RNA na DNA. RNA - ihe bụ nke a? RNA: Ọdịdị, ọrụ, umu

The oge anyị na-ebi ndụ na-akara ezigbo mgbanwe, a nnukwu ọganihu mgbe ndị mmadụ inweta azịza ọhụrụ ajụjụ. Life na-ngwa ngwa na-aga n'ihu, na na ogologo oge gara aga yiri agaghị ekwe omume, na-amalite na-emejuputa atumatu. Ọ bụ omume na taa yiri ibé nke sayensị akụkọ ifo, kwa, ga-adịghị anya nweta atụmatụ nke eziokwu.

Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa nchoputa ke nkera nke abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ ghọrọ nucleic asịd RNA na DNA na-eme ka ndị mmadụ nso unraveling ihe omimi nke okike.

nucleic asịd

Nucleic acid - bụ organic ogige na-enwe a elu molekụla Njirimara. Ọ na-emi esịnede hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen na phosphorus.

Ha e chọpụtara na 1869 site na F. Miescher, onye nyochaworo na abu. Ma mgbe ahụ, ọ chọpụtara ekekọtaghị pụrụ iche. Nanị mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ndị a asịd na-hụrụ na ihe niile ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi sel, na nghọta nke ndị ha nnukwu ọrụ.

E nwere ihe abụọ na ụdị nucleic asịd: RNA na DNA (deoxyribonucleic na ribonucleic acid). Isiokwu a na-elekwasị anya ribonucleic acid, ma-ele anya na a nkịtị nghọta nke ihe kasị nke DNA.

Gịnị bụ deoxyribonucleic acid?

DNA - a nucleic acid esịnede abụọ uzo, nke na-ejikọrọ na iwu complementarity hydrogen nkekọ nitrogenous bases. Long n'agbụ gbagọrọ n'ime a gburugburu nke otu uzo nwere fọrọ nke nta ka iri nucleotides. Na dayameta nke abụọ helix nke abụọ millimeters, na anya n'etiti nucleotides - banyere ọkara a nanometer. Ogologo nke otù molekul mgbe ụfọdụ esịmde ọtụtụ sentimita. DNA nke a mmadụ cell ntọala ogologo nke fọrọ nke nta abụọ mita.

All mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma ndị dị DNA Ọdịdị. Ọ nwere DNA replication, nke pụtara usoro nke a otu molekul emepụta abụọ yiri - enyemaka.

Dị ka e kwuworo, sekit mejupụtara ndị nucleotides ugbua N'aka nke nitrogenous bases (adenin, Gwanine, agakọtakwa, na-agakọta) na phosphorous acid fọduru. All nucleotides dị iche iche nitrogenous bases. Hydrogen bonding adịghị ime n'etiti niile bases, adenin, n'ihi na ihe atụ, nwere ike na-jikọọ na tamin ma ọ bụ Gwanine. N'ihi ya, ebe adenin nucleotides ke idem dị ukwuu dị ka thymidylic, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Gwanine nhata cytidylic (Chargaff iwu). Ọ na-enyo na na nsoro nke otu yinye usoro predetermines ndị ọzọ, na a yinye ka mirror ọ bụla ọzọ. Ndị dị otú ahụ a ụkpụrụ, agaghi asu nucleotides nke abụọ ígwè mere ndokwa na a haziri ahazi na bibiri njikọ, a na-akpọ ụkpụrụ nke complementarity. E wezụga hydrogen ogige, na abụọ helix na hydrophobic ihu.

The abụọ ígwè nwere dị iche iche ntụziaka, na-mere ndokwa na-abụghị ntụziaka. Ya mere treh 'abụghị-ọgwụgwụ audio bụ pyati'-terminus nke ọzọ yinye.

Hibere DNA molekul yiri a gburugburu steepụ, nke bụ sugar-phosphate idé nke handrails, nzọụkwụ na - arụkọ nitrogen isi.

Gịnị bụ RNA?

RNA - a nucleic acid na monomers akpọ ribonucleotides.

Site chemical Njirimara na ọ bụ yiri nnọọ ka DNA kemgbe ma Polymers bụ nucleotides anọchite anya fosfolirovanny N-glycoside buu nke e wuru na pentose (ise carbon sugar), a phosphate otu ise carbon atọm na a nitrogen isi na a mbụ carbon atọm.

Ọ na-anọchi anya otu polynucleotide yinye (ma e wezụga n'ihi nje), nke bụ ihe mkpumkpu karịa nke DNA.

