Mpụga na esịtidem atumatu nke Gorbachev nkenke: table

On mmeri nke ụwa Marxist mgbanwe ke nkera nke abụọ nke eighties nwere ike na nrọ nke mmekwata idealists romance. Gba ọtọ anya pụrụ ijide n'aka nke inefficiency iwu aku na uba na absurdity nke ya pụta. The ụwa dum, gụnyere mba na nke ala nkebi nke mmepe, nwere ahịa nke mafọọrọ ibu nsogbu, mgbe a na-akpọ "socialist mara ụlọikwuu" ahụhụ si na ha enweghị. USSR, theoretically ọgaranya ala, na omume, nwere ike na-eri nri ya bi. N'oge a dị oké egwu, oge ọ bịara na ike a onye na-anaghị amasị gara aga party isi. Domestic na mba ọzọ amụma nke Gorbachev rụpụtara a mbụk mkpirikpi (nke afọ isii) na mbibi nke fọrọ nke nta niile na e kere site atọ ọgbọ nke Soviet ndị mmadụ. Na-ata ụta ma ọ bụrụ na ndị odeakwụkwọ izugbe ma ọ bụ nanị ọnọdụ?

Ụdị onye Gorbachev

N'ihi na ọ bụ a na-eto eto Soviet ndú. Agba nkịtị na-edochaghị anya okwu ndị agadi ụmụ amaala nke USSR isi na mbụ na-ege ntị na-adọrọ mmasị ndị ọhụrụ hoputara Secretary General nke ndị CPSU Central Committee, marveling, n'ozuzu, na-emebu stof - ikike ikwu okwu na Russian na-enweghị ndetu. Na 1985, M. S. Gorbachevu bụ naanị afọ 54, dị ka otu-nomenclature ụkpụrụ - "Komsomolets". N'oge oge tupu ịmụta kasị elu ọrụ, Gorbachev nwere a otutu: rụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ (1950), na-arụ ọrụ a na ikpokọta, ịbanye iwu ngalaba nke Moscow State University, di na nwunye (1953) na-a so na Kọmitii ma na-post of party odeakwụkwọ na Stavropol (1955). Nke ikpeazụ mgbe jụrụ ajụjụ biography: niile mere gara aga ọtụtụ Soviet ndị mmadụ, ma nọdụ naanị afọ abụọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ a elu oche - nke a bụ na-elekwasị anya na style of Houdini. Ọfọn, na na na, ma eleghị anya, a nwa okorobịa (22 afọ) na n'ezie gbajie na kpakpando na mbara igwe. Ke adianade do, Secretary, ọ bụghị nke mbụ, na ịchụso ọrụ, nwere rụchaa ọzọ akwụkwọ - Agricultural - na-arụ ọrụ n'ime Komsomol.

Oke nke a ọhụrụ Secretary General

Mihailom Sergeevichem mgbe niile "aghotara" party mba ọzọ na anụ ụlọ iwu. Gorbachev kwuru, na 1978, enye ama "" na Moscow, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ ya a oké njọ party. Ọ na-aghọ ndị odeakwụkwọ nke Central Committee, ruo mgbe na kwa bụ akpa na bụghị n'ozuzu. Ebe ọ bụ na 1982 malitere emezu "agbụrụ ka e ji ebu ihe." N'ihi Mausoleum (na necropolis nso na Kremlin mgbidi) were Brezhnev, mgbe ahụ, Andropov, Chernenko ya, na ajụjụ bilie dị ka onye na-etinye na a ùgwù ka ịkwụsịtụ na-eru uju marathon. Na họọrọ Gorbachev. Ọ bụ ọdụdụ nwa contender.

The mbụ afọ

N'ụzọ doro anya, oru mere maka a mere. Always mgba maka ike, ọbụna na otu ụkwụ na ili. Young na ndị o yiri ekwe party otu chọpụtara ama Communist ndú, ọ na-akwado onwe ya Gromyko, Ligachev na Ryzhkov na hụrụ ya dị ka onye nzọpụta nke echiche nke founders.

Ya protege nke Mikhail Gorbachev mmalite ụbọchị adịghị tụkwasịrị. Ya mere n'ime nyere kpuchie, ike na-akwado onwe mmekọrịta, campaigned maka osooso, n'ozuzu, akpa afọ abụọ, na mba ọzọ na anụ ụlọ atumatu nke Gorbachev nọgidere n'ime ime deviations si party akara bụ mgbe niile afụ. Na 1987 e nwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ, yiri eleda, ma n'ezie na-eyi egwu tectonic ebiliri ibe ha. The party kwere ụfọdụ iche iche nke onwe enterprise, mgbe ịmachi ya ekwenye ije. N'ezie, ọ nọ na-emebi ntọala socialist, revisionism nke mmiri dị ọcha, a ụdị NEP, ma na-arụpụta-enweta na 20s, ọzọ na '80s okpu. Gorbachev a esịtidem atumatu na-ada otu mma ke ibi ndụ otu onu ma melite aku n'uba, ma ferment nke uche, nke mere ka ndị mmebi nke ideological ntọala nke Soviet ọha mmadụ.

