Njirimara sọlfọ ahụ. Ngwa nke sọlfọ ahụ. Medical sọlfọ

Chalcogens - otu ọcha na-ezo aka a sọlfọ ahụ. Ya chemical akara - S - akwụkwọ ozi mbụ nke Latin aha nke sọlfọ. Mejupụtara mfe umi dere site na nke a na akara na-enweghị index. Tụlee isi ihe banyere ihe owuwu, Njirimara, nkwadebe na ojiji nke a mmewere. sọlfọ atụmatụ a ga-adade ke zuru ezu dị ka o kwere.

Common atụmatụ na iche chalcogen

Sọlfọ na-echebara echiche a subgroup nke oxygen. Nke a bụ nke 16 otu n'ime oge a ogologo oge na-etolite onyinyo nke oge usoro (PS). Ochie ụlọ na index - site na. Aha ndị chemical ọcha nke ìgwè, chemical akara:

• oxygen (O);
• sọlfọ (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

The elu elektrọn shei ọcha mere ndokwa n'elu otu. O nwere ihe nile isii valence electrons nke nwere ike isonye na guzobere chemical nkekọ na ndị ọzọ atọm. Hydrogen ogige nwere Ọdịdị H ₂ R, e.g., H ₂ S - hydrogen sulfide. Aha nke chemical ọcha akpụ na oxygen abụọ na ụdị nke ogige: sọlfọ, selenium na tellurium. General formulas oxides ndị a, ndị - RO _2, RO _3.

Chalcogen-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị mfe bekee, nke dị iche na nke ukwuu na anụ ahụ svostvam. The kasị nkịtị na jikọrọ ọnụ nke niile chalcogen - oxygen na sọlfọ ahụ. The mbụ mmewere akowa abụọ gas, nke abụọ - na solids. Polonium - redioaktivu mmewere - obere na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ. Na ìgwè nke oxygen ka polonium dara Njirimara ibelata na-abawanye nke na metal. Ka ihe atụ, sọlfọ - ahụkarị nonmetal na tellurium nwere a dara luster na electric conductivity.

№ mmewere 16 nke oge usoro di Mendeleev

The ikwu atọm ibu sọlfọ - 32,064. Of kasị nkịtị eke isotope ³² S (karịa 95% site na ibu ibu). Hụrụ na nta quantities nuclides na atọm uka nke 33, 34 na 36. e ji mara nke sọlfọ na ọnọdụ na SS na atọm Ọdịdị:

• Oghere Usoro ọgụgụ - 16;
• ndebe nke ebe-atọm bụ 16;
• atọm okirikiri - 0,104 nm;
• ionization ike nke -10,36 eV;
• ikwu electronegativity - 2.6;
• ogo ọxịdashọn na ogige - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Sọlfọ bụ na-atọ oge; electrons na atọm na-emi odude na atọ ike na ọkwa: mbụ - 2, nke abụọ - 8, - nke atọ 6. valence electrons niile mpụga. Mgbe inwe mmekọrịta na ọcha ọzọ electronegative sọlfọ enye 4 ma ọ bụ 6 electrons, inweta typical ọxịdashọn ala +6, +4. The mmeghachi omume na hydrogen na a metal atọm adọta electrons efu abụọ octets jupụta na iji nweta otu ebe ala. The ọxịdashọn na nke a na-lowered ka -2.

The nkịtị Njirimara nke rhombic na monoclinic allotropic forms

N'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ, sọlfọ atọm na-Igbere na n'akuku na mụ circuit. Ha nwere ike na-emechi na a mgbanaka, nke na-atụ aro na ịdị adị nke cyclic sọlfọ ụmụ irighiri. Mejupụtara nke Formula egosipụta S ₆ na S _8.

sọlfọ atụmatụ ga-gbakwunyere nkọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti allotropic mgbanwe enwe dị iche iche anụ ahụ Njirimara.

