Mustard gas: mmetụta na onye, ​​ngwa atụ, mmetụta nke

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị German iwu malitere maka oge mbụ iji chemical ngwá agha ọgụ-emegide. Dị ka a n'ihi nke chemical ọgụ, na-egbu ihe karịrị otu nde ndị mmadụ. "Eze" nke na-egbu egbu, haruru nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ bụ mustard. Isiokwu a zara ajụjụ banyere ihe a mustard, na ebe ọ na-eji.

History nke e kere eke

Mustard - na nkà mmụta sayensị aha 2,2-dichloroethyl thioester. Ikwu n'ezie bụ onye mbụ synthesized gas agaghị ekwe omume. Gburugburu otu oge (1860), ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ike ịdị na-anọrọ ikuku na laabu. Na Germany, o mere ihe ọ chọpụtara Albert Niemann, England - Frederick Guthrie, France - Sezar Depre. German Victor Mayer (1886) ihe ịga nke ọma na-emepe emepe a usoro nke na-amị ọcha mustard. Ọzọkwa, ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eduzi mbụ laabu ule, nke akpatawo akwụkwọ na-akọwa na-egbu egbu mmetụta nke mustard gas na onye.

Otu, ndị na-wee akụkụ ke ọmụmụ, ya na B. Mayer, bụ a Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị Nikolay Dmitrievich Zelinsky. N'ụzọ dị mwute, na usoro nke na nd Zelinsky natara Burns na nsi a gas, ọ dịghị ekwe omume ịnọgide ule. Dabere na ọrụ nke Mayer, na 1916, abụọ chemists, B. Lommel (Lommel) na B. Shteynkopf (Steinkopf), mepụtara na-emejuputa atumatu na ulo oru na mmepụta nke-egbu egbu gas, nke a na-akpọ Lost (mbụ akwụkwọ ozi abụọ nke aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị). Aha na gas bụ bụghị rapaara.

Na 1917, na July 12 n'oge agha nke Onye Belgium obodo nke Ypres, Germany ji mines jupụtara mmanu mmanu nsi. N'ebe mustard gas bụ nwoke obi ọjọọ. Ọ penetrated ọbụna site na uwe na akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke bombardment nke mustard emetụta banyere mmadụ 2,500, banyere 100 ndị e gburu. Mgbe egwu gas agha nwetara ya ugbu a na aha - mustard. The abụọ aha nke nsi, bụ nke na-na-na-anụ, "mustard gas". Nke a bụ n'ihi na a kpọmkwem isi nke mustard gas, nke bụ reminiscent nke esi ísì nke mustard ma ọ bụ horseradish.

Ụzọ na-amị ụlọ ọrụ

Mgbe ihe ike mere na Ieper German emegide amalitela ifịk ifịk imepe ụzọ nke ulo oru na mmepụta nke nsi gas. The British, ndị America na French n'ihi na mmepụta nke ether mee kpọmkwem njikọ chọrọ Nimono na Guthrie. Mustard nwetara dị ka a n'ihi nke isonyere abụọ bekee, ethylene chloride na sọlfọ ahụ. Usoro a bụ bụghị dị ka oge na-ewe na oké ọnụ, dị ka a usoro eji ndị Germany.

Na Germany, maka amị mustard gas na-eji usoro B. Mayer, ma gbakwunyere. "Mustard Gas" emepụta site na njikọ thiodiglycol na site trichloride. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nke a were ogologo maka njikọ, ndị Germany na-eji nanị ya. Mgbe ikpeazụ ngwaahịa a nwetara na a ugboro ole na ole ukwuu (95%) karịa na ụzọ ndị ọzọ.

nkịtị Njirimara

Ihe bụ isi ahụ Njirimara nke 2,2'-dichloroethyl thioester:

• The mmiri mmiri, nke nwere dịghị agba.
• Isi ike, yiri garlic, mustard.
• Esi ebe - 217 Celsius C.
• -Agbaze okpomọkụ - 14,5 Celsius C.
• Ọ na-amalite irekasị umi na okpomọkụ nke 150 ° C; zuru decomposition na 500 Celsius C.
• The umi njupụta n'elu njupụta nke mmiri.
• Na okpomọkụ, na-egbu egbu gas ikuku eguzogide na-ebelata, ma ego nke Esta na ikuku ụmụ irighiri enwekwu n'ihi ezi volatility.

