Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky: biography, ọrụ, akụkọ ndụ na-eto eto ibe

Writer, ọkà ihe ọmụma na nta akụkọ Nikolai Chernyshevsky bụ na-ewu ewu n'oge ya ndụ na warara na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agụ akwụkwọ. Na biakwa obibia nke Soviet ike nke ọrụ ya (karịsịa nchụàjà "Gịnị na-eme?") Aghọwo paradigmatic. Taa, aha ya bụ - otu n'ime ndị nnọchianya nke Russian akwụkwọ nke XIX narị afọ.

Nwata na-eto eto

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, onye biography malitere na Saratov, a mụrụ na ndị ezinụlọ a n'ógbè nchụàjà. Nna ya onwe ya na-emekwa ụfọdụ ihe ụmụ ha na-akụziri. Si ya Chernyshevsky ohuru okpukpe na bịara ka ọ la n'iyì na ya na-amụrụ ụbọchị, mgbe nwa okorobịa ahụ na-ebu pụọ site revolutionary echiche. Kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, Kolya agụ a otutu na-eripịa akwụkwọ mgbe akwụkwọ, ihe idem gburugburu.

Na 1843, ọ banyere seminarị na Saratov, ma na-enweghị na-emecha ya, ọ nọgidere na ya akwụkwọ na St. Petersburg University. Chernyshevsky, onye biography e jikọtara ya na Humanities, họrọ nkà ihe ọmụma ngalaba.

Na mahadum na-eme n'ọdịnihu bụ onye so dee kpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị echiche. Ọ ghọrọ utopian socialist. On ya akụziri mmetụta so n'ìgwè Irinarha Vvedenskogo, nke ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu ma na-arụ ụka. N'otu oge ahụ ọ malitere edemede ọrụ. The mbụ ọrụ nkà ndị dị nnọọ ọzụzụ na nọgidere bipụtara.

Onye Ozizi nta akụkọ

Gụrụ akwụkwọ, Chernyshevsky, onye biography ugbu a jikọrọ pedagogy ghọrọ onye nkụzi. Ọ kụziri Saratov, wee laghachi isi obodo. N'ime afọ ndị a, o zutere ya na nwunye ya Olgoy Vasilevoy. The agbamakwụkwọ ada itie ke 1853.

Si St. Petersburg ya e jikọtara ya na mmalite nke oru ndi nke Chernyshevsky. Ọzọkwa na 1853, ọ malitere na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ "nna Notes" na "St. Petersburg Vedomosti". Ma nke kacha nke Didenko a maara dị ka onye so na isiokwu osisi nke magazin "Contemporary". E nwere ọtụtụ okirikiri nke dere, ọ bụla nke onye gbachiteere ọkwá ya.

Na-arụ ọrụ "Contemporary"

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, onye biography ama mara na edemede okirikiri nke isi obodo, nke kasị nso na Dobrolyubov na Nekrasov. Ndị a dere passionately ụtọ nke amamihe echiche, nke ha chọrọ iji gosi na "Contemporary".

Na afọ ole na ole tupu nile Europe gafere obodo riots na kwughachiri na Russia. Ihe atụ, na Paris, na bourgeoisie kwaturu Louis Philippe. A mba ije e-ewute ya site Hungary na Austria dị mgbe nnapụta nke eze ukwu bịara Nikolai m, bụ onye zitere na Budapest a ole na ole regiments. Eze, onye eze malite na suppression nke nsogbu nke Decembrists, na-atụ egwu mgbanwe na-esiwanyekwa ike nnyocha na Russia.

Nke a bụ nchegbu nke liberals na "Contemporary". Ha (Ivan Turgenev, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin na ndị ọzọ) achọghị radicalize ndị magazine.

Ihe Chernyshevsky esiwanye dọtara uche nke ala na ndị ọchịchị na-ahụ maka nnyocha. A pụtara ìhè omume ọha na eze agbachitere tesis on art, na nke onye dere mere a revolutionary okwu. Na mkpesa, Minista Education Avraam Norov ọ bụghị nye na-agbata n'ọsọ na award Nikolayu Gavrilovichu. Naanị mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ a nọ dochie a ọzọ emesapụ aka Evgraf Kovalevsky, onye dere ghọrọ a nna ukwu nke Russian akwụkwọ.

echiche Chernyshevskogo

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi ụfọdụ atụmatụ echiche nke Chernyshevsky. Ha na-enwe mmetụta dị otú ahụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka French ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na Hegelian. Dị ka a nwa, dere ya bụ a-ekpesi ike Christian, ma na-etoru ogo mmadụ malitere ifịk ifịk na-akatọ okpukpe na Liberalism na bourgeoisie.

