bụ a mgbagwoju na ọtọ cytoskeleton, yiri ihe nwere eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ihi ya, cell nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe ya udi.

ribosomes

Prokaryotic ribosomes bụ ndị dị nta na-enwe a ubé dị iche iche na udi ma na mejupụtara karịa ndị dị na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ. Ndị yiri ya na ndị ọrụ nke a cellular akụrụngwa - ewu na egosi ndi na-edozi na-eziga DNA.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe

All mkpụrụ ndụ prokaryotes nwere nnukwu ego nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe n'ụdị DNA na RNA. N'ihi prokaryotes gụnyere ntule onye mkpụrụ ndụ nuclei, otu nnukwu okirikiri DNA òkè nwere ọtụtụ ndị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mkpa maka ibu, lanarị na mmeputakwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ. DNA na ndị a na mkpụrụ ndụ na-adade ke random usoro.

A, DNA erukwa ofụri cell iji decoded na converted n'ime RNA. Mikroskopu pụrụ ịhụ akara ke otu ogige, na ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe (DNA). Ke adianade a otu nnukwu akụkụ nke chromosomal DNA nke ọtụtụ prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebu obere iberibe DNA akpọ plasmids. Ndị a okirikiri DNA yiri mgbaaka na-depụtaghachiri n'agbanyeghị chromosomes ike enyefere a prokaryotic cell ọzọ.

Ruru ya e ji mara prokaryotes nwere ike n'enweghị na-adị ndụ na ihe ọ bụla na gburugburu ebe obibi, ha n'ebe nile - na-emebu gburugburu ebe obibi na na nnu ọdọ mmiri, mmiri ọkụ, agbọpụta ọkụ na craters ke miri na ngiri-afọ-nke Earth. N'ihi ya, prokaryotes ndị kasị persistent na viable ntule na mbara ala.