Mkpụrụ ego Russian n'ụlọikpe

Mints - bụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ichepụta ụdị, onye isi ọrụ bụ na minting nke ego, na mmepụta nke iwu, Ọla na ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche na akara. History of enterprise aga n'ime anya gara aga, n'ubọchi nke mmalite nke ego na usoro. Taa mints bụ elu-tech ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta mkpụrụ ego na arịrịọ nke ndị State Bank. All emepụta na-arụ ọrụ na ukwuu nkewa ọrụ.

Types of mints na a bit nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mints nwere ike ọha na eze, bụ ndị na-ebu iwu nke Central Bank. E nwere yiri onwe òtù ọkachamara na mmepụta nke nrite ọla, akara na ikike efere. N'ihi na onye ọ bụla ụdị enterprise e ji mara ọnụnọ nke ha pụrụ iche na stampụ a n'ọrụ niile mkpụrụ ego. Nke mkpụrụ ego obodo na territorial ụdị kpebisiri ike iji akara. E kwuru banyere nke a udi nke mmepụta a na ikwu na 5th century BC. The mbụ mints nọ Athens. Site 2nd na narị afọ BC mmepụta si Temple nke Theseus na temple nke Juno. Ugbua mgbe 115 afọ site mụrụ Kraịst n'ogige m bụ na Roman Egwuregwu nke dị n'Ogige. Mgbe ọdịdị osisi Rome, Lyon, Constantinople, ha na-agbasa na Sicily na Aquileia gburugburu ụwa.

The mbụ mita Russia: akụkọ ihe mere eme echiche

Oputara mfịna were ihe ọ bụ n'oge gara aga a Mint. Photos mgbe mere, osise e chebere. E nwere nanị guesswork. E nwere ihe àmà gosiri na-atụ aro na ulo oru e zigara n'aka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na-eme ihe nke na-eme n'ọdịnihu na-egosipụta ike na-elekọta. People aku coinage, e gụpụrụ ụtụ isi na-arụ ọrụ. Ha nwere ihe ùgwù na-akwanyere ùgwù mmachibido iwu nke ikpe maka ihe niile omume ndị ọzọ karịa igbu ọchụ, ohi na igwu wayo. Historical ndia na-egosi na ndị mbụ mints na ókèala nke oge a na Russia na n'oge gara aga na-arụ ọrụ na obodo ndị Grik nke oge mgbe Theodosius na Gorgippia, maara taa dị ka Anapa. Metụtara nke ndị dị otú ahụ rụrụ a hụrụ na Derbent na Tmutarakani.

The mbụ yad na Moscow: ozizi na conjecture

Hazie coinage na Moscow, dị ka mbido atụmatụ, na nnyocha malitere n'oge ọchịchị Ivana Donskogo (1362-1389 gg.). Ọ dịghị ihe ọmụma banyere nke a ikpe na ya na ọnọdụ na-adịghị adị na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndetu, eziokwu ahụ bụ na ya na ọnụnọ e guzobere nanị dabeere na analysis of mkpụrụ ego nke ndị oge. First Moscow ego na-mma na Russian na Arabic e dere na ha e dere ọtụtụ technologically mere stampụ njikọ.

Kwuru banyere nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mkpụrụ ego Russian n'ụlọikpe, ịdị adị nke onye na-eze dere, tọrọ ntọala na 14-15 ọtụtụ narị afọ. N'oge ahụ, mba mere John III. Mkpụrụ Ego e rụrụ bụghị naanị na Moscow ma n'obodo ukwu ndị dị ka Pskov, Novgorod na Tver. N'agbata 16 na 17 afọ coinage e nyere münzmeister. A na ebe nile na Europe. E nwekwara-akọ na na narị afọ nke 15 na Moscow arụ ọrụ bụghị nanị ala-ekesịpde ụlọ ọrụ, ma na-ego noo nke onye isi ụdị Kalita. The mbụ e dere "The Emperor" yad bịara mgbe otu n'ime ndị mbụ ego mgbanwe Elena Glinsky na oge site na 1535 site na 1538. The ụlọ ọrụ e odude ke Varvarka n'okporo ámá. Omume a kara akara mmalite nke ịdị n'otu nke Russian Ego usoro. Mints Russia ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga na-emepụta edo n'ọtùtù na ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ego, nke na a chọrọ ka na-enweta dum n'ókèala nke Russian ala. Embossing e rụrụ aka, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe n'ihi na mmepụta nke silver waya. The waya na-ibido bee n'ime hà-sized iberibe, na mgbe ahụ na-enwe ha. Mgbe ahụ malitere a ntuziaka ejection ihe oyiyi na ihe ndị e dere na-eji ire ụtọ workpieces.