Karịsịa ọ furiously katọrọ serfdom. Ọbụna tupu bipụtara manifesto na ntọhapụ nke ndị serfs site Alexander II of, onye dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na na edemede na-akọwa ga-eme n'ọdịnihu mgbanwe. Ọ chọrọ oké jikoro, gụnyere nyefe nke ala nkịtị gratis. Otú ọ dị, manifesto nwere obere na-eme na ndị a utopian mmemme. Ebe ọ bụ na ha na-guzosie ike mgbapụta ịkwụ ụgwọ, nke gbochie ọrụ ugbo na-kpam kpam free, Chernyshevsky anya emegbu akwụkwọ a. Ọnọdụ nke Russian nkịtị, ọ tụnyere ndụ nke nwa ohu na United States.

Chernyshevsky kweere na mgbe 20 ma ọ bụ afọ 30 mgbe ntọhapụ nke ndị nkịtị na mba tufuo ikeketeorie agriculture, na ga-abịa na socialism anyị na nwe. Didenko kwalitere ihe e kere eke phalansteres - ụlọ ebe ndị bi na-eme n'ọdịnihu municipalities ga-arụ ọrụ ọnụ maka ibe uru. Atumatu oru ngo a bụ utopian, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya, n'ihi na-ede akwụkwọ nke ọ mere Sharl Fure. Falanster Tchernyshevskiy a kọwara ke kiet ke otu n'ime isiakwụkwọ nchụàjà "Gịnị na-eme?"

"Land na Freedom"

Mgbanwe okwu nduhie na-aga n'ihu. Onye nke ya masterminds bụ Nikolai Chernyshevsky. Brief biography nke onye dere ihe ọ bụla akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ga-ebu dịkarịa ala a paragraf na ọ bụ ya bụ onye ghọrọ onye nchoputa nke ama ije "Land na Freedom". Ọ bụ n'ezie. Na nkera nke abụọ nke 50-ies nke Chernyshevsky ghọrọ a otutu kọntaktị na Alexander Herzen. The nta akụkọ jee biri n'ala ọzọ n'ihi na nke ọchịchị nsogbu. Na London, ọ malitere na-ebipụta a Russian-asụsụ akwụkwọ akụkọ "The Bell". Ọ na-ekwuchite nke okpuru na socialists. Ya na nzuzo mbipụta e zigara Russia, ebe ụlọ dị nnọọ ewu ewu n'etiti buu ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Bipụtara ya na Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. Biography nke onye dere ya na mara bụla socialist na Russia. Na 1861, mgbe ya na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekere òkè (nakwa dị ka mmetụta nke Herzen), na e nwere "Land na Freedom". Nke a na ije n'otu a iri na abuo klọb na kasị obodo nke mba. Ọ gụnyere dere, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-akwado nke revolutionary echiche. Ọ bụ na-akpali na Chernyshevsky ọbụna jisiri aka dọtara ndị ọrụ nche, na onye ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ e biri ebi na agha magazin.

Òtù nke nzukọ aku nduhie na nnyocha nke tsarist ọchịchị. "Ịga na ndị mmadụ" ihe karịrị afọ, ha na-akụkọ ihe mere eme nkenke akụkọ nkụzi. The agitators, bụ onye gbalịrị ịchọta a nkịtị asụsụ na ndị nkịtị, na e nyere ha otu uwe ojii. N'ihi na ọtụtụ afọ, revolutionary echiche ahụghị a nzaghachi na ndị nkịtị, ndị ọtụtụ na-anọgide warara stratum nke ụbụrụ na-aghọ.

ijide

N'ime oge ahụ, biography nke Chernyshevsky, na obere, nwere mmasị mmadụ nnyocha. Na ikpe nke "The Na", ọ gara ọbụna Herzen na London, nke, N'ezie, ma ihe dọtara uche. Ebe ọ bụ na September 1861 na onye dere na ya nọ n'okpuru nzuzo onyunyo. Ọ na-enyo enyo nke provocations megide ọchịchị.

Na June 1862 Chernyshevsky e jidere ya. Tupu ihe omume a, ígwé ojii malitere izukọta ya gburugburu. "Contemporary" magazine e mechiri na May. Writer ebubo defaming ịbịaru ike nke mkpọsa, nke bụ na-aka nke mmadụ provocateurs. Ọzọkwa, ndị uwe ojii jisiri intercept a akwụkwọ ozi Herzen, ebe onye iji nyere ọzọ na-ebipụta onwe "Contemporary", naanị a na London.