Otu monomer nke RNA - bụ remnants nke ndị na-esonụ bekee:

• nitrogen isi;
• ise-carbon monosaccharide;
• phosphorous acid.

RNAs bụ pyrimidine (agakọta na uracil) na a purine (adenin, Gwanine) isi. Ribose bụ a monosaccharide RNA nucleotide.

The iche iche nke RNA na DNA

Nucleic asịd si dị iche na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-esonụ Njirimara:

• ego nke ya na cell na-adabere na n'ahụ ikwu, afọ na ngwa na-enye;
• DNA nwere deoxyribose carbohydrate, na RNA - ribose;
• nitrogenous isi ke DNA - agakọtakwa, mgbe RNA - uracil;
• klaasị ịrụ dị iche iche ọrụ, ma na-synthesized na a DNA matriks;
• DNA mejupụtara a abụọ helix, na RNA - si otu yinye;
• maka ya uncharacteristic Chargaff iwu, na-eme na DNA;
• RNA ogologo obere bases;
• yinye dịgasị iche iche ogologo.

History of ọmụmụ

Cell RNA mbụ chọpụtara site a biochemist si Germany, Robert Altman n'ọmụmụ yist mkpụrụ ndụ. Na n'etiti iri na abụọ na narị afọ ya gosiri ọrụ nke DNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ kọwara na ụdị nke RNA, ọrụ, na na. 80-90% site na ibu na cell dara na a p-RNA, akpụ ọnụ na protein na ribosome-ekere òkè na protein biosynthesis.

Na sixties nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ na-atụ aro na a ghaghị inwe ụdị ụfọdụ na-eburu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ozi maka protein njikọ. Mgbe nke a nnyocha chọpụtara na e nwere ihe ọmụma dị otú ribonucleic asịd na-anọchite anya ya na-arụkọ mbipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ha na-akpọ ozi RNAs.

Na nyopụta ndị dere ọmụma ha aka na-akpọ acid iga.

Mgbe e mesịrị ụzọ e mepụtara ịchọpụta nucleotide usoro na RNA Ọdịdị arụnyere na ohere acid. N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ha, bụ onye kpọrọ ribozymes nwere ike rapara n'aru poliribonukleotidnye yinye. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, anyị malitere ikwere na a oge mgbe malitere ndụ na mbara ala, na-eme RNA enweghị DNA na-edozi. N'ihi ya niile mgbanwe rụrụ na ya na-ekere òkè.

Ọdịdị nke ahụ ribonucleic acid ụmụ irighiri

Fọrọ nke nta niile nke RNA - a otu yinye polynucleotides na-, n'aka nke ya, iso nke monoribonukleotidov - purine na pyrimidine bases.

Nucleotides bụ mbụ akwụkwọ ozi ịpụta bases:

• ebe adenin (A), A;
• Gwanine (G), G;
• agakọta (C), C;
• uracil (U), W.

Ha na-ejikọrọ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ atọ- na pyatifosfodiefirnymi agbụ.

Ọtụtụ dị iche iche ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nucleotides (site na ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri ka iri puku kwuru iri puku) esịne ke Ọdịdị nke ahụ RNA. Ha nwere ike na-etolite abụọ Ọdịdị, esịnede nnoo nke obere dvutsepochnyh uzo, nke e hiwere arụkọ bases.

Structure ribnukleinovoy acid molekul

Dị ka ekwuola, molekul nwere otu-tọrọ atọ Ọdịdị. RNA sekọndrị Ọdịdị na-enweta ma udi dị ka a n'ihi nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti a nucleotide. A polima onye monomer bụ a nucleotide esịnede a sugar fọduru nke site acid na nitrogen bases. Hibere molekul dị ka otu n'ime DNA uzo. Nucleotides ebe adenin na Gwanine, bụ akụkụ nke RNA bụ purine. Agakọta na uracil bụ pyrimidine bases.

The njikọ usoro

Iji RNA molekul synthesized, matriks bụ a DNA molekul. Ọtụtụ mgbe, Otú, agbara usoro mgbe ọhụrụ deoxyribonucleic acid ụmụ irighiri kpụrụ ribonucleic matriks. Nke a na-adị mgbe ndị replication nke ụdị ụfọdụ nke nje.

The ndabere maka biosynthesis nwere ike na-eje ozi ndị ọzọ ụmụ irighiri nke ribonucleic acid. Ya transcription na pụtara na cell ntọala, metụtara ọtụtụ enzymes, ma ndị kasị dị ịrịba nke nke bụ ihe RNA polymerase.

