History nke Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike dị na St. Petersburg

Na-adịghị ahụkebe ọbịa ka obodo na Neva bụghị ịga na Museum nke History of St. Petersburg na Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike. E konkiri bastions froze akụkọ nke ọmụmụ Russia ugwu isi obodo, na etiti nke nke, na a plan Petra Velikogo, bụ citadel, na-anọchi anya ike na impregnability nke ike kere ya.

Citadel - na brainchild nke Peter m

History nke Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike na-nwere njikọ chiri na Northern War, nke Russia na Sweden nọ oge nke 1700-1721. N'ihi ya, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma agha arụmọrụ ke 1703 jisiri jideekwaozo na Neva ala, na n'ihi na ha nchedo chọrọ pụrụ ịdabere na ebe e wusiri ike wuru niile iwu nke e wusiri ike sayensị nke afọ ndị ahụ. Ya na-ewu bụ ihe ọzọ dị mkpa na ochie e wusiri ike Nienschanz, emi odude ke confluence nke Okhta na Neva osimiri, na-ewere insufficiently pụrụ ịdabere na.

Site extant akwụkwọ anyị mara na saịtị maka ọhụrụ nkera onwe họọrọ Peter I. Iji mezuo nke a, May 8, 1703, ọ na-enyocha n'igbere mmiri na Neva na Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym na French engineer Joseph Gaspar si kọọ Lambert de Guerin. Nhọrọ Ọkaakaa da oke bekee agwaetiti, emi odude ke widest akụkụ nke ọnụ ọnụ nke Neva, na-enwe kwesịrị ekwesị akụkụ-abụ - 750 mita n'ogologo na banyere 360 m n'obosara.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike na-amalite 16 (27) May 1703, ụbọchị mgbe ọ na e mere ka a na ibe edokọbara. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nnukwu ụlọ e wuru bụghị nanị na ụzọ nke Peter m, ma n'ihi ya oru gburu jikotara aka wee na Lambert de Guerin, eze ukwu onwe-ya na nke a omume mere ihe akụkọ anọghị ya. Dị ka The Chronicle nke afọ ndị ahụ, ọ nọ Olonets ano, emi odude ke n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lake Ladoga, na-amalite ọrụ na Mgbada Island duru A. D. Menshikov.

Taa bụ ụbọchị mgbe Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike,-ewere dị ka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke St. Petersburg e tọrọ ntọala, ma ole na ole maara na ndị mbụ nke ya na-ewu na-achụ kpere agha nzube ya, na ala ahụ ọ na-isi obodo ọhụrụ nke ala na-adịghị kwesŽrŽ. Nanị mgbe e mesịrị ka abụọ ihe na-metụtara onye ọ bụla ọzọ, nke mere na Pushkin si "a ga-enwe a obodo tọrọ 'abịa Emperor isi a ntakịrị mgbe e mesịrị ka mmalite nke ihe e kere eke nke dị ike e wusiri ike bastions.

The ewu nke ụrọ ebe e wusiri ike

Dị ka a pụrụ hụrụ si akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ewu nke ebe e wusiri ike, ọ bụ na mbụ a osisi-ụwa, ma, n'agbanyeghị na nke a, na-merela agadi n'oge e wusiri ike, esịnede 6 bastions, ọ bụla nke bụ ike ise-kwadoro ihe e wusiri ike wuru na nkuku nke ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi.

Tupu isonyere ha na mgbidi (ákwà mgbochi mgbidi) e wuru 2 Ravelin - nnukwu ewu. Nzube ha bụ na-ekpuchi-elu na mgbidi si ogbunigwe ọkụ na onye iro ike wakpo. Ọ na-e wuru dị ka Kronverk - elu support sikwuo e mere dị ka n'ihu chebe ebe e wusiri ike, na ike a bridgehead na ikpe nke a counter.

Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike e wuru aka nke Russian agha na ndị mkpọrọ Swedes. Ke adianade do, eze nyere iwu nke ọ bụla n'ógbè eziga a ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ serf. Arọ arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ na oyi na keguru mmiri idụhe, Baltic ghọrọ ihe mere na narị amaghị aha na-ewu ụlọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ekpe emi anade ke n'ili ha, kpuchie-adọ mmiri n'ikperé mmiri nke Neva. Ha na-anọchi ọhụrụ batches na-abata na-arụ ọrụ ndị mmadụ, na ọkpukpu nke toro na ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi, na bilie ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na oke ohia nke isi obodo nke a oké alaeze ukwu.

