Inye mkpụrụ ndụ na ike. isi mmalite nke ike

Si mkpụrụ ndụ niile dị ndụ ntule, ma e wezụga na nje virus. Ha na-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ Filiks nke osisi ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. Cell na ike n'onwe ya ịbụ a iche iche ahu. Ma olee otú ndị dị otú ahụ a mgbagwoju Ọdịdị na-ebi ndụ na-enweghị ike? N'ezie ọ bụghị. Ya mere, olee otú ị hụ na e cell ume? Ọ dabeere na Filiks ga-atụle n'okpuru.

Inye mkpụrụ ndụ ike: otú ọ na-eme?

Ole na ole mkpụrụ ndụ na-ume ha si n'èzí, ha n'ịwa ya onwe ha. Eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ nwere nke "ụgbọ". Na isi iyi nke ike na cell bụ mitochondria - organelles na ya site. Ọ bụ usoro nke cell respiration. N'ihi ya, na e nwere mmezi nke mkpụrụ ndụ na ike. Otú ọ dị, ha nọ nanị na osisi, na ụmụ anụmanụ na fungi. Na mkpụrụ ndụ kọrọ mitochondria bacteria. Ya mere, ha nwere iji hụ na cell ume bụ tumadi ruru ka usoro nke gbaa ụka, na eku ume.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ mitochondria

Ọ dvumembranny organelle, nke pụtara na a eukaryotic cell na usoro nke na evolushọn dị ka a n'ihi nke absorption nke ya mma prokaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ. Nke a pụrụ ịkọwa eziokwu na na mitochondria chee ya DNA na RNA nakwa dị ka mitochondrial ribosomes na-emepụta na chọrọ na-edozi organelles.

The n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ nwere protuberances, nke na-akpọ crista ma ọ bụ ridges. Christie na usoro nke cell respiration.

Gịnị bụ ime abụọ membranes, na-akpọ a matriks. Ọ mere ndokwa na-edozi, enzymes mkpa iji mee ngwangwa chemical Jeremaya mere, nakwa dị ka RNA irighiri, DNA na ribosomes.

Cellular respiration - ndabere nke ndụ

Ọ na-ewe ebe na atọ. Ka anyị lee anya na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a na ihe zuru ezu.

The akpa ogbo - preparatory

N'oge a na ogbo, mgbagwoju organic ogige na-agbajikwa ala n'ime mfe. Ya mere, ndị na-edozi na-amalite irekasị na amino asịd, abụba - na carboxylic asịd na glycerol, nucleic acid - ka nucleotides, na carbohydrates - na glucose.

glycolysis

Ọ anoxic ogbo. Ọ dabeere n'eziokwu na umi nwetara ke akpa na-adọ, na-agbajikwa ala n'ihu. Ndị bụ isi umele cell na a ogbo - na glucose ụmụ irighiri. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ na usoro nke glycolysis erekasịchaala abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke pyruvate. Na nke a emee n'oge iri consecutive chemical Jeremaya mere. N'ihi ise mbụ, glucose bụ phosphorylated, na mgbe ahụ gbawara abụọ phosphotriose. Na ndị na-esonụ ise Jeremaya mere na-emepụta abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke ATP (adenosine triphosphate) na abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke STC (pyruvic acid). Energy mkpụrụ ndụ na-echekwara na n'ụdị ATP.

Usoro nile nke glycolysis nwere ike mfe egosi dị ka ndị a:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

N'ihi ya, na iji otu molekul nke glucose, abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke ADP na abụọ phosphoric acid, na cell-enweta abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke ATP (ike) na abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke pyruvic acid, nke ọ ga-eji na nzọụkwụ ọzọ.

Agba nke atọ - ọxịdashọn

Nke a nzọụkwụ pụtara nanị na ọnụnọ nke oxygen. Chemical Jeremaya mere eme a na ogbo nke mitochondria. Nke a bụ isi ihe akụkụ nke cellular respiration, n'oge nke tọhapụrụ ndị kasị ike. Mgbe a na ogbo, pyruvic acid, mkpatụ na oxygen, bụ rapara na mmiri na carbon dioxide. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akpụ 36 ATP ụmụ irighiri. N'ihi ya, anyị nwere ike ikwubi na ndị bụ isi ike na mkpụrụ ndụ - glucose na pyruvic acid.

Chịkọta chemical mmeghachi omume, na iwepụ nkọwa, anyị pụrụ igosipụta dum usoro nke cell respiration otu mfe akụkụ:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

N'ihi ya, n'oge na-eku ume otu glucose molekul isii oxygen ụmụ irighiri iri atọ na asatọ na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke ADP na otu ego nke phosphoric acid cell na-enweta 38 ATP ụmụ irighiri, na ebe n'ụdị echekwara ike.

The iche iche nke mitochondrial enzymes

The ike maka ndụ nke cell na-enweta n'ihi respiration - ọxịdashọn nke glucose, wee pyruvic acid. All ndị a chemical Jeremaya mere ike-ebe na-enweghị enzymes - ndu akpali. Ka anyị anya na ndị na-na-achọta na mitochondria - organelles maka cellular respiration. All nke ha na-akpọ oxidoreductases n'ihi mkpa ọxịdashọn-Mbelata Jeremaya mere.

All oxidoreductases nwere ike kewara abụọ dị iche iche:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa n'ime aerobic na anaerobic. Aerobic nwere na ha mejupụtara coenzyme riboflavin na ahụ na-akawanye si vitamin B2. Aerobic dehydrogenase nkejikotara ụmụ irighiri ka coenzymes nad na NADP.

Oxidases bụ ihe iche iche. Mbụ, ha na-kewara abụọ dị iche iche:

• ndị nwere ọla kọpa;
• ndị na nke a akụkụ nke ígwè bụ ugbu a.

Ihe mbụ na-agụnye polyphenol, ascorbate, nke abụọ - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. Nke ikpeazụ, n'aka, na-ekewa n'ime anọ dị iche iche:

• cytochromes a;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome c;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes ma nwere na ha mejupụtara zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - nnọchianya zhelezomezoporfirin, d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Ga na-ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ike?

N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ọtụtụ ndị na mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta ya dị ka a n'ihi nke cellular respiration, e nwekwara anaerobic bacteria adị na-anaghị achọ oxygen. Ha na-emepụta ihe dị mkpa ike site gbaa ụka. Nke a bụ a usoro n'oge nke carbohydrates na-agbajikwa ala site na enzymes enweghị òkè nke oxygen, adịru a cell na obtains ike. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke gbaa ụka, na-adabere ikpeazụ ngwaahịa nke chemical Jeremaya mere. Ọ bụ lactic acid, na mmanya, butyric acid, acetone, butane, citric acid.

Dị ka ihe atụ, tụlee mmanya gbaa ụka. Ebe i nwere ike na-egosipụta nke a akụkụ:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2CO ₂

Ya bụ, otu molekul nke glucose etịbede na nje bacteria na otu molekul nke ethanol na abụọ ụmụ irighiri nke (IV) carbon monoxide.