Rhombic ma ọ bụ α-sọlfọ - kasị mụ crystalline ụdị. Nke a na-egbuke egbuke-acha odo odo kristal, esịnede nke ụmụ irighiri S _8. rhombic sọlfọ njupụta bụ 2,07 g / cm3. Ìhè odo kristal nke monoclinic ụdị β-kpụrụ sọlfọ na a njupụta nke 1,96 g / cm3. Esi ebe esịmde 444,5 Celsius C.

Nkwadebe nke amorphous sọlfọ

Gịnị na agba bụ sọlfọ na a plastic ala? Nke a bụ a ọchịchịrị aja aja uka, yiri nnọọ ka odo ntụ ntụ ma ọ kristal. Iji nweta ya, i kwesịrị agbazekwa rhombic ma ọ bụ monoclinic sọlfọ ahụ. Na okpomọkụ n'elu 110 ° C a mmiri mmiri na-kpụrụ, mgbe n'ihu kpo oku ya darkens na 200 ° C na-aghọ oké na viscous. Ọ bụrụ na ngwa ngwa wụsa wụrụ awụ sọlfọ n'ime mmiri oyi, ọ siri ike na-etolite zig-zag ígwè, nke Ọdịdị egosiputa usoro S _n.

The solubility nke sọlfọ

Ụfọdụ mgbanwe nke a umi soluble na carbon disulfide, benzene, toluene ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri amonia. Ọ bụrụ na mma nwayọọ nwayọọ organic ngwọta na-ahụ kpụrụ monoclinic sọlfọ agịga. N'ihi na evaporation nke liquids guzo doo anya lemon-acha odo odo kristal nke rhombic sọlfọ ahụ. Ha na-emebi emebi, ha nwere ike mfe Mike ka a ntụ ntụ. Sọlfọ bụ unyi anaghị agbasa na mmiri. The kristal imi na ala nke arịa, na ntụ ntụ nwere ike ise n'elu n'elu (na-abụghị wettable).

chemical Njirimara

The mmeghachi omume na-egosi na-ahụkarị nonmetallic mmewere Njirimara № 16:

• sọlfọ oxidizes ọla na hydrogen, na-ebelata ka S ^2- ion;
• combustion nke ikuku na oxygen na-emepụta di- na sọlfọ trioxide, nke bụ acid anhydrides;
• site mmeghachi omume ọzọ ọzọ electronegative mmewere - fluoro - sọlfọ na-efunari ya electrons (oxidize).

Free sọlfọ na ọdịdị

Dị ka ịba ụba nke sọlfọ na ụwa jikọrọ ọnụ bụ na 15 n'etiti chemical ọcha. The nkezi ọdịnaya nke S atọm na nkume na mineral bụ 0,05% site na ibu nke jikọrọ ọnụ.

Gịnị na agba bụ sọlfọ na ọdịdị (nwaafo)? Nke a na ìhè odo powder na a mara isi ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo kristal na-enwe a iko luster. Ego n'ụdị ego, na crystalline n'ígwé nke sọlfọ hụrụ na ebe nke oge ochie ma n'oge a volcanism na Italy, Poland, Middle East, Japan, Mexico, United States. Ọtụtụ mgbe mmịpụta nke drusen bụ a mara mma ma na ibu otu kristal.

Hydrogen sulphide na oxides na ọdịdị

Na mgbawa ugwu na mpaghara na-emi odude ke elu nke gaseous sọlfọ compound. Black oké osimiri na a omimi nke karịrị 200 m bụ adịghị ndụ n'ihi nkewa nke hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S. The usoro divalent sọlfọ oxide - NKE _2, trivalent - NKE _3. Ndị a gaseous ogige bụ ugbu ke mejupụtara nke ụfọdụ n'ime mmanụ, gas, eke mmiri. Sọlfọ na-esịne ke mejupụtara nke coal. Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-ewu nke ọtụtụ organic ogige. Mgbe putrefaction nke ndi na-edozi nke ọkụkọ àkwá tọhapụrụ hydrogen sulfide, n'ihi ya, ọ na-ekwukarị na ndị gas isi nke rere ure na àkwá. Sọlfọ bụ biogenic ọcha, ọ dị mkpa maka ibu na mmepe nke mmadụ, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi.