Senior ewu nlekọta

Archival akwụkwọ metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike dị na St. Petersburg, na-egosi na ndị na-ewu ya bastions onwe chịkwara eze ukwu ahụ, na ise nke ya, ezigbo enyi, ndi aha ha mgbe e mesịrị na-akpọ. Ya mere, ka lanarịrị notation Troubetzkoy bastion Ọkaakaa, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov na Golovkin.

Ozugbo m kwesịrị banyere na Peter m naanị wee akụkụ ke Ọkaakaa si bastion tab, na niile ụdi ọrụ e chịkwara nwa ya - Tsarevich Aleksey na A. D. Menshikov. Oputara ịrịba ama bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọzọ ndị nlekọta, n'agbanyeghị Russian omenala bụghị nanị agaghị anwa anwa werekwa ego na na azụmahịa nyere ha, ma ọtụtụ mgbe, ha kpuchie arụmọrụ mmefu.

Chronicle ndị ọzọ merenụ

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike na-pụtara ìhè site na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mejọrọ mere n'oge ya imewe. Otu onye n'ime ha na-abịa iji na-amụnye ọbụna tupu October 1st, 1703 ọrụ na ndị na-ewu nke ụrọ wusiri ike gwụchara. Dị ka a n'ihi nke oké idei mmiri nke mere na August 30, mmiri, na-ebili na 2.5 mita, jupụtara na oke bekee Island, na saa ọtụtụ njikere mere ụlọ. Nke a mere otu ugboro ọzọ gosiri na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-ewu a nkume citadel.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1703, e nwere ihe ọzọ dị mkpa omume, nke bụ n'aka mara onye ọ bụla gara Museum nke History of St. Petersburg na Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike na June 29 (July 12) on ya n'ókèala e emume ibikwasị nke Pita na Pọl Cathedral - mgbe ahụ ka a obere osisi chọọchị. O nyere aha nke citadel wuru, na mgbe e mesịrị na obodo aha ya bụ na Dutch style - "St. Peter-Burj". N'ihi ya, ụbọchị nke June 29th nwere ike-atụle aha-ụbọchị obodo na Neva.

N'otu afọ e nwekwara Jọn Bridge, ejikọ oke bekee Island na ndị Petrograd n'akụkụ, ọ bụ ezie na n'oge ahụ na ọ bụ a haziri nke ọtụtụ Igbere rafts. Site ọdịda ka fọrọ nke nta zuru ezu gwupụtatụrụla akụ arụnyere ngwaọrụ. Ndị a bụ ndị ígwè na ọla egbe dị ka weghaara weghaara si Swedish na anụ ụlọ oge ọgbụgba mere armourers Novgorod. N'otu oge ahụ na eze ukwu na họpụtara mbụ commandant nke e wusiri ike. Nke a nsọpụrụ e nyere otu n'ime ndị ya ezigbo enyi - na Estonian nobleman, Colonel Karl-Ewald von Rennes.

Malite lining wusiri ike konkiri

Na 1705 malitere a ọhụrụ ogbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike. Ozugbo wuru niile earthworks, ma si otú ohere iji na-egosipụta na o kwere omume agha nke Swedes, Peter m kpebiri na m restructure ya na nkume. Drafting nke ọhụrụ citadel na nlekọta nke ọrụ e nyere ndị Italian Swiss si - pụtara ìhè-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na engineer nke oge ya Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Mejuputa atumatu turu ime ọzọ panning ebe Oke Bekee Island e rụrụ, n'ihi na obosara ya mụbara site 30 m. The ọrụ malitere ná mmalite nke May 1706, na malitere ha na nhazigharị Menshikov bastion, dị ka n'ihe banyere mwakpo, o nwere ike-esi na-kasị ngwangwa. Na usoro nke-ewu nke ochie osisi e bibiri, ha wee n'ala podsypku agwaetiti.

Earthy, dị ka a ọhụrụ oru ngo, naanị crownwork nọgidere - usoro nchebe, na okwu nke na-anọchite anya okpueze ( "okpueze" - a okpueze, "Werk" - ebe e wusiri ike) emi odude ke edem edere akụkụ nke agwaetiti na e mere na-echebe megide a kwe omume agha n'ala. Si na ya wee na-aha Kronverskogo eruba kewara oke bekee Island si Petrograd Akụkụ.

