Gịnị bụ biomechanics nke Meyerhold?

N'etiti oké nkiri nduzi Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda aha guzo dịtụ iche. Ikekwe ihe na-akpata na-ekpebisi ike ghọtahiere na gabiga ókè na-egbuke egbuke àgwà. Ma ọ bụ ndị Soviet ọchịchị ahụ nwara retouch gị emehie ma na-agbalị ghara ikwu aha a nkà nwoke gbara ke 1940. Ma mmepe nke nkiri, o mere a nnukwu onyinye. Kere site oké Okike nke usoro ọzụzụ maka niile eme ihe nkiri banyere ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke a nkiri na-akpọ "Biomechanics nke Meyerhold."

na-agbanwe agbanwe omenala

Vsevolod Meyerhold mepụtara biomechanics - bụghị nanị otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa usoro ịzụ omee, onye pụtara ìhè n'ihu ná mmalite nke iri abụọ na narị afọ na hụrụ ya mmepe na ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-anọchi na-eso ụzọ. Site na ya agwa, na biomechanics nke Meyerhold - bụ a mgbagwoju na-akpali akpali ihe usoro, nke ga-tụgharịrị na a nabatara umu onodu. The abụọ ọmụmụ gbasara asụsụ ohere akụrụngwa nke nkwadebe nke omee ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ incarnations. Otu n'ime ha bụ mmasị kpọmkwem n'ibu ịrụ ọrụ nke ahụ mmadụ - a ò na prediktebul. Ọzọ akụrụngwa dị ka na-agbalị inupụ eke etiti, bulie larịị nke mmepe, na-enweta ezigbo.

The nnọọ revolutionary Usoro a maara dị ka biomechanics nke Meyerhold, bụ na ya creators kwere ọrụ nke na-ede na director naanị a preparatory ogbo. All obi ibu arọ nke play bụ rụrụ jikotara aka wee site kasị ike ọzọ - omee na-ege ntị.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): a obere biography

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịghọta prerequisites nke usoro na-adịghị maara na ndụ nke ya na Onye Okike. Ọ a mụrụ a Catholic ezinụlọ Russified. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Moscow nkiri na music ụlọ akwụkwọ (klas VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Moscow Art Ụlọ ihe nkiri na mgbe e mesịrị haziri a nkiri ìgwè na Kherson.

Kemgbe 1905, ọ rụrụ ọrụ Moscow. Dị ka a director, a kpọrọ m K. S. Stanislavskim (Ụlọ ihe nkiri Studio na Siri nri), na mgbe e mesịrị V. F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). N'oge a, Meyerhold haziri a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke arụmọrụ tupu atụ n'ụzọ - odide na-adịghị na-agụ akụkọ na-amụ, na ibé e gafere dabere.

Ná mmalite 20-ies guzobere ọhụrụ ede akwụkwọ si echiche, nke a bịara ike kwalite Meyerhold - biomechanics. Omume na-eji n'oge rehearsals, na-enye ohere maka achikota, oru oma ọrụ nke artists otu. The usoro nweghị mmekọrịta n'etiti onye na steeti dum mmadụ. Ọ na-achọ ezigbo incarnation nke collectivism. Mere iwu Constructivism na Biomechanics agọ ukporo site n'ime ụwa na visual ngosi. Meyerhold kweere na gburugburu ebe obibi ihe-ekere òkè, na site na ha ka ọ dị mkpa na-ekwurịta okwu ka onye nkiri mmetụta na n'ime ụwa nke na-agụ akụkọ. A zụrụ omee-n'ụgbọala, nke nwere zuru okè n'afọ iri na ụma na na-ejikwa gị ahu - nke ahụ bụ ihe na-na-director maka mmezu nke atụmatụ ya. N'ime mmejuputa echiche ha n'ime ihe director, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ikpeazụ.

Na June 1939, V. E. Meyerhold e jidere site NKVD ebubo ụgha. N'okpuru osisi ịta, ọ ekwupụtaara mgbochi Soviet ọrụ, ma na-eme n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịhapụ okwukwe ya na-agba akaebe. The ahiriokwu e nyefere ndị February 1, 1940. Gburu na-esote ụbọchị. Ke 1955, Meyerhold e gbanwee (mgbe ọ nwụsịrị).