Kama na-ejuputa ahịa nke ọnụ ala n'ji ngwongwo ma melite ọrụ isi nri bụ ụfọdụ iwe. Cooperative Cafe nanị maka otu "kooperativschikov" na akụ na ụba ha na-emegide - reketirov (mfe: ohi). Products agaghịkwa bụ, imeghari ka ndị ọhụrụ ọnọdụ nwere ike a dịtụ obere stratum nke ndị mmadụ adventurous okike. Ma ihe a dum bụ nanị mmalite ...

Na na, na mgba na "green dragon" enweta nkwanye agwọ

The mbụ n'ezie oké njọ igbu ka Soviet ike, Gorbachev kwụrụ-esite a iwu temperance. Ukwu na ndị ọgaranya na ọ bụghị otú ahụ ogbenye nso nke ụlọ ahịa, na-ebili ahịa na a otutu ihe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaghara loquacious odeakwụkwọ izugbe. Ma ọ encroached na maara na sara mbara ọha nke ndụ na nke ghọọ a eke ụzọ nke gbanahụrụ awọ Soviet eziokwu. Dị otú ahụ esịtidem atumatu nke Gorbachev ndị e kewapụrụ n'ebe ọ a ịrịba akụkụ nke ndị bi. O doro anya na, na-agha megide aṅụrụma dị mkpa, ma ụzọ ndị kpamkpam adịghị anakwere, na ọzọ ụzọ nke ntụrụndụ bụ ọzọ. E nwere ndị, n'ezie, video (ọzọ, na-akwado mkpebi), nke obere ego ua ụdị nile nke "Emmanuel", si na windo nke onwe "na ndekọ na nka" dara "Obi May", ma n'ihi na enweghị ike ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ahịa niile a nwere ike ọ bụghị. Ma bootleggers na-ere ákwà na-ike ndozi.

Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ya pụta

The West ka ogologo buso ọchịchị Kọmunist, na-ahụ ya dị ka a egwu egwu ka ya adị. N'ezie, na 80s, ọ bụghị ihe ideological esemokwu - olileanya na usoro iwu research ndú nke USSR nyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nwere ike ịma jijiji na ntọala nke a ahịa aku na uba, ọ bụghị dị mkpa. Western mba na-atụ egwu egwu obere ọkaibe - nuclear akụ ụta, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ma ọ bụ submarines. Abịawo na ndị ndú ha na-adịghị nnọọ ihe ezi uche: ha na-emebi akụ na ụba ntọala nke Soviet Union, na-egwu na-ewedata price nke mmanụ na gas. Nke a mere ka ndị na mmefu ego mpe na, mmọdo, ka onye na-abawanye na mberede n'ihe ize ndụ nke nuclear ụlọ ọrụ. The Chernobyl ọdachi mere, agha wee na Afghanistan, bled ama ogbenye ego. Esịtidem na mpụga atumatu nke Gorbachev nkenke ji n'oge dị ka a pro-Western. Ekwenyereghị ọchịchị a tọhapụrụ na kwesịrị nsọpụrụ natara na Kremlin. Bibiri short- na-ajụ-nso-awakpo Western Europe (Treaty nke 1987). All nke a mere forcibly, ma gafere maka mmegharị nke meere amara.

separatism

Ngụkọta oge nke a friendly nghọta nke West na ya enyemaka na-adịghị n'onye ezi omume. Ọbụna ihe pathetic anya anụ ụlọ atumatu nke Gorbachev. Nkenke ya nwere ike kọwara na otu onye okwu: "enweghị enyemaka". Separatist mmetụta, akpata mba ọzọ na ọgụgụ isi ọrụ, ruru n'ọtụtụ ya kasị. A usoro nke mba ndị a lụrụ (Tbilisi, Baku, Nagorno-Karabakh, na Baltic States) na-adịghị zutere rebuff - ideological ma ọ bụ, na oké njọ, ike. Society, ike agwụ na mgba megide ịda ogbenye, e demoralized. Domestic iwu Gorbachev ike ịdabere na esịtidem ego na mpụga ihe ntecha ọ ga-esi. Ka chioma ga nwere ya, e nwere ala ọma jijiji na Armenia. The Soviet Union, na-adịbeghị anya yiri kwụrụ, gbawara na seams. Nationalist ije mepụtara ngwa ngwa na Ukraine, Moldova na Central Asian mba na n'ime RSFSR. All a orgy elepụ anya enyemaka na-edu ndú nke mba, na-agbasa aka ya na verbose-ekwu banyere ihe na-eme na-awụfu ọbara.