The ebe e wusiri ike, nke ka na-amaghị Russian

Site 1708 na konkiri ha ejiji Menshikov na Golovkin bastions, nakwa dị ka n'akụkụ ákwà mgbochi (mgbidi) na ntụ ntụ magazin. N'otu oge ahụ na-ewu nke n'ogige na Pita n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá, wuru, dị ka iwu nke Ọkaakaa, na nlereanya nke Narva.

Banyere nke ahụ, otú ike na ọ bụ citadel, guzobere na Mgbada Island, dị ka akwụkwọ adade ke Museum nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike. Nkenke n'ikwupụta ọdịnaya, anyị nnọọ mara na Russia ụdị ihe e wusiri ike bụ nnọọ ọhụrụ.

Ịpụta ihe ọ na-ekwu na ọkpụrụkpụ nke ebe e wusiri ike mgbidi ruru 20 mita na a elu nke 12 m. Na iji wusie ha bases na ala gbatara 40 puku. Amụbawanye. Onye ọ bụla bastion nwere firepower, nke nyere banyere 60 egbe. The Curtin - mgbidi n'agbata bastions, enịm agha n'ogige na casemates na-ebuka nke gunpowder.

E chefubeghị na nzuzo nkwurịta okwu nke na-abụghị ụwa. Karịsịa, n'okpuru elu ụlọ gwuru tunnels ka ọdịda n'èzí ebe e wusiri ike, na mgbidi ya wuru, na-akpọ Paterna - a ebe e mere maka mberede ọdịdị agha n'azụ iro e. The ndapụta na-tọrọ ala otu oyi akwa nke brik, mara naanị ndị ị tụkwasịrị obi ojii.

The ebe e wusiri ike, nke ghọrọ isi obodo

Mmeri n'elu Swedes na afọ 1709-1710, me ka a dị iche iche ozo nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike. Ebe ọ bụ na oge ọ mgbe furu efu agha ya pụtara ma na egbe n'elu ya ramparts, thundering naanị n'ụbọchị ukara ememe. Gburugburu ebe e wusiri ike na-enweghị atụ rapidity malitere-eto eto na obodo natara ọnọdụ nke isi obodo ọhụrụ nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu, na aha ya bụ St. Petersburg na nsọpụrụ nke ya nchebe senti St. Peter ndị Apostle.

Ọbụna tupu ikpeazụ ẹkụre Northern War na Mgbada Island malitere Sineti, na isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ nke Russia e guzobere obere oge. Nke a yiri ihe mere eme nke Tower na ebe ewusiri ike. The Citadel, wuru na bịara n'ikperé mmiri nke Thames, na-jisiri na-eje ozi, na e wusiri ike, na ndutịm center na mkpọrọ, na n'ikpeazụ a ngosi nka.

Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ịmata na nke mbụ mkpọrọ nke "Russian Bastille" - aha e nyere ya ruru, bụ nwa ya guzobere - Tsarevich Aleksey, nwụrụ (gburu ma ọ bụ na nzuzo) na ọgwụgwụ nke 25 June 1718. Architect Trezzini wuru na ókèala ndị ọhụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na a pụrụ iche ụlọ, nke chọpụtara na Secret Chancellery. Ọ na-n'etiti Naryshkin na Trubetskoy bastion e wuru na mbụ Mint, ogide a ma ama ebe ke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian ego. Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike, Ọzọkwa, aghọwo a ebe ego na-minted bụghị nanị, kamakwa steeti enọ.

Na 1731 Naryshkin bastion kpuwere na Flag Tower, ebe kwa kpọlite ndị Russian ọkọlọtọ, na afọ abụọ gasịrị dechara ewu nke nkume Pita na Pọl Cathedral, nke ghọọ karịrị oge n'ebe ili ozu nke ndị Russian eze. Dị ka ndị ọzọ ụlọ nke ebe e wusiri ike, e wuru n'okpuru oru ngo na n'okpuru kpọmkwem nlekọta nke Domenico Trezzini. Ke 30 na afọ aghọwo a omenala na-emepụta a mgbaàmà na ehihie shot na Naryshkin bastion nke ihe na-aga n'oge anyị a.

Ya ihe ngosi nka uru ma Paul Ebe e wusiri ike kpatarari 1766, mgbe ya n'ókèala e wuru ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ọ na ụgbọ mmiri nke Peter m, bụ onye ghọrọ eze ukwu mgbe ọnwụ nke otu n'ime ihe ncheta nke Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ikpeazụ, dị ka a ukwu e wusiri ike nakweere site na njedebe nke 80s, mgbe ọ na-agafe na konkiri na wuru a marina na Commandant Narva Gate e dechara.

