Montreux Convention na Black Sea

Montreux Convention kwuru na nkwekọrịta kwubiri ọtụtụ mba na 1936. Dị ka ya, Turkey nweela akara n'elu isi ike nke Bosporus na Dardanelles. Ọ nweta aha ndị Convention Switzerland obodo nke Montreux, nke ẹkenịmde ya bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado. The nkwekọrịta emesi ndị free Itie ndi nkiti na arịa site Straits na peacetime. Na nke a, na Montreux Convention eweta ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ na ije nke warships. N'ụzọ bụ isi ha na-emetụta ndị na-abụghị Black Sea mba.

Ndokwa nke Convention ghọrọ ihe na-akpata esemokwu na agha ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ha na-ukwuu n'ime ndị metụtara ohere nke Navy nke Soviet Union na Mediterranean. Mgbe e mesịrị, a na mba nkwekọrịta anyị mere ụfọdụ mmegharị, ma ọ ka na-anọgide nti.

The Lausanne Conference

Convention nke Montreux na 1936 bụ ebe ezi uche njedebe nke a usoro nke nkwekọrịta e mere iji dozie a na-akpọ "ajụjụ nke Straits." Ihe kachasi mkpa a ogologo guzo nsogbu enweghị mba otutu mmadu kwenyere banyere nke obodo kwesịrị ịchịkwa na usoro uzo si Black Sea na Mediterranean. Na 1923 nkwekọrịta e banyere Lausanne, nke demilitarize na Dardanelles na iji hụ na free n'ụzọ nke obodo na agha n'ụlọikpe n'okpuru nlekọta nke League of Nations.

Prerequisites a ọhụrụ nkwekorita

The oruru nke a onye fasizim ọchịchị ke Italy kpọrọ mgbagwoju anya ọnọdụ. Turkey-atụ egwu Mussolini agbalị iji ohere ka Straits ịgbatị ya ikike dum Black Sea mpaghara. Mbụ niile awakpo site Italy nwere ike ịbụ na isiokwu Anatolia.

The Turkish ochichi jụrụ mba na abuana ke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke nkwekọrịta na Lausanne, na a amaghị jide a nzukọ iji kwurịta ọchịchị ọhụrụ nke Itie ụgbọ mmiri site na ihe isi ike. The mkpa nke a nzọụkwụ n'ihi na ike mgbanwe na mba ọnọdụ. N'ihi na oké iwe nke Treaty nke Versailles Germany na-eto eto esemokwu ke Europe. Ọtụtụ mba ndị nwere mmasị na ihe e kere eke nke nche di n'ihi na emeri na ihe isi ike.

The sonyere nke Lausanne Conference meghachi omume oku nke Turkey na kpebiri izute na Swiss obodo nke Montreux iru a ọhụrụ agreement. Naanị Italy e na-anọchite anya na okwu ndị ahụ. Eziokwu a nwere a dị mfe nkọwa: na ọ bụ ya expansionist iwu bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mere na-ahazi a ogbako.

deliberations

Turkey, Britain na Soviet Union tinye n'ihu amụma iji na-echebe ha. United Alaeze na ihu ọma nke retaining ọtụtụ ndị ukpan. The Soviet Union na-akwado echiche nke ihe nnọọ free Itie. Turkey na-akpọ maka liberalization nke ọchịchị, si otú na-agbalịsi ike inweta onwe-achịkwa ahụ na ihe isi ike. Britain gbalịrị igbochi edidu ke Mediterranean, ndị Soviet agha mmiri, nke nwere ike inwe ihe ize ndụ nke dị oké mkpa ụzọ gasị ejikọ mepere India.

ratification

Mgbe ogologo arụmụka, na United Alaeze kwetara ga-agbanwe obi. The Soviet Union bụ ike nweta enyemaka si Black Sea na-ekwu, ihe mgbochi ụfọdụ Itie site Straits of warships. Nyere ndị UK ya e mere site a ọchịchọ ọ ghara ikwe ka Turkey ghọọ onye mmekorita nke Hitler ma ọ bụ Mussolini. Montreux Convention na Black Sea, ratified site niile ogbako sonyere. The akwụkwọ batara ike na November 1936.

fundamentals

The ederede nke Montreux Convention ekewa 29 isiokwu. The nkwekọrịta emesi onye ahịa nile nke ọ bụla ala zuru nnwere onwe nke igodo na ihe isi ike na peacetime. Commission nke League of Nations, bụ maka huu nnabata ya na Treaty nke Lausanne, e kagburu. Turkey merie ndị ezi iwere isi ike n'okpuru ya akara na-emechi ha niile mba ọzọ warships na ihe omume nke agha.

ukpan

Montreux Convention eweta a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kpọmkwem mmachibido na klas na tonnage nke warships. Non-Black Sea mba nwere ikike gabiga ihe isi ike naanị obere n'elu mmiri. Ha ngụkọta tonnage ekwesịghị gafere 30,000 tọn. Oke stay nke arịa dị na mmiri nke na-abụghị Black Sea ike na ọ bụ ụbọchị 21.

The Convention enye ohere Turkey ka gbochie ma ọ bụ ekwe igodo ke naanị ezi uche, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọchịchị na-ekwere na mba ahụ bụ n'okpuru iyi egwu nke agha. Dị na n. 5 mbono Montreux mgbochi nwere ike imetụta ọ bụla ala arịa.

