Gịnị bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu: ihe ndị bụ isi

Na nke ọ bụla cell, na niile atụmatụ nke ahụ anatomical, morphological na ọtọ agwa kpebisiri ike site na Ọdịdị nke na-edozi, nke na-gụnyere na ha. Nketa nke ihe organism bụ ikike synthesize kpọmkwem na-edozi. The DNA molekul nke amino asịd mere ndokwa na polypeptide yinye site na nke na-adabere na ndu e ji mara.
Onye ọ bụla cell e ji ya usoro nke nucleotides na a polynucleotide yinye DNA. Nke a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nke DNA. Site na ya dere ihe ọmụma banyere ihe njikọ nke ụfọdụ na-edozi. Nke ahụ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nke ya Njirimara na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma kpuchie ke ibuotikọ emi.

A obere akụkọ ihe mere eme

The echiche na ikekwe e mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, e chepụtara na Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom na n'etiti iri na abụọ na narị afọ. Ha na-akọwa na a usoro nke nucleotides na bụ maka na njikọ nke ụfọdụ amino asịd, mejupụtara dịkarịa ala atọ na njikọ. Mgbe e mesịrị pụtara ezi ego nke atọ nucleotides (a unit nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu), nke a na-akpọ a triplet ma ọ bụ codon. Na ngụkọta, e nwere iri isii na anọ nucleotides, n'ihi na ụmụ irighiri nke asịd, ebe njikọ nke protein ma ọ bụ RNA, emi esịnede anọ dị iche iche nucleotide residues.

Gịnị bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

Method amino acid usoro nke protein nzuzo usoro site nucleotides nkịtị ka niile dị ndụ na ntule. Nke ahụ bụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu.
Na DNA, e nwere ebe anọ nucleotides:

• ebe adenin - A;
• Gwanine na - G;
• agakọta - C;
• agakọtakwa - T.

Ha na-họpụtara isi obodo leta na Latin ma ọ bụ (na Russian akwụkwọ) Russian.
The RNA nwekwara anọ nucleotide, ma otu n'ime ha bụ dị iche iche si a DNA:

• ebe adenin - A;
• Gwanine na - G;
• agakọta - C;
• uracil - W.

All nucleotides mere ndokwa na a yinye, nke na-enwetara na abụọ helix nke DNA na RNA - otu.
Ndi na-edozi na-dabere na nke iri abụọ amino asịd, ebe ha mere ndokwa na a ụfọdụ usoro kpebisiri ike site ya ndu Njirimara.

Njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu

Triplet. The unit nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu mejupụtara atọ akwụkwọ ozi, ọ bụ a triplet. Nke a pụtara na ndị na-achị iri-na-atọ amino asịd koodu site na ụfọdụ nucleotides, a na-akpọ codons ma ọ bụ trilpetami. E nwere iri isii na anọ n'ịgwa na pụrụ kere si anọ nucleotides. A ego bụ karịa iji encode iri abụọ amino asịd.
Degeneracy. Onye ọ bụla amino acid kwekọrọ na ihe karịrị otu codon, na wezụga nke methionine na tryptophan.
The iche. Otu codon-ebu ụzọ amata otu amino acid. Ihe atụ, na a site n'usoro nke onye ahụ dị mma na ihe ọmụma banyere lekwasịrị haemoglobin beta triplet gag na Continue-ebu ụzọ amata glutamic acid. Na ndi nile na-arịa ọrịa na sickle-cell anaemia, otu nucleotide na-edochi.
Collinearity. The amino acid usoro mgbe kwekọrọ na nucleotide usoro nke nwere a site n'usoro.
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu bụ na-aga n'ihu na kọmpat, nke pụtara na ọ na-adịghị "akara edemede". Ya bụ, malite mgbe a akpan akpan codon bụ a na-aga n'ihu readout. Ka ihe atụ, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG na-agụ dị ka: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Ma, ọ bụghị Aug, ugg na na ma ọ bụ ọzọ ma ọ bụghị.
Egosipụta. Ọ bụ otu nnọọ niile terrestrial ntule, si ụmụ mmadụ azụ, dịkwa ka usoro ha na bacteria.

table

The table adịghị niile amino asịd. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-adịghị, n'ihi na ha na-ewepụtara ndị ọzọ amino asịd koodu site mRNA na dapụtara protein mgbe mgbanwe dị ka a n'ihi nke translation.
N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu a maara nke ọma Njirimara na bụ ike nke na otu codon ngbanwe otu amino acid. Ewezụga bụ ndị ọzọ ọrụ na ngbanwe valine na methionine, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu. MRNA, mgbe mmalite nke a codon, enyekwara tRNA na-eburu formylmethionyl-. N'elu ẹkụre nke njikọ, ọ na-rapara ya were maka a formyl buu, ghọọ methionine fọduru. N'ihi ya, n'elu codons bụ initiators njikọ yinye polypeptides. Ọ bụrụ na ha na-adịghị ná mmalite, na unu abụghị dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ọzọ.

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma

N'okpuru a echiche pụtara na ihe omume Njirimara, nke a na-ebute site ná si nna nna ya. Ya dị na si n'aka ruo n'aka dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu.
Emejuputa atumatu protein njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu RNAs (ribonucleic asịd) :

• Ozi na RNA;
• iga tRNA;
• p-ribosomal RNA.

Ozi a na-ebute site ná feedforward (DNA-RNA-protein) ma laa azu (ndi na-ajụ-protein-DNA).
Ntule pụrụ inweta, ụlọ ahịa, nyefe, ma jiri ya na n'otu oge ahụ kasị dị irè.
Ịbụ bufee nketa, ozi-ekpebi mmepe nke organism. Ma n'ihi na mmekọrịta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ikpeazụ mmeghachi omume a na-ekpu, ma si otú na evolushọn na mmepe. N'ihi ya, ahụ na-tọgbọrọ ọmụma ọhụrụ.

Ngụkọta oge nke iwu nke molekụla bayoloji na nchọpụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu nwere gosiri na ọ bụ mkpa ijikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Darwin ozizi na ndabere na e nwere a sịntetik ozizi evolushọn - na-abụghị oge gboo usoro ndu.
Si n'aka ruo n'aka, mgbanwe na eke nhọrọ Darwin complemented genetically kpebisiri ike site nhọrọ. Evolution na-emejuputa atumatu na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa larịị site random mutation na ihe nketa, ndị kasị oké ọnụ ahịa àgwà na-kacha na-emegharị ka gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nyopụta a onye koodu

Na nineties, ulo oru a ngo chromosome mmadụ, dapụtara na abụọ puku ndị chọpụtara iberibe nke genome, nwere 99,99% nke mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Nọgidere amaghị iberibe na-adịghị ekere òkè na njikọ nke na-edozi ma na-adịghị koodu. Ọrụ ha na-anọgide na-amaghị ama.

Adịbeghị anya nchoputa ke 2006 Chromosome 1 bụ ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ na genome. Karịrị narị atọ na iri ise ọrịa, gụnyere ọrịa cancer, na-kpatara ọgba aghara na mmụba na ya.

The ọrụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ ọmụmụ nwere nnọọ njikọ. Mgbe ọ na-emeghe, nke bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu, ọ bịara mara iwu na ọ bụ mmepe, kpụrụ dị ka a morphological Ọdịdị, anaghị ewere, ọ pụrụ ịrịa ọrịa ụfọdụ, metabolism na ntụpọ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.