chemical Njirimara

N'ihi na chemical Njirimara mustard osobo sọlfọ, abụọ atọm nke chlorine na ethylene:

• Emezighituri soluble n'ime mmiri. Ịgwakọta pụtara nanị na ike-akpali akpali. Ka ihe atụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-abanye n'ime ihe ọ bụla mmiri mustard agaghị igbari na mmiri, kama ọ ga-anọgide na otu chemical mejupụtara, mgbe na omimi. Mgbe ụfọdụ mmiri nwere ike na-etolite na n'elu mkpa film.
• Ọ bụ soluble na akwukwo nri na anụmanụ abụba, organic solvents.
• Inert ọtụtụ di iche iche nke ọla; a akpa maka na ịchekwa mmiri nwere ike na-eje ozi aluminum capsules.

Mustard: mmetụta na ụmụ mmadụ

Mustard na-ezo aka ọjọọ bekee ọnya. Gịnị bụ usoro nke ihe nke elò n'ahụ mmadụ?

• N'ihi na nke ezi solubility nke mustard gas na abụba nke akwukwo nri na ụmụ anụmanụ si malite, o nwere ike kpamkpam banye n'ime ahụ mmadụ site na akpụkpọ. Na-ekpo ọkụ ihu igwe, ike absorption nke-egbu egbu gas eme ajirija tọhapụ.
• Na ụmụ mmadụ, mustard ngwa ngwa kewaa. Nke a na-arụpụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu ogige na-eme ka oké nsogbu ụmụ mmadụ.
• Lymphocytes bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha na-akpa na-ata ahụhụ site na mmetụta nke mustard gas. N'ihi ya, ndị dịghịzi usoro na-aghọ ngwangwa.
• Ọzọkwa dị ka ogo-ezighị ezi mmetụta na-akụkụ nke hematopoietic usoro, nsia mucosa.
• Mustard gas bụ ike ịgbanwe na Ọdịdị nke DNA.

Nsí Achọ mmetụta nke mustard gas ke idem bụ dị ka ndị:

• N'oge mbụ na kọntaktị na obere doses mustard na mmadụ nwere ike ozugbo edebe mmetụta nke gas na akpụkpọ elu ma ọ bụ akụkụ okuku ume tract. The latent oge - 6-8 awa. Naanị onye na-abawanye na gas ịta na gburugburu ebe obibi-edu ndú ka Nje ma ọ bụ akpịrị.
• Nsi-agbakọ ahụ, si otú ịmụba ọrịa na-arịa.
• N'ihi na ọ bụla mmetụta na elu nke mucous anụ ahụ na-amalite cell ọnwụ, na-eduga na ọnwụ nke mebiri emebi òkè.
• Anụ ahụ idozi mgbe mmerụ bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa.
• Na ebe nke ahụ mebiri emebi site na-egbu egbu umi, e vesicants ọnya. Dị ka a n'ihi nke zie ọgụ reinfection ọzọ na-efe efe nwere ike ime, bụ nke ga-siere ndidi mgbake ma ọ bụ ịkpata ọnwụ.
• E nwere mmụba.
• Ọ enwekwu ahụ uche na pathogens.

Mustard: ndị na-esi nke meriri ụdị egbu egbu gas

The isi mmetụta nke mustard gas nwere na anya, akụkụ okuku ume na usoro na akpụkpọ. Ọ bụrụ na a chemical gị n'ụlọnga na-agbasara n'ụdị gas, mustard gas n'ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-abụkarị site na akụkụ nke n'anya, mgbe ahụ, akụkụ okuku ume na akụkụ na akpụkpọ a obere obere. Liquid droplet ụdị mustard gas bụ isi na-emetụta ndị na anụ. Mmetụta nke emeso gas agha mma karịa mmiri mmiri forms of bekee.