ụdị

Dabere ụdị nke RNA, ya na ọrụ na-dị iche iche. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị:

• Ozi na RNA;
• ribosomal rRNA;
• iga tRNA;
• obere;
• ribozymes;
• malitere ịrịa.

Ozi ribonucleic acid

Ndị dị otú ahụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-akpọ matriks. Ha na-eme ihe cell maka banyere abụọ percent nke ngụkọta. Na eukaryotic mkpụrụ ndụ, ha na-synthesized na ntọala maka DNA arrays, mgbe ahụ na-agafe n'ime cytoplasm na nkịtị ka ribosomes. Ọzọkwa, ha na-aghọ ndebiri maka protein njikọ: ha na-esonyere nyefe RNA, nke na-ebu amino asịd. N'ihi ya na usoro nke ozi akakabarede nke a na-ghọtara na a pụrụ iche Ọdịdị nke ahụ protein. Na ụfọdụ malitere ịrịa RNA bụkwa a chromosome.

Jacob na Mano bụ openers nke ụdị. Enweghị a isiike Ọdịdị, ọ Nleta a curved loop circuit. Adịghị arụ ọrụ, na RNA na-apịaji na lakpuru a bọl, na-arụ ọrụ iji na-ewe ebe.

mRNA eburu ọmụma banyere usoro nke amino asịd na a protein na-synthesized. Onye ọ bụla amino acid na-itinye na koodu na a otu ebe na-enyemaka nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa codes, nke bụ peculiar:

• Triplet - anọ mononucleotides omume na-ewu a iri isii na anọ codons (mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu);
• neperekreschivaemost - ọmụma aga na one direction;
• continuity - arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ abịa ala eziokwu ahụ bụ otu-RNA - otu protein;
• universality - a ma ọ bụ na ụdị amino acid na-itinye na koodu na ihe niile dị ndụ ntule myiri;
• degeneracy - iri abụọ amino asịd na-mara na codon - iri isii na otu, ya bụ, na ha na-koodu site a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Koodu.

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid

Ndị dị otú ahụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe mejupụtara ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke cellular RNAs, ya bụ, iri asatọ na iri itoolu percent nke ngụkọta. Ha ikpokọta na-edozi na ribosomes ii - a organelles n'ịrụ protein njikọ.

Ribosomes iso iri isii na ise percent nke p-RNA na iri atọ na ise percent nke protein. Nke a polynucleotide yinye mfe ehuda tinyere protein.

The ribosome emi esịnede amino acid na peptide òkè. Ha na-emi odude na na ịkpọtụrụ ebupụta.

Ribosomes akpali unu kpamkpam na cell synthesize edozi nri ebe. Ha abụghị kpọmkwem na ike ọ bụghị naanị na-agụ ozi si mRNA, ma na-etolite a matriks na ha.

Transport ribonucleic acid

tRNA kasị mụọ. Ha na-eme ruo iri percent nke cellular RNA. Ndị a na ụdị RNA jikọtara na amino asịd site a pụrụ iche enzyme, na na-anapụta ndị ribosomes. Na nke a, na amino asịd na-ebu ya iga ụmụ irighiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eme na encode amino acid dị iche iche codons. Mgbe nyefee ha e nwere ọtụtụ nyefe RNA.

Ọ lakpuru a bọl, mgbe arụsi ọrụ ike, ịrụ ọrụ na nwere n'ụdị a cloverleaf.

Ọ dị iche na-esonụ ebe:

• acceptor azuokokoosisi enwe a nucleotide usoro ACC;
• òkè na-eje ozi maka nkekọ ribosome;
• anticodon ngbanwe na amino acid, nke na-mmasị a tRNA.

Minor ụdị ribonucleic acid

Nso nso, RNA umu na-gbakwunyere site a ọhụrụ na klas, na-akpọ obere RNAs. Ha ga di a eluigwe na ala njikwa nke nwee ma ọ bụ gbanyụọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-amalite amalite na mmepe, na-na-achị usoro n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ribozymes nwekwara-adịbeghị anya kpughere, ha na-ifịk, mgbe RNAs fermented, ịbụ a mkpali.

