History of Estonia: otu nnyocha

History of Estonia anya amalite na kasị ochie na ógbè na ókèala ya na pụta 10,000 afọ gara aga. Tools nke Stone Age ahuru nso Pulli nso n'oge a Pärnu. Finno-Ugric ebo si n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (eleghị anya si Urals) bịara ọtụtụ narị afọ mgbe e mesịrị (eleghị anya na 3500 BC. E.), Mixed na ndị obodo ahụ ma biri na n'oge Estonia, Finland na Hungary. Na ha mmasị ọhụrụ ala, na ha ajụwo akwagharị na ji ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ European mba n'elu ọzọ isii millennia.

The n'oge n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Estonia (nkenke)

Na usen 9 na 10th na narị afọ AD Estonia maara Vikings, bụ ndị yiri ihe mmasị na ụzọ azụmahịa na Kiev na Constantinople, karịa mmeri nke ala ahu. The mbụ bụ iyi egwu si Christian mwakpo si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Imezu Pope oku maka a ịlụ agha ntụte megide ugwu na-ekpere arụsị, Danish agha na German knight wakporo Estonia, na 1208 na nnukwu ụlọ merie Otepaa. Bi etinye ọkụ na-eguzogide, na ọ were ihe karịrị afọ 30, tupu e merie dum n'ókèala. Site ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 13, Estonia e kewara n'etiti Danish na German na n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndịda nke Teutonic Order. Agha Ntụte chọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, E gbochiri Aleksandrom Nevskim nke Novgorod na friji ọdọ Peipsi.

The mmeri biri na ọhụrụ obodo-ya, na-ebufe kasị nke ike nke ndị bishọp. Site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 13 na Tallinn na Tartu bilie Cathedrals, na Cistercian na Dominican okpukpe iwu wuru ebe obibi, na-ekwusa na ndị obodo na-eme baptizim ya. Ka ọ dịgodị, Estonia wee na-enupu isi.

The kasị dị ịrịba ama nsogbu malitere n'abalị nke St. George (April 23) na 1343 Ya mmalite a na-achịkwa Denmark North Estonia. The mba akụkọ ihe mere eme akara looting nnupụisi Cistercian mọnk Padise na igbu ọchụ nke ndị mọnk ya. Mgbe ahụ, ha nọchibido na Tallinn na Haapsalu Episcopal Castle na-akpọ maka enyemaka si Swedes. Sweden n'ezie zitere naval reinforcements, ma ọ bịara akaha na a manyere na-atụgharị azụ. N'agbanyeghị mkpebi siri ike nke Estonia, nsogbu e gburu 1345. The Danes Otú ọ dị, kpebiri na ha nwere-ezu na-ere Estonia na Livonian Order.

The mbụ craft shop na ahịa Nkịtị pụtara na narị afọ nke 14., Ma ọtụtụ ndị na obodo ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi na Pärnu, mụbara dị ka onye so na Hanseatic League. ST. John na Tartu na ya terracotta ọkpụkpụ bụ a akụ na ụba nke na-egosi na Western ahia agbatị.

Estonia nọgidere na-ekpe usoro ndị ọgọ mmụọ na agbamakwụkwọ, na-eli ozu na-efe ofufe uwa, ọbụna na narị afọ nke 15, ndị a n'ememe ibu nwere njikọ chiri anya na Katọlik, ha wee Christian aha. Na narị afọ nke 15 ndị nkịtị na-efunahụ ha ikike na mmalite nke 16 ghọrọ serfs.

nchèghari

Ndozigharị ahụ, bụ nke malitere na Germany, ruru Estonia na 1520s, tinyere Lutheran nkwusa nke mbụ ife. Site ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 16, chọọchị hazigharịrị, na ebe obibi na chọọchị e enịm n'okpuru patronage nke Lutheran Church. Na Tallinn, ndị ọchịchị emechi Dominican obibi ndị mọnk (chekwara ya nnukwu mkpọmkpọ ebe); Tartu Dominican na Cistercian monasteries nọ na-emechi.

Livonian agha

Na narị afọ nke 16, ndị kasị dị ize ndụ Livonia (ugbu a Northern Latvia na Southern Estonia) na-anọchi anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ivan Grozny kpọsara na ya bụ eze mbụ na 1547, na-achụ a iwu nke mgbasa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Russian agha edu adọgbu adọgbu Tatar agha nsogbu dị 1558 na Tartu ebe. Ịlụ ọgụ dị nnọọ ihe ike, ndị mwakpo ahụ hapụrụ ya Ruth ọnwụ na mbibi. N'ihi na Russia sonyeere Poland, Denmark na Sweden, na oge arụmọrụ e duziri ofụri narị afọ nke 17. A nkenke nnyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Estonia anaghị ekwe ka akọwa n'uju na oge a, ma dị ka a n'ihi nke Sweden pụta mmeri.

War-amanye a ibu arọ ndị obodo. N'ihi na ọgbọ abụọ (site na 1552 na 1629 gg.), Ọkara nke bi n'ime ime obodo e gburu ya, banyere atọ-ebe nke niile ugbo ndị gbahapụrụ, ọrịa ndị dị ka ihe otiti, akuku ọdịda, ụnwụ na ụdi mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị e mesoro. Ke adianade Tallinn, onye ọ bụla nnukwu ụlọ na ndị e wusiri ike center nke mba na e zuuru ma ọ bụ bibie, gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ nke Viljandi, a so otu ike wusiri ike na Northern Europe. Ụfọdụ obodo na e bibiri kpam kpam.

nri ụtụtụ oge

Mgbe agha, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Estonia akara a oge nke udo na ọganihu n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Sweden. Cities, site ahia, na-eto ma mụbara, na-enyere ndị na aku na uba na-agbake si egwu nke agha. N'okpuru ikike nke Sweden maka oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke n'otu n'okpuru otu onye na-achị. Site ufọt ufọt narị afọ nke 17, ọ dị, ihe malitere njọ. Ntiwapụ nke ọrịa, na mgbe e mesịrị Oké Ụnwụ (1695-97) na ekwu na ndụ nke 80 na puku ndị mmadụ -. Almost 20% nke ndị bi na. N'oge na-adịghị Sweden ihu a n'ihe ize ndụ site Polish Union, Denmark na Russia, na-achọ iji nwetaghachi n'ala furu Livonian War. Na mbuso agha ahụ malitere na 1700, mgbe ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma, na Vol. H. The na mmeri nke ndị agha Russia na Narva, ndị Swedes malitere agbahapụ. Na 1708 Tartu e bibiri, na niile na-anwụghị zigara Russia. Na 1710 Tallinn capitulated, na Sweden e merie ya.

mmụta

Ọ malitere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Estonia ka a akụkụ nke Russia. Ọ dịghị ihe ọma ndị ọrụ ugbo ahụ enweghị isi. War-otiti na 1710 kwuru na ndụ nke ọtụtụ iri puku mmadụ. Peter m kagburu Swedish mgbanwe ma bibie olileanya ọ bụla nke nnwere onwe na nke gbapụrụnụ serfs. Àgwà kwupụta ha agaghị agbanwe ruo Enlightenment oge ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 18. Catherine II nanị ihe ùgwù nke J.Randall na ẹkenịmde azọrọ-onye kwuo uche mgbanwe. Ma na 1816, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akpatre tọhapụrụ serfdom. Ha na-natara aha ọzọ nnwere onwe nke ije na mmachi na ịnweta onwe-management. Site nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19, ndị bi n'ime ime obodo malitere ịzụ ugbo na irite ego si n'ubi dị ka poteto na flax.

mba edemede

Ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ nke 19 bụ mmalite nke mba edemede. N'ịbụ ndị ọhụrụ J.Randall, mba gara ala. The mbụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Perno Postimees Estonian asụsụ pụtara na 1857. Ọ na-e bipụtara Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "Estonia" ma ghara maarahvas (bi n'ime ime obodo). Ọzọ nwere mmetụta thinker bụ Carl Robert Jakobson, onye lụrụ ọgụ maka hà na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikike maka Estonia. Ọ na-tọrọ ntọala mba mbụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị akwụkwọ akụkọ Sakala.

nsogbu

Ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ nke 19. Ọ bụ a oge nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ntoputa nke nnukwu ụlọ mmepụta ihe na ọtụtụ ihe na netwọk nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ejikọrọ Russia na Estonia. Siri arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ mere ka discontent, na ọhụrụ-kpụrụ arụ ọrụ party mere ngosi na-etiwapụ. Se Iketịbede ke Estonia ugboro ugboro ihe na-eme Russia, na agha nnupụisi malitere na January 1905. Erughị ala n'ịnyịnya ruo mgbe ọdịda nke afọ ahụ, mgbe 20 puku. Ọrụ wee iku. The eze agha mere brutally, na-egbu ma merụọ mmadụ 200. Maka suppression nke nsogbu nke Russian rutere ọtụtụ puku ndị agha. 600 Estonia na ọtụtụ narị zigara Siberia e gburu. Trade ịlụ na-aga n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ na òtù na-emechi, na ndị ndú ọchịchị efehe mba.

More buu atụmatụ ogide Estonia, ọtụtụ puku Russian nkịtị n'ihi na nke Ụwa Mbụ na e emejuputa atumatu. The obodo ugwo a elu price n'ihi na ha na-ekere òkè n'agha. 100 puku. People a na-akpọ, nke 10 puku. Gburu. Ọtụtụ Estonia gara agha n'ihi mmeri Germany, Russia kwere nkwa inye ndị mba ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. N'ezie, ọ bụ a hoax. Ma site 1917 nke a nke na-edozi bụ eze. Nicholas II manyere ka i leghara, na Bolsheviks jide ike. Russia kpochapụ ogbaaghara, na Estonia, butere ụzọ February 24, 1918 kwuru onwe ya.

War nke Onwe

Estonia ama osobo ye egwu si Russia na Baltic-German reactionaries. Agha wee daa, na Red Army merela agadi n'ike n'ike, site January 1919 jide ọkara mba. Estonia isi ike gbachitere, na na-enyemaka nke British warships na Finnish, Danish na Swedish agha meriri ochie ya iro. Na December, Russia kwetara a truce, na 2 February 1920 na Tartu Peace Treaty e banyere, dị ka nke ọ na-ekweghị na-ekwu na ókèala nke obodo. Mbụ pụtara na ụwa map enyemaka Estonia.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala na oge a na e ji ngwa mmepe nke aku na uba. N'ókèala iji ha eke ego ma na-adọta ukeme si ná mba ọzọ. Tartu University ghọrọ University of Estonia na Estonian asụsụ ghọrọ asụsụ nke mba nkwurịta okwu, na-eke ohere ọhụrụ na ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ ngalaba. E a nnukwu ebipụta ụlọ ọrụ - n'etiti 1918 na 1940. 25 puku. Aha e bipụtara.

Otú ọ dị, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị okirikiri ahụ abụghị Rosy. Egwu Communist ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru-eme, dị ka, mere ka ndị na-edu ndú nke Right okpu inwale na 1924, ndị kuu d'etat. Na 1934 onye ndú nke ndị mepere ọchịchị, Konstantin Pats na ọchịagha na ndị isi nke Estonian Army Johan Laidoner imebi oruru na jide ike na-asị na nke ịgbachitere ochichi onye kwuo uche si extremist iche iche.

ndị Soviet mbuso agha

State akara aka na-akara mgbe Nazi Germany na Soviet Union bịanyere aka a nzuzo mmeko nke 1939 na, n'eziokwu, na-agafe ya na Stalin. Òtù nke Communist Party haziri a nru ugha nsogbu na nke ndị mmadụ chọrọ na-agụnye Estonia na Soviet Union. President Pats, General Laidoner na ndị ndú ndị ọzọ e jidere na zigara Soviet n'ogige ọrụ mmanye. A popet ọchịchị e guzobere, na August 6, 1940 , Kasị Elu Soviet nke USSR nyere "arịrịọ" nke Estonia na n'isonyere USSR.

Ụlọnga na World War II bibiri mba. Iri puku kwuru iri puku ndị a na-akpọ na zigara ọrụ na ọnwụ na n'ogige ọrụ mmanye dị n'ebe ugwu nke Russia. Ọtụtụ puku ndị inyom na ụmụaka na-akọrọ ha na akara aka.

Mgbe Soviet agha ọsọ onslaught nke onye iro, Estonia kelee ndị Germany dị ka liberators. 55 puku. Man banyere onwe onye na-agbachitere nkeji na battalions nke Wehrmacht. Otú ọ dị, Germany emeghị nwere ebumnuche nye Estonian ghọọ mba kwụụrụ na-ahụ ya dị ka nwere ókèala ndị Soviet Union. Olileanya nwere osụhọ mgbe ogbugbu nke rụkọrọ ọrụ. (Ndi agbụrụ Estonia, nke 5 puku.) 75 puku. Ndị gbara. Ọtụtụ puku gbagara Finland, ma ndị fọdụrụ, e debara aha n'ime ndị agha Germany (banyere 40 puku. People).

Ná mmalite nke 1944, Soviet agha tụrụ bọmbụ Tallinn, Narva, Tartu na obodo ndị ọzọ. Mbibi zuru ezu nke Narva bụ omume ọbọ "nke Estonian sabo."

German agha gbaghachi azụ na September 1944 Ndịk mmalite nke Red Army, ọtụtụ Estonia, kwa, ha gbagara, na banyere 70 puku. See West. Site na njedebe nke agha ọ bụla 10th Estonia bi ná mba ọzọ. Ke ofụri ofụri, na mba ka furu efu karịa 280 na puku ndị mmadụ: .. Ewezuga kwaga, 30 puku e gburu n'agha ahụ, ndị ọzọ na-gburu, zigara n'ogige ma ọ bụ gbuo n'ogige ịta ahụhụ.

ndị Soviet oge

Mgbe agha, ndị ọchịchị ozugbo weghaara na Soviet Union. Estonian akụkọ ihe mere eme emetụta. a oge nke ada, ọtụtụ puku ndị ahụhụ ma ọ bụ gaa mkpọrọ ahụhụ. Nnọọ 19,000 Estonia e gburu. Farmers brutally amanye collectivisation na ọtụtụ puku ndị kwabatara wụsara n'ime obodo si dị iche iche n'ógbè nke USSR. N'etiti 1939 na 1989. percent amaala Estonian belata site 97 ruo 62%.

Na nzaghachi ada nke n'òtù ndị agha okpuru haziri na 1944. 14 puku. "Forest ụmụnne" na-ebu onwe ha wee ala, na-arụ ọrụ na obere iche iche na mba ahụ. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ha na-eme na-adịghị ihe ịga nke ọma, na njikere-eguzogide Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka tutu amama site 1956.

Ma nweta ume dissident ije, na na 50th ncheta nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke Stalin-Hitler mmeko na Tallinn kwadoro a isi nzute. N'elu ọzọ ọnwa ole na ole, ndị ngagharị iwe na-eto, Estonia choro mweghachi nke ghọọ mba kwụụrụ. Song ememme aghọwo a dị ike n'aka mgba. The kasị oke nke ha mere na 1988, mgbe 250 puku. Estonia gbakọtara Song Festival Grounds dị na Tallinn. Ọ dọtara a ọtụtụ mba ntị ka ọnọdụ na Baltic States.

Na November 1989, ndị Estonian Supreme Council kwuru ihe ndị mere 1940 omume nke agha ime ihe ike na kwuru, ha iwu na-akwadoghị. Na 1990, free ntuli aka e ẹkenịmde na mba. N'agbanyeghị Russia mgbalị iji gbochie nke a, Estonia nwetaghachiri onwe ya na 1991.

Modern Estonia: mba akụkọ ihe mere eme (na nkenke)

Na 1992, mbụ ntụli aka n'okpuru ọhụrụ oruru, na òkè nke ọhụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọzọ. Union of Pro Patria merie a warara oke. Ya onye ndú, 32-afọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Mart Laar ghọrọ Prime Minister. The Kacha ọhụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Estonia ka otu nọọrọ onwe ha ala. Laar malitere nyefee ala na rails nke a free ahịa aku na uba, o chepụtara na Estonian Kroon na malitere okwu na zuru ndọrọ ego nke Russian agha. The obodo ume na ahụ efe mgbe ikpeazụ ìgwè ndị agha ekpe Republic na 1994, na-ahapụ a bibiri ala, na n'ebe ugwu nke mmeru ala gburugburu airbases na nuclear n'efu na naval bases.

Estonia sonyeere EU na 1 May 2004 nakweere euro na 2011.