Nwayọọ iche nke ngwa mmebi ibili na ikpe nke na-adịghị adịte mmadụ stay na mpaghara nke a na-egbu egbu umi na a obere ịta nke a gas (0.002 mg \ L) na a mmiri mmiri ụdị (0.01 mg \ cm2). Ọkara - na ụba ego nke ụmụ irighiri nsi na gburugburu ebe obibi: Gas - 0015 mg \ L, mmiri mmiri-dobe - 0,1 mg \ cm2. Arọ mustard gas nsi, nke pụrụ ịkpata ọnwụ, na-adị mgbe ịta nke umi ke Alụlụụ ala - 0,07 mg \ L. Photos mmetụta nke mustard gas na onye nwere ike hụrụ na isiokwu.

Atọ iche nke akụkụ okuku ume na ọnya:

• A nwayọọ ụdị mmerụ: mbufụt nke akpịrị na imi. Ọ puta ìhè na ukwuu secretions si imi, ihe isi ike na-elo, akpịrị akpịrị. Mgbe 10-12 ụbọchị, mgbaàmà pụọ.
• Nkezi ụdị: ụkwara na purulent ihapu, elu ahu okpomọkụ, ihe mgbu na obi ebe. Na ezughi oke ọgwụgwọ na-eduga ná oyi baa. Oge kenyere ọgwụ na-akwalite na-agwọ ọrịa na a ọnwa na ọkara.
• A oké ụdị: nsí mgbaàmà ime ọtụtụ awa mgbe n'ebe mustard gas. Igbu egbu - ụkwara na purulent ihapu flue, elu okpomọkụ, oyi baa amalite na n'ụbọchị nke atọ, nke nwere ike na-enwe ọganihu na necrosis nke ngụgụ na ọnwụ. Mgbake nke ọrịa mgbe oké nsi-aga ike.

Atọ iche nke ngwa mmebi:

• Anya na-kasị chebaara mmetụta nke mustard (gas). Ọbụna n'oge ala kasịnụ (0.005 mg \ L) na ọkara otu awa - awa atọ chere agba ọkụ, na-eche nke ájá n'anya, mucous anya zaa ike na-agba ọsọ mmiri. A di na nwunye nke izu ọnọdụ bụ normalized.
• Mgbe ocular mgbaàmà nke na-agafeghị oke ogo, dị ka akọwara n'elu, na-adịkwu, ozokwa nanị ire ọkụ corneas apụta abu. Dị otú ahụ ọnya nwere ike a na-emeso, mgbake emee mgbe ọnwa atọ.
• Siri ike iche nke mbibi ime ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri mmiri droplet mustard gas odụk gị anya. Na-ata ahụhụ nke ukwuu cornea, mbufụt emee mbụ, wee turbidity, mgbe ọnwụ nke corneal anụ ahụ, mgbe mgbe, na-eduga ná ìsì.

Atọ iche nke anụ ọnya:

• Nwayọọ ụdị mmeri: na saịtị nke anụ na kọntaktị na-egbu egbu umi e mbufụt, e nwere ọchịchịrị tụrụ, ekpepụsị. Mgbe a izu na ọkara mgbaàmà akwụsị, naanị pigmentation nwere ike nọrọ ruo ogologo oge.
• Na-agafeghị oke mmetụta na akpụkpọ apụta obere egosipụta, nke na-ahụ jikọtara n'ime otu ịkụ mmalite subcutaneous n'ígwé. Nke a nwere ike ime ndị ọzọ na-efe efe na exacerbate ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, ụdị e ji oké itching na ihe mgbu. Mgbaàmà akwụsị n'ime a ọnwa.
• The kacha njọ ụdị - nke atọ. Ọ e ji ọnya nke miri emi na nsụkọrọ na ghọọ hardhealed necrotic onya. Recovery emee mgbe 4 ọnwa.

Mustard gas nwere ike tinye na na gastro-nsia tract na nsí nri ma ọ bụ mmiri. Nsí Achọ mgbanwe na-dere na onu uji eze, na nkọlọ na afo. Na eriri afọ, na-emekarị ọ dịghị mbufụt ebilite si eziokwu na nsi abatakwa n'ọbara si afo. Mgbaàmà: fever, vomiting, afọ ọsịsa, malfunction nke obi, ngụkọta depletion nke ahu. Siri ike forms nsi-eduba n'ọnwụ.

mbụ enyemaka

Ke akpa itie, izere nsí mmetụta nke mustard gas na onye, ọ dị mkpa iji chebe anụ na akụkụ okuku ume na usoro, anya pụrụ iche n'aka - a gas nkpuchi na-echebe uwe.