"Gịnị ka m kwesịrị ime?"

The ebubo e debere na Pita na Pọl Ebe e wusiri ike, ebe ọ na ẹkenịmde maka nchọpụta. Ọ gara a ọkara afọ. First, onye dere gbalịrị mkpesa megide njide. O wee na-agụụ iku, nke Otú ọ dị, adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ya ọnọdụ. Na ụbọchị mgbe onye mkpọrọ e-mma, na O were ya pen ma malite ịrụ ọrụ na a mpempe akwụkwọ. N'ihi ya, ọ na e dere nchụàjà "Gịnị na-eme?", Nke ghọrọ ndị kasị ama na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-ebipụta Chernyshevsky Nikolay Gavrilovich. Brief biography nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ, e biri ebi ọ bụla akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma, ga-ebu ihe ọmụma banyere akwụkwọ ahụ.

The akwụkwọ e bipụtara ọhụrụ meghere "Contemporary" na atọ mbipụta nke 1863. Ọ bụ na-akpali nke na ọ dịghị n'akwụkwọ nwere ike ịbụ. Naanị ndị mbụ e efu na n'okporo ámá nke St. Petersburg n'oge iga ọrụ. Akwụkwọ agafe Agafe hụrụ naanị na ime mmụọ ha ịdị mma bughachi ha n'ime "Contemporary". Nikolai Nekrasov, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ na-n'ụzọ nkịtị na-aga crazy si ọnwụ, bụ ọṅụ dị ukwuu mgbe ọ laghachiri nchụàjà.

ikpe

N'ikpeazụ, na 1864, ọ wee ebe a mara ọkwa nke ikpe na ihere dere. Ọ gara mkpọrọ na Nerchinsk. ikpe na-gụnyere otu ihe na nke Didenko na-emefu ndị fọdụrụ ndụ ebighị ebi biri n'ala ọzọ. Alexander II gbanwere ndụ nke ike oru maka 7 afọ. Olee ihe ọzọ nwere ike anyị na-agwa biography nke Chernyshevsky? Na nkenke, dị nnọọ abụọ okwu, na-ekwu banyere afọ ole ọ nọrọ n'ihe anaah¹anya ọkà ihe ọmụma na-n'agha. Ihu igwe siri ike na ndị tara akpụ idiọk njọ ya ike. N'agbanyeghị nke a, onye dere arahụ site na ịrụ ọrụ mmanye. Mgbe e mesịrị, o biri ọtụtụ n'ógbè obodo-ya, ma ọ dịghị mgbe laghachi isi obodo.

Ọbụna mkpọrọ ọ gbalịrị ka onwe ndị na-akwado ndị na-abịa dị iche iche atụmatụ gbapụ. Otú ọ dị, ha na a na-emejuputa atumatu. Mgbe si 1883 na 1889, Nikolai Chernyshevsky (biography ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ nke a revolutionary Democrat) ẹkenịmde ke Astrakhan. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, ọ laghachiri Saratov, site ihu ọma nke nwa ya.

Ọnwụ na uru

October 11, 1889 n'obodo ya nwụrụ NGChernyshevsky. Biography nke onye dere ghọrọ isiokwu nṅomi ọtụtụ na-eso ụzọ na-akwado.

Soviet akụziri ya na a par na na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke XIX na narị afọ, nke bụ forerunners nke mgbanwe. Nchụàjà "Gịnị?" Bụ obligatory ebe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mmemme. Na oge a akwụkwọ ihe isiokwu na-na-na-na-amụ, na ya ji awa ole na ole.

The Russian oru ndi na oru ndi na e nwere a iche iche ndepụta nke founders nke ebe ndị a. Ọ na-agụnye Herzen, Belinsky na Chernyshevsky. Biography, nke nchikota nke ya akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka mmetụta na-elekọta mmadụ na echiche - niile ajụjụ ndị a na-amụ dere taa.

ruturu Chernyshevsky

Onye dere ya na mara maka ya nkọ ire na ikike iji rụọ ahịrịokwu. Lee ndị kasị ama ruturu Chernyshevsky:

• Personal obi ụtọ bụ ekwe omume na-enweghị obi ụtọ nke ndị ọzọ.
• Youth - oge freshness magburu mmetụta.
• Ọmụmụ Literature na-azọpụta ndị mmadụ site na-amaghị ma mara - si coarseness na vulgarity.
• Ito eto mgbe ahụ, na-achị achị n'okpuru guise nke ịdị umeala n'obi.
• Naanị na eziokwu talent ike; ezighị ezi direction ebibi ike talent.