Centralization nke ego management

Na 1595, ndị gị n'ụlọnga e guzobere n'okpuru aha Money iwu. The nzukọ emezu achịkwa coinage na nnọchite nke ala. Nke a nzọụkwụ bụ ntọala nke ego nile aku na uba centralization. All mints, bụ onye nọ na oge na-arụ ọrụ na mba, natara ukara designation, nke ha nwere akara na ha na ngwaahịa.

• Moscow Court - "M" ma ọ bụ "Ihe".
• Novgorod yad - "B. MA ".
• Pskov yad - "SS."

Mkpụrụ ego-ejikwara ụlọ ọrụ nke Russia 15-20 ọtụtụ narị afọ

Azịza nke ajụjụ nke otú kọwaa Mint, dị mfe na-enye mgbe ọ bụla enterprise nwetara ya okpueze markings. Kwuo nwere ike na-esonụ na mmepụta, nke so mee ka ndị minting nke ego:

• Red yad, ma ọ bụ Chinese. Ọ na-emi odude nso Kitai-Gorod mgbidi. The obverse ma laa azu nke ego a ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke "CD", "SSC", "MM". Production ọrụ na oge site na 1697 ka 1979. Yard emepụta gold, ọlaọcha na ọla kọpa na mkpụrụ ego na a dị iche iche na mba ụdị fim. Anyị mere na pụrụ iche mkpụrụ ego. Mint ego-ntọhapụ maka Baltic anāchi achi na Prussia.
• Kadashevsky yad na Kadashevskaya Sloboda. Ọ na-akpọ Hamovnym, Zamoskvoretsky, Navy na Admiralty. The obverse na reverse nke haziri "MM" ihe ịrịba ama na "MD", "MDZ" na "DMD", "M" na "Moscow", "Mint Mint." Production ọrụ na oge site na 1701 ka 1736. Mkpọrọgwụ nke ọlaedo, ọla kọpa na mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha nke dị iche iche iche. Mkpụrụ ego ọla kọpa na-agbala na pụrụ iche mmepụta nke ngalaba kemgbe 1704.
• Ebe ugbommiri na-ekedo ọla kọpa okụre na Kremlin. The ego na-minted dị otú ahụ ihe ịrịba ama dị ka "nd" na "NDZ", "NDM". Ọ rụrụ ọrụ si 1699 na 1727, nyere mkpụrụ ego nke ụka nile.
• St. Petersburg, ma ọ bụ Imperial, Mint e tọrọ ntọala na ókèala nke ebe siri ike na 1724. Markings na ego - a "St. Petersburg" na "JMP", "SP" na "cm". M na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe dị otú oge ka ntọhapụ nke ego na tsarist ọchịchị a kwụsịrị. O weere ifịk akụkụ ọla ego minted.
• Ekaterinburg n'ogige nyere mkpụrụ ego na "EM" notation na "Yekaterinburg". Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na oge site na 1727 ka 1876. Issue nke ego gbakwunyere n'ichepụta okirikiri maka ndị ọzọ mints.

Ọ bụ uru na-ekwu banyere ndị dị otú ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Imperial Mint na Anninsky ( "AM"), Kolyvan ( "km" na "Kolyvan ọla kọpa") na Suzunsky ( "cm") Sestrovetsky ( "cm") na Kolpinsky ( "km"), Tauride ( "TM") na Tiflissky, Warsaw ( "VM», «MW») na Helsingfors.

Production na-adịghị eji ha akara

Mint akara-enye gị ohere ikpebi mgbe na ebe a kpọmkwem ekpemekpe mkpụrụ ego e nyere. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian n'ụlọikpe ndị zuru ebe nile, bụ ndị na-eji onwe ha Insignia na zọọ na ego nkeji nke ihere nke ọzọ ọrụ. Nke a akụ yad na osisi Rosenkranz, na Paris ikpe na Strasbourg, Birmingham na Izhora, na Brussels ikpe na Avestsky. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ mints, dị ka Red ma ọ bụ St. Petersburg, nwere ike iji na-arụ ọrụ ha Insignia Kadashevsky na-eme mkpagharị Ọla kọpa Court, ndị ọzọ yiri òtù, nke budata mgbagwoju anya na-arụ ọrụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Mkpụrụ Ego na RSFSR na USSR

Na RSFSR chọpụta nke Mint emepụta ego nyeere notation:

• "AG" - na mkpịrịsị nke Hartmann, onye bụ n'oge ahụ isi nke ego redistribution ruo 1923.
• "Pl" - na mkpịrịsị Latysheva, isi ebe ọ bụ na 1924.
• "Tr" - na mkpịrịsị nke Thomas Ross, isi ego redistribution nke London n'ụlọikpe.