Mgbe na kọntaktị na mustard gas tụlee neutralize akpụkpọ ọ pụrụ ịbụ na ngwa nke a pụrụ iche ihe ọmụma si na onye na-emegide gas ngwugwu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, mgbe ahụ, na-eji ihe na-aba n'anya ngwọta nke chlorine bleach. Ọ bụrụ na mebiri emebi anya asacha na-agba ọsọ mmiri ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ike soda ngwọta. The penetration nke mustard gas na digestive tract na-egbochi site gastric lavage na a na-adịghị ike ngwọta nke potassium permanganate.

ngwa

N'ihi na oge mbụ na ojiji nke mustard gas ndị Germany mere n'oge agha n'etiti Quadruple Alliance na Entente. Na akwụkwọ, a agha na-emekarị kwuru na dị chemical agha, n'ihi na oge a, na-anwale ma etinyere ezigbo ego nke na-egbu egbu egbu bekee.

The German agha eji mustard gas kwụsị tupu nke onye iro agha na nso nso obodo Ypres. N'abalị nke July 13, 1917 Germany wakporo agha nke Entente mustard gas. The esi nke mbụ iji nsi gas dị nnọọ njọ: emetụta banyere 2,500 ndị e gburu na ntụpọ banyere 100. Ọtụtụ nwụrụ mgbe a agha ọrụ, n'ihi na ndị na-egbu egbu gas mmetụta agaghị abịa ozugbo. Mgbe nke a agha ndị Germany na British, ndị America, ndị French kpebiri ịmụta a mustard kwa.

Ọtụtụ puku ndị nwụrụ anwụ, mutilated aka, ahụ, na ihu na-agha na ndị nkịtị, mmetọ nke ala na mmiri - ndị na-esi ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha n'oge agha. The mepere anya ụwa na-apụghị igbochi nlọghachite nke dị egwu na-eme n'ọdịnihu. N'ihi ya, na 1925 ọ bịanyere aka Geneva Protocol machibido ojiji nke chemical na ngwá agha, ndu na ngwá agha na oge agha.

N'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu ahụ, ọtụtụ mba ji chemical elekọta mmadụ na-asụri ya onye iro n'ime a akuku na-emeri n'agha.

Mussolini alaghị azụ ka ojiji nke mustard gas na agha megide Italian State of Ethiopia (1935-1936). The isi nzube - dịrị n'otu n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Italy, n'ebe ugwu nke Africa, otú ke N'ezie-eme ihe ike agha ụzọ, gụnyere himataki. N'ihi ya, Italy ama weghaara Ethiopia na jikọtara na Eritrea na Italian Somaliland nọ n'ógbè.

Na 1943, e nwere ọdachi, nke na-emetụta ọ bụghị nanị na ndị agha ma na-nkịtị Bari n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. The German skwodron tụrụ bọmbụ American ụgbọ mmiri, otu onye nke na-ebu shells stuffed na mustard. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na ndị bombs na-ebu na-enweghị fuuz, ikuku iku bụ iji rụọ ọrụ na-egbu egbu ọdịnaya. E a chemical agha na gburu banyere 90 ndị mmadụ.

The Japanese tụkwasịwo niile akụkụ nke ule na ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha na China. Ná mmalite zitere nke narị afọ nke 20 na ha na-zụrụ si German ngwá n'ihi na mmepụta nke nsi gas na ihe ulo oru n'ike. The agha Japan wuru ọtụtụ chemical osisi China anāchi achi. Ule nke nsi na-rụrụ na mkpọrọ nke agha na ndị nkịtị nkịtị! Ndị agha nke ọwụwa anyanwụ kweere Chinese consumable. The agha Japan "chebere" chemical ngwá agha n'oge agha na China (1937-1945). Mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke Sino-Japanese agha, Japanese, igbu ndị "na-egosi", lie ma ọ bụ mmiri riri na mmiri nke nnukwu stockpiles nke chemical ngwá agha. Na afọ 90 nke narị afọ nke 20, e nwere ọnọdụ ụfọdụ mgbe a ngwa ngwa recycled himsnaryady mebiri emebi, na-egbu egbu na mmetụta nke mustard gas nwetara nkịtị. Na 2010, pịa kọrọ na-ewu nke osisi ga-rụrụ na China maka n'efu lie site Japanese chemical ngwá agha.