Ke Ruth nke puppets

Great mmetụta na-arụ ọrụ nke Meyerhold nwere ọrụ nke German dramatist na onye dere Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811), karịsịa edemede na popet nkiri. Ihe ndị kwere na mmadụ ohere adịghị adị onwe, ma na-achịkwa elu ike. All ndị mmadụ na nghọta ya bụ nanị popet e kere eke, ọ nọ n'okpuru Chineke. Ịhapụ a njikọ pụrụ iduga na ntọhapụ nke ndị mmadụ na-alaghachi ya ala nke zuru oge ochie kwekọrọ. Ọ bụ ezie na-ede akwụkwọ kwuru na ihe omume dị otú nwere ike n'ịwa na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche na ogbaaghara. Biomechanics nke Meyerhold adabere kpamkpam na echiche owụt Kleist.

The director jisiri ike a usoro nke ọzụzụ, nke omee nwere ike nweta izu okè, adọ aka ná ntị ya. Ịbụ ma Onye Okike na ihe maka mmejuputa iwu, akara na-achịkwa ya plastic - na bụ ọrụ ahụ abịakwute a egwuregwu Biomechanics nke Meyerhold.

Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị Ụlọ ihe nkiri

The pụrụ iche na Usoro nke ọzụzụ-eme ihe nkiri e chefuwo ruo ọtụtụ afọ na bụghị e mụọ site ọkachamara. Nke a nwere ike hụrụ dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpagbu nke na-eso amamihe director na njedebe nke ndụ ya: ndị Stalinist purges, dị ka a N'ihi nke a mesịrị bụrụ liquidated Meyerhold Ụlọ ihe nkiri, ijide ya na égbè na February 1940. N'eziokwu, ruo taa, biomechanics nke Meyerhold ike iru. Method etieti si ukara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ihe nkiri, na oge, n'anya na ọkachamara okwu.

N'agbanyeghị declassification nke ochie, niile ụzọ aghụghọ nke mbụ usoro furu 90s. Ụfọdụ nkọwa e chekwara naanị na ihe odide ndị na-eso ụzọ na-eso ụzọ na mgbe director nke ndụ gara a-nwe-klas na biomechanics nke Meyerhold. Ya onwe ya na ya ndekọ ahapụghị a nkọwa nke ụkpụrụ na bases nke ya usoro, na-eji n'oge usoro dabeere nanị na anya ya hụ na ebe nchekwa.

na-elekọta mmadụ akụkụ

Mmetụta biomechanics na nkà guzobere na uto nke omee si ohere dị ọtụtụ. Ma, ọ bụ naanị ya nwere. Ọ bụ omume na usoro nwere abụghị naanị nka uru. Ọ bụ ezie na Meyerhold mgbe ka nke anya nke mere na-eme ihe nkiri, ma m kwere na ndị nwere bụ ọtụtụ ibu biomechanics. Iji ghọta nke a echiche, ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ihe ndị biomechanics nke Meyerhold, na a akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekwu.

The usoro e kere dị ka a n'ihi nke nwere sogide omenala egwuregwu Genres: ntochi dell'arte na Japanese nkiri Kabuki. Ma n'otu oge a Usoro e kere mgbe Meyerhold n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-akwado Communist echiche. Ọ chọrọ n'aka nke nkiri art ime bụghị naanị uzọ nke ụwa site na-ese. Ndị klas ahụ na-alụ, na-elekọta mmadụ okwu, ihe e kere eke nke a na ụmụ mmadụ ọhụrụ ụdị - ndị a okwu na-mesoo Meyerhold. Biomechanics na lekwasị nkenke na-egosi na amamihe echiche nke oge ya - nkwonkwo management, mkpokọta ọrụ na ndị ọzọ. Ma o ga-agwụcha a amamihe na nkà uche, ihe magburu onwe-azụ ahụ na egwuregwu usoro.