Mkpọrọ "Russian Bastille"

Na Russian akụkọ ihe mere eme Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike dị na St. Petersburg, bịara tumadi dị a na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mkpọrọ. Ọ na-e kwuru n'elu na ọ bụ nke mbụ mkpọrọ nke Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya akara aka na-akọrọ site ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-abịa esemokwu na ẹdude ọchịchị.

Cheta ama ramparts nke ebe e wusiri ike Princess Tarakanov, jụrụ dị ka a nọchiri ocheeze ahụ, bụ onye so dee Radishchev na Decembrists dị Alexeyev Ravelin. Na ha mgbidi Petrashevzy gara, ndị mmadụ na Nechayev, gawa site ya aha ọjọọ onye ndú. Na-ada corridors nke ebe e wusiri ike nụrụ nzọụkwụ N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge.

N'oge October mgbanwe nke 1917, agha akwado Bolsheviks, ihe na Soviet oge echefughị banyere ọbụna obere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike. Ọ na-akọ, na n'oge na-batara nke Winter Obí, na mgbidi ya e mere oghere gbaa, na e dechara ya mkpọrọ casemates ghọọ ndị ozi nke-elebara Government.

Naa njikere Soviet akụkọ ihe mere eme na-echeta ọrụ na nkera-egwuri na Cheka mkpọrọ, ebe ọ gara ozugbo na Bolsheviks wee ike. Ọ maara na na 1919, na ya n'ókèala gbara 4 nnukwu onyeisi nke Romanov Dmitry K., Georgy, Nikolay na Pavel Aleksandrovich.

Karịsịa na olileanya adịghịzi isi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike bụ oge nke Red ụjọ, nke dara na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 1917-1921. Mass gburu ndị rụrụ mgbe e wusiri ike mgbidi si Kronverksky Strait. Na 2009, e nwere ndị foduru nke otu narị otu narị ndị ndidi tara misanthropic ọchịchị ruo ọtụtụ afọ ike na mba na-hụrụ.

Akara aka nke nnukwu ụlọ na Soviet oge

Na 1925, ihe mere eme nke ebe e wusiri ike ọ fọrọ nke nta dị mkpirikpi mgbe Leningrad Council chịrị na ya dismantling (mbibi), na-eke na Mgbada Island Stadium. Ma, dabara nke ọma, nke a obi ọjọọ na-kara aka na-eme, na ihe ngosi nka e kere na ókèala nke ebe e wusiri ike. Ọzọkwa kwesịrị ịrịba ama bụ eziokwu na na oge 1925-1933 gg. na otu onye nke ụlọ chọpụtara mbụ Russian Gas Dynamics Laboratory, onye na-arụ ọrụ amalitela anụ ụlọ rọketi. Na ya ebe na 1973 meghere Museum nke rocketry na astronautics, ka dị taa.

N'oge Akwa Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya, na ebe e wusiri ike dị emegide ugbo elu batrị, ịgbachitere elu-igwe nke Leningrad si iro ugbo elu, na spire nke Pita na Pọl Cathedral kpuchie a ozuzo net. N'agbanyeghị mgbe nile shelling na bọmbụ, nke e kpughere na obodo, see katidral bụ, ma nwetara oké njọ mmebi mgbidi.

Na 1975, akara 150th ncheta nke nsogbu na Sineti Square na St. Petersburg, na Kronwerk ebe ise nke Decembrists, arụnyere a ncheta obelisk na pink marble e gburu na July 25, 1826 n'abalị. On ya bụ aha zọọ A. Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol na M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

The akụkọ nwere dịghị ọgwụgwụ ọ

Today na ókèala nke ugboro egwu citadel wuru State Museum of History of St. Petersburg, "ka Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike." Dị ka ochie, ụbọchị ọ bụla na ehihie na Naryshkin bastion mgbaàmà a nụrụ egbe ala shot, ka ndị na-enye ndị kwesịrị nsọpụrụ ọbịa nke obodo. Na 1991, e nwere ihe oyiyi nke Peter m, mere Russian-American ọkpụ M. nkiri e wusiri ike Shemyakin, na post-perestroika oge on n'akụkụ osimiri malitere ịhazi iche iche ntụrụndụ ihe. Na XXI narị afọ, okụt a ndụ ọhụrụ nke St. Petersburg Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike. History, chịkọtara n'isiokwu a, na-enweta ya n'ihu.