ukpan nke Chemical Ngwá Agha

September 3, 1993 e chọrọ ka banye Convention na ukpan nke chemical ngwá agha. Na mmetụta, o sonyeere na April 1997, mgbe ọ na aka 65 na-ekwu. N'okpuru a nkwekọrịta, mba nwere ibibi n'ókèala niile chemical ngwá agha stockpiles na mmemme iji chebe mmepe na iwebata ọhụrụ ụdị nsị. Ka ụbọchị, 190 mba bịanyere aka mgbakọ ahụ, ndị òtù nke United Nations. Banyere 60% niile ebuka nke chemical ngwá agha ewekarị nke.

ugbu a dị adị n'ezie

Convention bụ site n'ọtụtụ mba, ma nsi anọgide na-eji ọ bụghị nanị na n'oge ọgụ egbe ma na-na bombardment nke ndi nkiti obodo. Ebe ọ bụ na mmiri nke na 2017, usoro mgbasa ozi gbawara akụkọ nke eji mustard gas na Iraq militarily. Himataki initiators bụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị Alakụba State (iwu na Russia). Ọzọkwa, na ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha na Syria weghara na obodo (2016-2017 gg.). Mmegide-egbu egbu bekee emetụta ọ bụghị nanị ndị agha ma na-nkịtị. Ọ bụ ezie na Siria ọchịchị eze mara ọkwa na ndị ọhụrụ ogbe nke chemical ngwá agha e si na June 2014. Laboratory n'ihi na mmepụta nke mustard gas na Iraq, ndị agha hụrụ ndị America. UN Commission rụrụ nnyocha n'ime nke ọ bụla ojiji nke nsi.

Mustard - a na-agwọ ya?

Mgbe ọdachi na 1943 na Italian n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Bari, na-eme nnyocha na-enyocha ozu ahụ. Dị ka a n'ihi nke nnyocha, ọ hụrụ na ndị na-akpụ ọbara akụkụ na Lymph ejighị na leukocytes. Nke a Inweta kpaliri ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na mustard gas ike ga-eji na ọgwụgwọ megide cancer ọrịa. Researchers si America Goodman na Gilman na ndabere nke mustard gas mepụtara a umi na na obere doses ndinọ onye ọrịa na lymphoma. Na mbụ, a na nkà mmụta ọgwụ mwute mmetụta akpụ guzobere. Ọ na-ebelata na size. Ma mgbe ụfọdụ oge na cancer ka ọganihu. A na-akwakọba na ahụ nke a umi na ndabere nke mustard anaghị amalite aka ahụ, kama imebi ya. The onye nwụrụ nke igbu egbu.

Na ala kasịnụ, mustard gas na-eji maka n'imeso akpụkpọ ọrịa psoriasis. Na ndabere nke ike mustard ude ebe ọ na-e dere na a ruru nke 1 ruo 20 000 ma ọ bụ na 40 000. Ma nke ikpeazụ afọ 20, nkà mmụta ọgwụ na-adịkarịghị malitere dị otú ahụ a buu usoro ọgwụgwọ.

N'oge agha na N'ezie bụ ụzọ dị iche iche, mgbe ụfọdụ, obi tara ya mmiri ndị mgbaru ọsọ. Ma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile, na ọgwụgwụ di n'aka. Ya mere, ihe mere ndị ojiji nke chemical ngwá agha. Mmetụta nke eji nsi ujo (gụnyere mmetụta nke mustard gas na onye). Ruo ugbu a, a kpọrọ mmadụ anọwo na-agbalị ịnagide nsogbu nke eji chemical ngwá agha. Ka ụbọchị, ndị isi ọrụ nke mepere anya ụwa ịghara imeghachi dị otú ahụ mejọrọ.