ùgwù

Black Sea na-ekwu, nwere ikike na-agabiga Straits of alụ ọgụ mmiri nke ọ bụla na klas na tonnage. A mkpa maka na nke a bụ na ngosi nke Turkish ọchịchị. 15-nke isiokwu nke Montreux Convention na-enyekwa ohere maka mba ndị a submarines n'ụzọ.

Montreux Convention on ọnọdụ nke ihe isi ike na-egosi na mba gburugburu ebe obibi 30-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. Inye ọzọ ọtụtụ ikike Black Sea ike bụ a kwetara ka Turkey na Soviet Union. Naanị ndị a ná mba abụọ nwere a ịrịba ama ọtụtụ ndị nnukwu warships na mpaghara.

mmetụta

The Montreux Convention nke Straits mmetụta N'ezie nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọ ukwuu ekwe ike idokwa agha arụmọrụ ke Black Sea maka Nazi Germany na ya jikọrọ aka. Ha na-amanye ogwe aka ha ahịa ụgbọ mmiri na-agbalị na-edu ha site na ihe isi ike. Nke a mere ka a dị oké njọ diplomatic esemokwu n'etiti Turkey na Germany. Ugboro ugboro ngagharị iwe site Soviet Union na Britain nwere kewapụrụ Ankara na ngụkọta mmachibido iwu ọ bụla ije nke na-enyo enyo arịa na ihe isi ike.

moot uche

The Turkish ọchịchị rụrụ ụka na Convention anaghị ekwe Itie site Straits ụgbọelu na-ebu. Ma n'ezie, akwụkwọ anaghị n'ụzọ doro anya banyere nke a. The Convention akọwaputa a ịgba nke 15,000 ise maka otu na-abụghị Black Sea ike ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. The tonnage nke ọ bụla oge a ugbo elu ụgbọelu dị ukwuu karịa nke a bara uru. Ndokwa a nke Convention irè machibidoro ndị na-abụghị Black Sea States gabiga Straits ụgbọ mmiri nke ụdị.

Akọwapụta ụgbọelu ụgbọelu na nkwekọrịta e chepụtara na 30-ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. N'oge ahụ, ụgbọ ụgbọelu e ji isi maka nyoputa onyeiro site n'ikuku. The Convention na-ekwu na ọnụnọ nke oche zubere maka na-ahụ-ma ọdịda ugbo elu, anaghị na-akpaghị aka were arịa ahụ ka a ụgbọelu.

The Black Sea na-ekwu, nwere ikike na-gabiga ihe isi ike nke naval arịa ọ bụla tonnage. Otú ọ dị, ngwa nke Convention hoo Ewezuga ha na nọmba nke arịa rụrụ bụ n'ihi na ahụ e ji ebu of naval ụgbọelu.

workaround

The Soviet Union hụrụ a ụzọ isi merie a ukpan. The ụzọ nke ọnọdụ ahụ e kere eke nke a na-akpọ ụgbọelu na-ebu. Ụgbọ ndị a na-onwem na oké osimiri dabeere ballistic agba. Ọnụnọ nke ujo na ngwá agha na-adịghị chie ekwe ka were ha na-ebu. Dị ka a na-achị, nnukwu-caliber Tammy enịm na mgbere.

Nke a nyeere Soviet Union n'ezoghị eduzi ha na-ebu site na Straits na zuru nnabata ya na ndokwa nke Convention. Mpaghara akwukwo nọgidere iwu ruo nke a na klas nke NATO mmiri tonnage karịa 15,000 ise. Turkey họọrọ ịmata Soviet Union nri nke n'ụzọ ụgbọelu na-ebu. Idegharị Convention abụghị ọdịmma nke Ankara, dị ka ọ pụrụ belata ogo-achịkwa ahụ isi ike.

Mbọ megharịa

Ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na ndokwa nke mba nkwekọrịta na-anọgide na ike. Otú ọ dị, Convention on a mgbe niile na-na-akpata arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na esemokwu ahụ. N'oge ruo n'oge na-agbali-aghọ ndị isi ike ọnọdụ.

Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Soviet Union rịọrọ Turkey si amaghị na iru nkwonkwo-achịkwa ahụ na ohere si Black Sea na Mediterranean. Ankara kwuru a ike ịjụ. A ọtụtụ nsogbu Soviet Union ike inwe ya ịgbanwe ya ọnọdụ. Bilie mmekọahụ Moscow mere ka esemokwu nchupu Turkey eduzi a iwu nke na-anọpụ iche. Ankara manyere achọ òtù ke UK na US.

ịda iwu

The Convention machibidoro warships nke na-abụghị Black Sea mba nwere on board ogbunigwe caliber nke karịa 203 mm. Na 60s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ site na ihe isi ike e onwem na mgbochi okpuru mmiri akụ ụta, US agha n'ụlọikpe. Nke a mere ka ngagharị iwe si Soviet Union, ebe ọ bụ na caliber nke ogwe aka bụ hà 420 mm.

Otú ọ dị, Turkey sị mba mebiri nke Montreux Convention. Dị ka ya ọchịchị, ballistic agba adịghị egbe na-adịghị kpuchie site nkwekọrịta. N'oge ikpeazụ afọ iri na-alụ ọgụ US ụgbọ mmiri ugboro ugboro imebi kacha oge nke ọnụnọ ke Black Sea, ma ndị nnọchiteanya nke Turkey na-aghọta na imebi nke Convention.