Biomechanics na sotsiomehanika

Iji ịghọta n'ụzọ zuru ezu ọdịdị zuru oke nke usoro dị mkpa iji laghachi a oge mgbe kpụrụ biomechanics nke Meyerhold. Otu nke-emegide ya bụ a na-egbuke egbuke ideologue nke mgbanwe na ọhụrụ Ụlọ ihe nkiri A. V. Lunacharsky - ejije nkatọ na mbụ Ndị mmadụ Commissar of Education nke Soviet Russia. Ọ bụ mgbe oké egwu nke nwere nke director, ma o kwere ya, obi abụọ adịghị, a nkà na mbụ ihe onye. Lunacharsky ẹkenam echiche nke "sotsiomehaniki" - a usoro e mere na-amụ ụmụ mmadụ ke eke na-elekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na otú ahụ mepụta ezigbo oyiyi nke dịkọrọ ndụ ogbo.

N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị yiri iche n'etiti abụọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Meyerhold n'ụzọ kwetara na ya counterpart. Egwuregwu echiche ha na ọrụ na nzube nke art. Abụọ kwekọrịtara na ihe kasị mma a onye e ji klas nsụhọ na ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ, kama na onye dị ka a ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ. Biomechanics, Meyerhold mepụtara, aghọwo a ngosipụta nke mgbanwe na ogbo. Kpọmkwem m chere ya ozi kere nke usoro.

Site a na nkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu

Na ndabere nke ihe pụtara na-eziga esịtidem Biomechanics Meyerhold? Ụlọ ihe nkiri na usoro e nwere obere dabeere na ihe ọmụma, nnọọ anya n'ebe ndị nọ nke art. Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọmụmụ American engineer Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Ozizi ya nke oma nzukọ nke oru e ji na ogbo. Izi ezi nke-eme ihe nkiri mmegharị na ergonomics na-enweta ajọ omume na nkewa na game loop: n'obi, omume, Jeremaya mere. Nke a na-ahụ anya kpọmkwem ntụnyere na Taylor "ọrụ okirikiri".

A ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elu ihe ọmụma nke oge ya na-eji biomechanics nke Meyerhold. a usoro nke omume na-azụ na-eme ihe nkiri dabeere na akparamaagwa nke Ivana Pavlova research (1849-1936), na-eji ọrụ nke V. M. Behtereva (1857-1927) na ubi nke reflexology. The psychological ala nke dike nke play dị ka a set nke na-aghọ nkọ ike deere na mmepụta nke play "The Forest" A. N. Ostrovskogo: dike otú obi na-dochie anya jumps. Ọhụrụ ọ bụla ịrị elu n'elu gara aga n'anya. The premiere nke play mere na ndị Meyerhold Ụlọ ihe nkiri na 1924.

biomechanics studio

Mgbalị director Meyerhold inweta ogige maka ọzụzụ nke ha onwe ha usoro e gosipụtara ọbụna caricatures nke afọ ndị ahụ. On otu n'ime ha nke anọ Meyerhold grabs niile ụlọ, nke nwere ike iru ruo. Ha bụ ndị, na Alexandrinsky Ụlọ ihe nkiri, na Suvorinsky na Atelier na nke ọ chọrọ ike ya ogbako. N'ihi ya, ụlọ e hụrụ na banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe nkiri dị ka Borodino Studio.

The usoro ọmụmụ gụnyere ọmụmụ ke ọkpọ, fencing, jimnazum, oge gboo na oge a na-agba egwú, na-abụ abụ, ekwu, Ukwuu n'Aka. Tụkwasị na nke a kụziiri ihe nkiri mere eme, akụnụba, na usoro ndu. Nyere di iche iche nke na-achị anyị nwere ike n'enweghị na-ekwu na biomechanics nke Meyerhold - omee bụ a zuru ezu ọzụzụ usoro.