Pụtara nke eke sulphides na sulphates

Njirimara sọlfọ ga ezu ezu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị na-ekwu na mmewere na-achọta ọ bụghị nanị na ọdịdị nke a dị mfe umi na oxide. The kasị eke ogige - bụ a nnu nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides nke ọla kọpa, ígwè, zinc, mercury, opu dị na mejupụtara nke minerals chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, na cinnabar. Site sulfates nwere ike kwuru sodium, calcium, barium na magnesium salts nke na-etolite na ọdịdị minerals na nkume (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). All ndị a ogige na-eji dị iche iche na ndi nke aku na uba, na-eji dị ka ngwaọrụ maka ulo oru nhazi, fatịlaịza, na-ewu ihe. Great ọgwụ uru ụfọdụ crystalline.

n'ikuku

odo umi ke free ala emee na ọdịdị dị iche iche ogbu. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na sọlfọ na-gbazee site nkume enweghị n'ịzụ ha elu elu, mgbe pumping omimi enwu uzuoku na abịakọrọ ikuku. Ọzọ usoro na-agụnye sublimation nke gburu oké nkume pụrụ iche ite-ọku uku. Ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye na mgbasa nke carbon disulfide ma ọ bụ flotation.

Ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ sọlfọ nnukwu, otú iji nweta ya elemental umi eji compound. The hydrogen sulfide na sulfide sọlfọ bụ na-ebelata ụdị. The ọxịdashọn ala nke mmewere bụ hà -2. Sọlfọ ọxịdashọn a rụrụ site na-amụba uru 0. ka ihe atụ, usoro nke LeBlanc sodium sulfate na-ebelata ka sulfide carbon. Mgbe ahụ, ọ bụ nke enwetara site calcium sulfide, ọ na-emeso ya na carbon dioxide na mmiri vepo. Ihe hydrogen sulfide na-oxidized site ikuku oxygen na ọnụnọ nke a catalyst: 2H ₂ S + O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + 2S. Mkpebi siri ike nke sọlfọ nwetara ụzọ dị iche iche, mgbe ụfọdụ, na-enye ala-adị ọcha egosi. Ejegharịrị ma ọ bụ ịdị ọcha na-rụrụ site na esi, rectification, nhazi mixtures nke asịd.

The ojiji nke sọlfọ na oge a na ụlọ ọrụ

Granular sọlfọ na-aga dị iche iche mmepụta mkpa:

1. Nkwadebe nke na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid na chemical ụlọ ọrụ.
2. Production sulfites na sulfates.
3. Hapụ preparations maka fertilizing osisi, ọrịa na pests.
4. Sọlfọ-nwere ores na Ngwuputa na chemical osisi esichara maka nonferrous ọla. Concomitant mmepụta bụ na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid.
5. The mmeghe nke ụfọdụ akara ule nke ígwè na-enye pụrụ iche Njirimara.
6. N'ihi vulcanizing roba nwetara roba.
7. Production ọkụ, pyrotechnics, explosives.
8. Jiri maka nkwadebe nke akọwa, pigments, eri.
9. Bleaching akwa.

Toxicity nke sọlfọ na ya ogige

Dusts ahụ na-enwe onye wetara ísì ụtọ, iwe mucous membranes nke gọzie gị oghere na akụkụ okuku ume tract, anya na anụahụ. Ma elemental sọlfọ toxicity na-adịghị na-ewere karịsịa elu. Inhalation nke hydrogen sulfide na dioxide nwere ike ime ka oké nsi.