Mint akara ke oge nke Soviet Union bụ nke abụọ na ụdị:

• "LMD" ma ọ bụ "L" - Leningrad Mint.
• "MMD" ma ọ bụ "M" - Moscow Mint.

Nke a ihe ịrịba ama nke rụrụ na-eme a ụdị ihe nnọchianya nke nke a akpan akpan mkpụrụ ego mmepụta. Symbol nwere ụdị akwụkwọ ozi, ma ọ bụ ike-dị ka a monogram format ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ akara.

oge a na Russia

Na oge a na Russia, mkpụrụ ego nwere ike ịchọta ndị na-esonụ notation: "MMD" na "SPMD" - onye na-ekwu banyere ntọhapụ ha ma ọ bụ na Moscow ma ọ bụ na St. Petersburg Mint. Ebe ọ bụ na 1991, na ego a na-ewega ka ihe ịrịba ama dị ka "M", "L", "SSC" na "LMD". Ebe ọ bụ na oge nke 1997 - bụ "M", "C-P" na "SSC", "SPMD". The ikpeazụ abụọ odide na ego edebe n'ụdị a monogram. Ego Russia, kemgbe 1997 mma na okwu "M", "C-P", "SSC" na "SPMD" monogram na format. Na obere mkpụrụ ego na òtù okpukpe nke 1, 5, 10 na 50 cents a ịrịba ama nwere ike hụrụ n'akụkụ aka nri n'okpuru ụkwụ ya wara njakpa. Ihe ịrịba ama "M" na "P-P" na mkpụrụ ego na òtù okpukpe nke 1, 2 na 5 rubles dị n'okpuru nri ubọk ugo. Monogram "SPMD" nwere ike hụrụ na-echeta banknotes na iche nke 10 Russian rubles. Ọ na-emi odude na obverse, dị n'okpuru "10 rubles" dere.

Olee otú nke nke ego na 2015

Central Bank of Russia, kemgbe 1992, kwa afọ ọ Okwu echeta mkpụrụ ego dị ka oké ọnụ ahịa na ndị na-abụghị ezigbo usoro. Ọzọkwa, n'usoro rụrụ nke nke ego mkpụrụ ego, nke na-n'ụzọ zuru ezu minted si dị oké ọnụ ahịa ọla. Na nke a, dị ka na mbụ, na onye ọ bụla nke ha na-agba a Mint. Minting usoro a rụrụ ke kpuchie nke isi emission na zubere eme n'oge gara aga. Mkpụrụ ego plan mma site na-edu ndú nke Central Bank na mgbe enịm ke ukara saịtị nke ikpeazụ. Onye ọ bụla mkpoko mkpụrụ ego nyere ma Moscow ma ọ bụ na St. Petersburg Mint. Nke a na simplifies search maka azịza nke ajụjụ nke otú kọwaa Mint. Ego na-mma na pụrụ iche, nke dị ugbu a naanị 4. The Central Bank nke mba nwere dịghị ikesa collectible ego n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. The isi nkesa bụ Sberbank. Ego na mbụ zụtara site mbụ ife nke speculators onye mesịrị ere ha na-ebu price.

Government ezube maka 2015

Dị na atụmatụ nke umu anwuru na 2015 ga-ẹkenịmde achụ abụọ na ụdị ego ego. The oké ọnụ ahịa-echeta na mkpụrụ ego 73 na 12 echeta mkpụrụ ego nke isi metal na-emepụta ofụri isua. N'ọdịnihu, ga-anọgide na mmepụta nke usoro isiokwu a, malitere na mbụ: "City of Military Otuto" na "kasị pụta ìhè People of Russia". Ndị kasị oké ọnụ na mkpụrụ ego na ihe mere eme nke mba ụbọchị laghachi 1999 na nwere a elu ọnụ uru nke 5 cents. The kpọmkwem uru bụ amaghi, ma ọ dị anya karịa nchikota nke 100 puku rubles na-emeghe auctions. Ndị a na ụdị mkpụrụ ego karịsịa jiri kpọrọ site numismatists.