a ọhụrụ ụdị omee

na-eme ihe nkiri ndị e tinye n'ihu tiri chọrọ. Ha bụ ndị dịrị n'otu na ogbo a dị ịrịba ama egwuregwu na Chinese opera, choreography na tightrope-eje ije, egwuregwu mmega clownery. Ndị a bụ ebumnobi setịpụrụ Meyerhold. Biomechanics nkenke na a obere oge-enye anyị ohere nweta chọrọ mmetụta. N'ihi ya, onye ọ bụla nke-eme ihe nkiri nwere ike mgbe niile ka mma na zuru okè ibu nke ya n'aka okwu. Meyerhold kweere na-eme ihe nkiri na-adịghị anabata ịnọrọ, mgbe nile na a ọsọ ọsọ, na-amata na ugbu a. Na ogbo omee ghara blindly gaa na ugboro, na na iwu ji ya na-achọ na nnwale.

nnwale

Guzosie Ike studio ekwesịghị ịbụ ihe ndabere nke ọhụrụ nkiri na-anapụghị omee akwụkwọ nsogbu. Nzube ya bụ dị iche iche - ibu a ụdị egwuregwu laabu. Biomechanics Vsevoloda Meyerholda choro amụ eme plastik na ogbo ije, improvisation na ịgbasochi na director ahụ bu n'uche.

Creative nwere ọhụrụ usoro na ọ bụghị nanị na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ihe nkiri. Ịbịaru n'ike mmụọ nsọ si ọgbọ egwuregwu aesthetics fairground nkiri, ntochi dell'arte, director reconstructed n'ime ime ohere. O nyere ndị Mpaghara na nkewa nke ogbo na mgbakọ. N'ihi na-eme ihe nkiri kere a atọ akụkụ metal akụkụ, nke ọ na-akpọ "game igwe". Dị ka ihe atụ - mwube nke play "The enweghị atụ Cuckold" dabeere na F. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Yi-acha anụnụ anụnụ overalls-eme ihe nkiri na-egwuri na ogbo enweghị mma gburugburu a gymnastic ngwa. Na ndị ọzọ egwú anyị multi-ojiji n'elu ikpo okwu, scaffolding, ladders na scaffolding, ejikọta na-ege ntị.

The bara uru n'onwe

Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-atụ aro omume na-eduzi kụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ha. "Ima elu na obi" - mara omumu ihe atụ ohere awa site na biomechanics nke V. E. Meyerholda. Ya mfe incarnation na-apụta ìhè na-aha. Otu nke-eme ihe nkiri guzo na ogbo, na-etinye otu ụkwụ n'ihu nke ọzọ static okobụp. The abụọ na-amụrụ na-agba elu na jumps nri na ya. N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-adọba ya ụkwụ kpudo na ikpere na-atụ na grabs na onye n'olu. The mbụ omee ejisie enwetaghị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ aka ụkwụ n'okpuru ikpere na-awụlikwa elu.

Analysis nke ọmụmụ a na-egosi otú a ga-achikota na ohere ma-eme ihe nkiri. Ha mmeghari na-ada ka automatism. na-awụlikwa elu na ike Ọnọdụ na ụgbọ elu ụzọ kpamkpam subordinated na mgbagha nke mkpokọta ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye nduzi. Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla nke-eme ihe nkiri na-arụrụ ha onye aga-eme iji na-ọbọ a nkịtị, nkwonkwo N'ihi. Nke ahụ bụ isi ozizi ibu, nke na-ebu biomechanics nke Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

N'oge anyị a,

N'agbanyeghị intervening afọ, Meyerhold usoro ọzụzụ-eme ihe nkiri na-adịghị efu arịrịọ ya. Ọ bụ ka isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka na-amụ na egwuregwu okirikiri. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na mgbe ọ pụtara biomechanics nke V. E. Meyerholda anya n'ihu nke oge. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ etinye obi gị dum Vsevoloda Emilevicha usoro ya studio, ghọrọ maara nke ọma eme ihe nkiri na nduzi. Mgbalị ha aghụghọ ma ama ukwu bufeere ụdi ọgbọ, na-eme bụghị etre na oge na-egbu egbu shot, fùa muffled na cellars nke Lubyanka n'oge oyi nke afọ 1940.