nhazigharị

Domestic iwu Gorbachev nkenke kọwaa ya n'okwu nke aka "perestroika" na "democratization". Kwa superintendent maara na-agbanwe agbanwe na-amị Ọdịdị nke ụlọ bụ ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ndị mmadụ, ma ndị odeakwụkwọ-n'ozuzu echiche ọzọ. Na ama brik na isi-ha ... ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, bụ ndị na mberede na-abaghị uru. The ala ejisie ọbụna gold na mines emepụta na a na ọnwụ. N'ime obodo loomed eyi egwu specter nke na-enweghị ọrụ. Oku "ka onye ọ bụla n'ọnọdụ ya ọrụ ya na ezi okwukwe" dara oke nkịtị. The discontent nke ndị bi na-eto na captures niile nabatara umu-elekọta mmadụ ibu - si ike na-akwado nke socialism, o were iwe na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya ideological ohere ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado na-emesapụ aka ụkpụrụ, kwara arịrị, na enweghị ohere. Site na njedebe nke eighties ka matured a systemic nsogbu, nke ruo n'ókè dị ukwuu a na ikpe mara ya Mihail Sergeevich Gorbachev. Esịtidem atumatu na-achụ ha, gosiri na ya adighi ike na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ.

The Mmeri mba ọzọ amụma

Na 1989, e nwere otu òtù ike na otu onye. Secretary General na isi nke Kasị Elu Council, na-agbalị n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-achịkwa nke omume nke ndị nnọchiteanya eze, kwa "rambunctious". The ịga nke ọma nke a edinam na-adịghị kpuwere, volitional àgwà isi, nke ghọrọ esote afọ site President nke USSR (N'eziokwu, onwe-akpọ), bụ n'ụzọ doro anya ezughị.

Ezi uche ma na-emegiderịta, na ahụhụ esịtidem na mpụga atumatu nke Gorbachev. Nkenke ya nwere ike kọwara dị ka na-azọpụta-ekwu superpower na-enweghị pụtara n'ezie nkwenye nke ọnọdụ.

Soviet agha ahapụ Afghanistan, ma idé nke aku na uba na-ama manyere site, na ọnọdụ a adịghị aka. O sina dị, Gorbachev egosi a ọtụtụ mba ọzọ enyi - president, praịm minista na royals. Ha na-achọpụta a obi ụtọ enyi Soviet president, a ụtọ onye, ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, ha mara ya dị ka n'oge nke Ajụjụ ọnụ. Otú ahụ bụ esịtidem na mpụga atumatu nke Gorbachev, na nkenke ya nwere ike kọwaa dị ka ọchịchọ ịbụ obi ụtọ n'ihe niile.

ohere na West

Ugwu nke USSR na-ngwa ngwa kpukpru usen ke ererimbot, na Soviet ndú uche akwụsị ga-atụle bụghị naanị US, ma obere mba ndị dị gburugburu na Union, na ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya na-ezo aka na oké onye agbata obi, ọ dịkarịa ala anya akpachapuru anya nke.

Ama mgbasawanye nke NATO na East malitere na mbubreyo Gorbachev afọ. The idem emem nke Union na mba arena ndị ahapụwo ya mbụ Satellites gburugburu ụwa, na karịsịa Eastern. The ụkọ ego na-amanye ndị Soviet ọchịchị bee azụ mbụ, wee ebechapu ya kpamkpam enyemaka regimes, na-eduzi mgbochi imperialist (ma ọ bụ mgbochi American) iwu. E nwere ọbụna a ọhụrụ: "ọhụrụ echiche", na olu okwu na mbụ nkeji okwu dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ụdị ụfọdụ nke òké. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ya mere ọ mara Gorbachev onwe ya. Domestic na mba ọzọ amụma (ihe omume table tupu ida nke ụwa socialist usoro a na-egosi n'okpuru) na-bursting na seams ...

Nke a bụ (dị ka ọ na-aghọta Gorbachev) esịtidem na mpụga iwu. Isiokwu ọganihu ọchịchị mgbanwe dịkwa mwute:

Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Soviet Union e nwere atụ ole na ole na-mere ka ndị dị otú ahụ ọdachi, dị ka anụ ụlọ atumatu nke Gorbachev. The table n'ụzọ doro anya na-egosi na ihe niile ebe atọ bụ isi pụta bụ ọma mgbanwe.

n'ikpeazụ

Kuu, a na-akpọ kuu, ulo oru na August 1991, gosiri zuru enweghi ike nke ihe kasị ike egwu eme nke ọgwụgwụ nke narị afọ iri. Domestic iwu M. S. Gorbacheva, na-adịghị ike na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ, emeela a obere oge disintegration nke Soviet Union iri na ise rifọrọ, na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ akụkụ "phantom mgbu" post kọmunist oge. Kpatara ohere na mba arena taa.