Ọ bụrụ na amịkpọ sọlfọ-nwere ore na smelters iyuzucha, haruru na-adịghị tọrọ atọ, ha na-abanye na mbara ikuku. Ijikọ na tụlee na mmiri vepo, sọlfọ oxides na nitrogen nye ịrị elu a na-akpọ acid mmiri ozuzo.

Sọlfọ na ya ogige ke agriculture

Osisi na-aṅụ sulphate ion ọnụ na ala ngwọta. Mbenata sọlfọ ọdịnaya na-eduga ná a ngwa ngwa ala na green mkpụrụ ndụ metabolism nke amino asịd na-edozi. Ya mere sulfates eji maka fertilizing ugbo kụrụ akụ.

Iji akuru okuko ụlọ, cellars, akwukwo nri na-echekwa mfe umi ọkụ ma ọ bụ mesoo na oge a na ụlọ ọrụ sulfa ọgwụ ọjọọ. sọlfọ oxide nwere antimicrobial Njirimara na ogologo hụrụ ngwa na mmepụta nke wine mgbe echekwara na akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi. sọlfọ ọgwụ ọjọọ na-eji dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ maka ịchịkwa ọrịa na pests (powdery mildew na ududo mites).

Ji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ

Oké mkpa iji na-amụ ihe nke ọgwụ Njirimara nke odo powder nyere oké dọkịta n'oge ochie Avicenna na Paracelsus. Ọ na-e mesịrị chọpụta na ihe ndị mmadụ na-agaghị na-ezu sọlfọ si nri na-ebelata, na-enwe nsogbu ahụ ike (nke na-agụnye itching na flaking nke anụ, ntutu isi ma mbọ idem emem). Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na enweghị sọlfọ isi njikọ nke amino asịd, keratin, Biochemical Filiks ke idem.

Medical sọlfọ webata ude maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa akpụkpọ: otutu, eczema, psoriasis, nke ahu anataghi, seborrhea. Bat na sọlfọ nwere ike, ibelata ihe mgbu nke rheumatism na gout. N'ihi na mma absorption site ahụ ike mmiri soluble sulfa ọgwụ ọjọọ. Nke a abụghị a odo ntụ ntụ, a mma crystalline ọcha umi. N'èzí ngwa a compound na-ndinọ ịchọ mma maka nlekọta anụ.

Gypsum dịwo eji na Immobilization nke merụrụ ahụ akụkụ ahụ. Glauber ji nnu na-kenyere ka a laxative na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Magnesia lowers ọbara mgbali na a na-eji na ọgwụgwọ nke ọbara mgbali.

Sọlfọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ọbụna n'oge ochie nonmetallic umi odo okooko osisi na-adọta a onye anya. Ma ọ bụ nanị na 1789, oké mmiri ọgwụ Lavoisier chọpụtara na ntụ ntụ na kristal hụrụ na ọdịdị, esịnede sọlfọ atọm. E kweere na malodor ịda n'oge ya combustion,-achụ ha achụ ihe ọjọọ niile. Formula sọlfọ oxide, nke na-enwetara site combustion, - NKE ₂ (silica). Nke a na-egbu egbu gas inhalation ọ dị ize ndụ nye ahụ ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe nke uka ikpochapu nke dum obodo nta nke ndị mmadụ na-na nsotu, na ndị dị larịị nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọwaa oke nke ala ma ọ bụ mmiri hydrogen sulphide ma ọ bụ sọlfọ dioxide.

The mepụtara nke gunpowder mụbara mmasị na-acha odo odo kristal site agha. Ọtụtụ agha ndị meriri n'ihi na ike nke nna-ukwu ikpokọta sọlfọ na ndị ọzọ bekee ke imewe nke explosives. Ihe kacha mkpa compound - na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid - mụtakwara otú e si eji a nnọọ ogologo oge. Ke emepechabeghị, ọ bụ a umi na-akpọ mmanụ vitriol na nnu - sulfate. Ọla kọpa sulfate bụ CuSO _{4 na} ígwè sulfate FeSO ₄ na-ka na-adịghị efu ha mkpa ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo.