Ihe nke cell ndị kasị mkpa? Sel n'okpuru a mikroskopu

E nwere ọtụtụ nde dị iche iche ụdị ntule. N'ime ndị a, ọ bụ naanị nje ndị na-abụghị cellular iche nke ndụ. All na ike nke ya kasị nta, ma isi bughi unit nwere a onu. Ya mere, ọ bụ - otu ihe dị mkpa na-egosi nke ẹdude onye, nke otu ma ọ bụ alaeze ọzọ nke okike. Parts na cell organelles nwere ike ịkọwa otú ndị dị ndụ ahụ na-etolite ma nke Filiks ime n'ime ya. Nke a bughi unit Ọdịdị nke ihe ọmụma dị mkpa maka ịghọta dum nke uwa ke ofụri ofụri.

Total cell Ọdịdị plan

Cell n'okpuru a mikroskopu - a show ezi-akpali. Ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya otú ihe zoro ezo mmadụ anya, na e nwere na larịị nke microcosm! Mmepụta nke a pụrụ iche ngwa anya ngwaọrụ aghọwo omume na-aghọ akụkụ nke a n'ogo, inyocha na ịghọta usoro nke ndụ, ịmụta otú na-etinye aka na ha na-eji maka abamuru nke ndị mmadụ.

N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile ntule nwere otu ụlọ unit. Iche nọ na fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụla so na nke a nke alaeze. Dị ka ihe atụ, isi akụkụ nke osisi cell dị iche na nke anụmanụ. Ya Ọdịdị ndị na bacteria na fungi. Otú ọ dị, ị nwere ike ka na-mata izugbe ụkpụrụ nke cell Ọdịdị.

1. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe n'ụdị DNA ụmụ irighiri (maka eukaryotic ntule - osisi, dịkwa ka usoro ha, na ụmụ anụmanụ - lekwasị ke ntọala, prokaryotes (bacteria) adịghị enyewo ntọala).
2. Cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ delimits ọdịnaya nke esịtidem ohere na mpụga metụtara.
3. The cytoplasm na organelles na inclusions.

Ọtụtụ organelles nwekwara otu ihe ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ nile, nke otu ugboro ọzọ na-egosi nkịtị niile si malite ndụ na mbara ụwa anyị. Structural akụkụ ọ bụla unit nke bi dị nnọọ ọtụtụ. Ọ bụ ihe atụ, na:

• mitochondria;
• lysosomes;
• Golgi ngwa;
• EPS (reticulum ma ọ bụ endoplasmic reticulum);
• ribosomes;
• inclusions nke protein na carbohydrate, na ndị ọzọ.

E nwere ndiduọ kpọmkwem organelles ndị pụrụ iche na ndị nnọchiteanya nke ọ bụla na alaeze nke okike. Dị ka ihe atụ, isi akụkụ nke osisi sel - bụghị naanị ndị kernel, ma cell mgbidi na vacuole. Otu ihe dị mkpa plastids, ma ndị a owuwu-adịghị na anụmanụ nkeji.

Ihe nke cell ndị kasị mkpa?

Azịza nke ajụjụ a bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju. Mgbe niile, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke ya bughi nke cell ga-enwe ike ibi ndụ na-ejikarị na ịzụlite. Ma ka e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ndị ọrụ nke organelles na akụkụ.

1. Nucleus na nucleoli na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe lekwasị ke chromosomes.
2. The cell mgbidi (n'ihi na osisi), cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ (mkpụrụ ndụ nile), mucic shei (maka bacteria).
3. The cytoplasm nke bughi mmiri.

A mmiri - bụ ihe ndabere nke ọ bụla cell, n'agbanyeghị nke organism nke otu ma ọ bụ ụdị ọzọ. N'etiti cytoplasmic organelles nwekwara ike na-egosi nke akụkụ nke cell ndị kasị mkpa.

1. Mitochondria.
2. Ribosome.
3. EPS.
4. Lysosomes.
5. Ngwa (mgbagwoju) Golgi.

O doro anya na ndị isi ike ịkpọ nke kacha nke bughi nkeji nke ụlọ unit nke ntule.

The kernel na ya Ọdịdị

Mere echiche na isi akụkụ nke cell - ntọala. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ha niile nwere ya. Ya mere, ọ dịghị nuclei na:

• na-eto mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie;
• eduzi mkpụrụ ndụ nke osisi anụ ahụ ;
• bacteria.

E nwekwara ụdị, nke, na Kama nke ahụ, ọtụtụ nuclei. Dị ka ihe atụ:

• poperchnopolosatye uru;
• mushrooms;
• ahịhịa mmiri;
• akwukwo nri lactiferous arịa.

Ke ofụri ofụri, n'ozuzu Ọdịdị nke atụmatụ bụ otu n'ime atụle Ọdịdị. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe isi akụkụ na-eme ka elu isi nke ọ bụla.

1. Karyotheca (nuclear envelopu) - na-anọchi anya a abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ Ọdịdị eme ka ihe mgbochi n'etiti cytoplasm na n'ime isi. Iji ọ na-mmasị ka mpụga nke ribosome, na CSE, na Golgi mgbagwoju.
2. Karyoplasm - esịtidem jel matriks ejuputa na isi. Aha ọzọ - nucleoplasm. Ọ nwere dị iche iche na-edozi, ribosomal RNA.
3. Chromatin bụ ike nke na nkewa n'etiti helical tightly juru n'ọnụ chromosomes. Ya mejupụtara tumadi nyere site nke na-adị DNA. calcium na magnesium ion na-ugbu a, na-edozi, RNA, lipids.
4. Nucleoli, metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ ebe gburugburu chromosomes. Ha na-agụnye RNA, DNA, na-edozi. Eji maka nzukọ subunits ribosomal njikọ nke p-RNA (ribosomal RNA).

Ọ bụ a n'ozuzu plan nke nuclear Ọdịdị, site na nke ọ bụ doro anya na uru nke a Ọdịdị na onye ọ bụla cell - bụrụkwa maka amụba, nchekwa na nnyefe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi, na ijikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa atụmatụ.

The cytoplasm na ihe ọ pụtara

Mkpa nke a Ọdịdị naanị megheworo ndị mepụtara bụ karịsịa dị ike na-amụba ngwá. Tupu na ya kwesŽrŽ - dị nnọọ a ozuzu ala organelles. Ugbu a, Otú ọ dị, ọ chọpụtara na cytoplasm nwere ndị na-esonụ Ọdịdị.

1. Cytoskeleton - microfilaments na mgbagwoju protein akpa na-etolite na isi na netwọk. Inside na-akpali ndị cell organelles.
2. Cytosol ma ọ bụ hyaloplasm - colloidal cytoskeleton esịtidem ọdịnaya, nke etisasịwo minerals, mmiri, na-lipids, ndi na-edozi, carbohydrates. Na cell metabolism Filiks na-rụrụ na-kọọrọ owuwu ọnụ.
3. Ectoplasm - na cytoplasm, ozugbo n'akụkụ ka akpụkpọ ahụ. Endoplasma - niile ohere n'etiti karyotheca na ectoplasm.

Na cytoplasm nke intracellular iga Filiks-erukwa na-enye ohere ka ọ na-akpachi anya, n'elu constituent akụkụ. Ọ bụ ekele a mgbe nile na-ike ije nke ihe owuwu na organelles n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ akpali.

The cytoplasmic akpụkpọ

Ọ na-anọchi anya bilipidny agbanwe oyi akwa ịbanye n'akụkụ protein ụmụ irighiri. The kasị ozizi nke ihe owuwu nke a organelle - a mmiri mmiri-Mozis nlereanya. Ọ na-ekewa mpụga na esịtidem na gburugburu ebe obibi nke cell. Nwere nhọrọ permeability, ya mere, ọ na-egbochi na-echebe megide ingress nke ndị mba ọzọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ihe ọ na-ekwusi cell udi.

Ọ bụrụ na azịza nke ajụjụ ahụ bụ: "Gịnị ka akụkụ nke cell ndị kasị mkpa", ndị mbụ ga-abụ kpọmkwem akpụkpọ, n'ihi na ọ bụ nke ọ bụla n'ime ha. Iche na Ọdịdị ime na dị iche iche ụdị ntule. N'ihi na bacteria e ji mara esịne ke mejupụtara nke chitin, anụmanụ - ya na-anọghị.

mitochondria

Ndị a owuwu abụghị maka ihe ọ bụla a na-akpọ ike ma ọ bụ "ike osisi" nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụ na ndị a Filiks ime oxidative phosphorylation n'ihi na tọhapụrụ ike ATP (adenosine triphosphate). N'ọdịnihu, a ike bụ isi iyi nke ndụ Filiks, ma esịtidem na mpụga.

Aha nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-bụghị mgbe niile e ozugbo. N'ihe banyere mitochondria mbụ na 1894, ndị a owuwu kọwawo n'okpuru aha bioblastov.

Site n'onwe ya, na Ọdịdị nke a organelle kama na-akpali. The elu akpụkpọ ahụ bilayer. The n'ime oyi akwa nwere a apịaji Ọdịdị, Nleta cristae, na nke na-ndokwa ọtụtụ ribosome.

Mitochondria nwere onwe ha DNA na abụọ RNA umu (iga na matriks). Ọzọkwa, e nwere a mgbagwoju nke na-edozi. The nọmba nke owuwu na cell nwere ike ịdị iche iche, na-adabere na ọrụ nke ngwa. The ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ukwuu nke mitochondria nwere muscle mkpụrụ ndụ.

ribosomes

Obere gburugburu ọchịchịrị Ọdịdị na ike ga-hụrụ mgbe na-enyocha mkpụrụ ndụ n'okpuru ihe elektrọn microscope, a na-akpọ ribosomes. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ bụ isi nke cell, n'ihi na ha bụ kpọmkwem na-arụsi ọrụ ike akụkụ ke nzukọ protein ụmụ irighiri.

Site onwe ha, ha na-ọkọnọ ribonucleoprotein mejupụtara otu anọ nke dum cell uka. Esịnede abụọ dissimilar subunits, n'otu gburugburu na udi. Mmasị ka Golgi mgbagwoju, EPS, mitochondria, ntọala. Odude n'ime akụkụ ụfọdụ.

Ọ na-synthesized site ribosomes na protein ụmụ irighiri mkpa maka niile Filiks nke plastic na ume metabolism.

endoplasmic reticulum

mkpụrụ ndụ n'okpuru a mikroskopu yiri a kpamkpam striated maze. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ a Ọdịdị ka EPS ma ọ bụ endoplasmic reticulum, reticulum. Ọ na-egosi a dum na netwọk nke branched ọwa, akpa, vials, nke jide niile organelles, na karịsịa anya lekwasị gburugburu ntọala.

N'ihi na ndị a ducts na ọwa bụ a ije (njem) nke dị iche iche ahụ si otu cell ọzọ òkè. Ya mere EPS - dị ka otu onye nke isi owuwu.

Vacuole na cell mgbidi - nke osisi cell

Ọ bụrụ na azịza nke ajụjụ ahụ bụ: "Gịnị ka akụkụ nke cell ndị kasị mkpa na osisi", na mgbakwunye na nke dị n'elu, ị kwesịrị ị na tinye a ole na ole ọzọ. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi na cell mgbidi. Ọ bụ oké envelopu eso cytoplasmic akpụkpọ ahụ. Ọ na-emi esịnede cellulose na ndị ọzọ carbohydrates ma na-enye pụrụ iche ike mkpụrụ ndụ. Osisi na-impregnated na pụrụ iche bekee - lignin. Ọ bụ ya mere ha Kporo ndị dị ike. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ cell mgbidi Ọdịdị akpụ cell udi dị ka a dum.

Vacuole - nke a bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke osisi Ọdịdị nkeji. Ọ na-ewe fọrọ nke nta dum olu nke dị n'ime ohere nke cell. Liquid jupụtara n'ime, nke bụ a cell sap. Nke a ngwakọta nke mmiri, vitamin, minerals, homonụ, carbohydrates.

plastids

Ka ndị ọzọ mmiri nke osisi cell - plastids. Anọchi anya atọ umu:

• leucoplasts - colorless;
• chromoplasts - ọbara ọbara, oroma, odo pigments;
• chloroplasts - ebu green ink chlorophyll.

Ihe kacha mkpa bụ na nke ikpeazụ, n'ihi na a na-aka kpọmkwem na photosynthesis.