Malitere ịrịa ụdị asịd

The virus nwere ike nkejikotara ma ribonucleic acid ma ọ bụ deoxyribonucleic. Ya mere, na iche ụmụ irighiri na-akpọ RNA-nwere. Mgbe agbara ndi mmadu n'ime cell nke virus emee reverse transcription - dabeere na ribonucleic acid, ọhụrụ DNA na-agbakwunyere na cell, huu adị na mmeputakwa nke virus. N'ọnọdụ ọzọ, e guzobere RNA arụkọ na natara. Nje na-edozi mkpa ọrụ ma na mmeputakwa aga na-enweghị DNA, ma naanị na ndabere nke ọmụma ndị dị na virus RNA.

replication

Iji melite general nghọta nke mkpa iji tụlee imepụtaghachi, nke e nwere na abụọ yiri ụmụ irighiri nke nucleic acid. Ya mere na-amalite cell nkewa.

Ọ na-agụnye DNA polymerase, DNA-dabere RNA polymerase na DNA ligase.

The imepụtaghachi agụnye ndị na-esonụ:

• despiralization - bụ a zipụta ha n'usoro unwinding nne na nna DNA na-akpali akpali dum molekul;
• hydrogen nkekọ na-agbajikwa, nke na nkpọrọ-ekewapụkwa na-egosi replicative ndụdụ;
• ukpụhọde dNTPs tọhapụ na bases nne na nna yinye;
• cleavage nke pyrophosphate si dNTPs ụmụ irighiri na guzobere fosfornodiefirnyh mmekọahụ n'ihi ike;
• respiralizatsiya.

Mgbe guzobere enyemaka molekul kewara ntọala, cytoplasm na ike. N'ihi ya, abụọ nwa mkpụrụ ndụ na-kpụrụ, n'ụzọ zuru ezu natara niile mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi.

Ke adianade do, koodu isi Ọdịdị nke ndi na-edozi nke na-synthesized na cell. DNA na usoro a na-ewe na-apụtachaghị ìhè akụkụ, kama kpọmkwem, esịnede na eziokwu na ọ pụtara na DNA njikọ aka guzobe edozi, RNA. Nke a usoro a na-akpọ transcription.

transcription

Njikọ nke niile nke ụmụ irighiri emee n'oge transcription, ie transcribing mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi sitere na a kpọmkwem operon DNA. The usoro yiri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ emepụtaghachi, ebe ndị ọzọ dị iche budata ya.

Myirịta gunyere akụkụ:

• bụ amalite uncoiling nke DNA;
• -agbawa nke hydrogen nkekọ dị n'etiti ihe-ndọkwasi sekit;
• ọ bụ ya na-arụkọ imeghari na NTF;
• guzobe hydrogen agbụ.

Iche si replication:

• mgbe a spliced òkè nke DNA transcription, kwesịrị ekwesị transcriptional, mgbe untwisting dabara replication dum molekul;
• mgbe transcribed imeghari NTF nwere ribose na uracil kama agakọtakwa;
• Ozi e dere anya naanị na a gaghị agara nso;
• mgbe e guzobere hydrogen agbụ na molekul yinye na-synthesized gbajiri, na yinye slide na DNA.

N'ihi na nkịtị ọrụ nke bụ isi Ọdịdị nke RNA kwesịrị ịnwe naanị exons anọghịzi n'ọrụ na DNA na saịtị.

Anyị nnọọ malitere usoro nke maturation nke RNA kpụrụ. Silent ngalaba na-ebipụ, na-dụkọta na ihe ọmụma ụdị a polynucleotide yinye. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụla ụdị nwere a ji mara mgbanwe.

The mRNA etịbe isonyere mbụ ọgwụgwụ. Site na njedebe òkè enyekwara poliadenilat.

The tRNA gbanwetụrụ isi, na-akpụ a obere umu.

Mgbe p-RNA na iche iche methylated bases.

Chebe megide mmebi ma melite iga nke-edozi n'ime cytoplasm. RNA na tozuru okè ala na-ejikọrọ na ha.

Meaning nke deoxyribonucleic na ribonucleic asịd

Nucleic asịd ndị dị oké mkpa na organism. Ha echekwara, gaa na cytoplasm na ketara site nwa mkpụrụ ndụ ozi na ndi na-edozi synthesized na onye ọ bụla cell. Ha nọ na ihe niile dị ndụ ntule, nke kwụsiri ike nke ndị a asịd dị oké mkpa maka kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ma ndị cell na dum organism. Ọ bụla mgbanwe na ha mebere atumatu ga-eduga cellular mgbanwe.