Leaded petrol

Leaded mmanụ ụgbọala nwere tetraethyl ụzọ, nke bụ a na-egbu egbu organometallic compound agwa. Na mbụ, ọ na-eji dị ka ihe mgbochi-kụrụ aka mmako maka fuels, na nzube nke ya iji bụ dịkwuo octane nọmba.

Antiknock mmetụta nke compound e meghere «General Motors» American ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ụlọ ọrụ na 1921. Nchepụta Thomas Midgley, maara nke ọma ihe na-emerụ Njirimara nke na-edu ndú na-abanye leaded mmanụ ụgbọala, chọrọ iji dochie okwu "ụzọ" na-erughị ghọtara ọtụtụ ndị, okwu "methyl". Ọ bụ ogologo oge, na egwu nke a pụta mepụtara malitere imetụta ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ "General Motors". Ọrịa uche na metụtara ọrịa malitere ibū ndụ mmadụ irrevocably ibibi ahụ ike nke ndị ọrụ. O sina dị, ndị nnukwu nke emebere na US mmanụ ụgbọala nwere edu ndú.

Ke mbubreyo forties - n'oge fifties nke otú emerụ leaded mmanụ ụgbọala kpọrọ kwuru ọ bụla n'elu ikpo okwu, ma n'ihi ndị siri ike lobbying nke ya na-emepụta ike jikwaa iji tie iwu megide mmepụta nke a nsi. Naanị na 1972 a ban na ojiji nke tetraethyl ụzọ, ma o were ọtụtụ afọ tupu ya ike kpamkpam dochie ahịa. N'afọ 1986, na mmepụta nke manu, nwere ya mejupụtara tetraethyl ụzọ e phased si. Malitere mgbake nke American mba: ọbara-edu ndú na-etoju nke ndị bi na-ebelata site 78% na 1994 tụnyere 1978 afọ. Ọ bụ a mmeri nke nkịtị uche n'elu ilu ego.

Leaded mmanụ ụgbọala na-n'ọtụtụ ebe na Soviet Union. Na 80s nke narị afọ gara aga malitere ojuju nke ojiji nke tetraethyl ụzọ, nke biri na 2003. January 1, 2000 na ókèala mba n'èzí na EU, e kpam kpam machibidoro leaded mmanụ ụgbọala. China hapụrụ ojiji nke tetraethyl ụzọ 2001. Ugbu a, ọtụtụ ndị ụwa na-adịghị emepụta ihe umi. Na UK, anọgide na-hapụ a obere ego, ji mee ihe dị ka ihe mmako ka mmanụ ọduọ ụgbọala, ma ya mmepụta na ojiji bụghị uru n'ihi na dị nnọọ elu ụtụ isi amanye na Nsukka. Tetraethyl anọgide na-eji ọtụtụ underdeveloped mba n'ihi nke cheapness nke ya mmepụta. Mba ndị a na-agụnye Afghanistan, Yemen, North Korea na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.

Taa ke mepere anya ụwa na-agbalị iji enweghị leed mmanụ ụgbọala, bụ nke nwere tetraethyl edu ndú, adịghị emetụta ndị mmadụ ike, na-adịghị emerụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Iji mma mmanụ ụgbọala, ọ na-ndinọ dị iche iche nwekwara, na-belata pasent ọdịnaya nke na-emerụ anwuru (sọlfọ, aromatics , na na. P.). Enweghị leed mmanụ ụgbọala kwesịrị ịnwe n'ezie kwesịghị ịta resins (ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 5 mg kwa 100 cm3). Ọzọkwa, mmanụ ụgbọala ga-divisible site jupụta Alụlụụ nsogbu na fractional mejupụtara. The kasị mma na nke kasị-eri-irè nke ya ụdị maka ugbo ala-atụle ga-nke A-98.

The mmanụ ụgbọala mejupụtara mmiri, nke na-emepụta dị ka a N'ihi nke a dịgasị iche iche nke n'ichepụta n'ibu. A na-agụnye, n'ihi na ihe atụ, kpọmkwem distillation nke mmanụ, na catalytic cracking nke catalytic ịgbazigharị, hydrocracking agụụ gas mmanụ, na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na usoro.

The mmanụ ụgbọala mejupụtara adịghị adabere naanị na usoro nke ya mmepụta, ma kwụsịrị akara. The elu octane nọmba, na elu àgwà nke mmanụ ụgbọala. Mmanụ ụgbọala A-95 nwere elu arụmọrụ karịa A-92 petrol. Aviation mmanụ ụgbọala nwere elu octane nọmba karịa ụzọ, n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị a chọrọ maka ha dị elu.