Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry. Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry

Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry e ọdịda kemgbe 1901. Ya mbụ na-eto eto bụ Jacob van't Hoff. Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị natara award maka iwu nke osmotic nsogbu na chemical Ọnọdụ, na-emeghe ha. N'ezie, ihe niile ndị mmeri ike-gwara na a otu isiokwu. Anyị ga-ekwu banyere ihe ndị kasị a ma ama, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ahụ a ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu na nke ikpeazụ afọ ole na ole.

Ernest Rutherford

Otu n'ime ndị kasị ama chemists bụ Ernest Rutherford. Nobel Nrite o natara na 1908 maka ọmụmụ nke disintegration ọcha redioaktivu bekee. Afọ nke ndụ nke ọkà mmụta sayensị - 1871-1937. Nke a bụ ihe English mmiri ọgwụ na physics, a mụrụ na New Zealand. Ruru ya ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe ọzụzụ na Nelson College, ọ natara a mfọn na ekwe ya gaa Christchurch, New Zealand City, ebe Canterbury College. Na 1894, Rutherford ghọrọ BSc. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị e ọdịda a mfọn na Cambridge University bụ onye nọ England ma kwaga mba.

Na 1898, Rutherford malitere imezu mkpa nwere metụtara redioaktivu uranium radieshon. Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha abụọ nke ya ụdị e chọpụtara: Alfa ụzarị na beta ụzarị. The mbụ banye n'ime naanị a obere anya, nke abụọ - na a nnọọ ukwuu. Mgbe mgbe, Rutherford chọpụtara na thorium ewepụtarịrị a pụrụ iche redioaktivu gaseous ngwaahịa. Ọ na-akpọ nke a onu nke "sitere n'aka" (emission).

New nnyocha gosiri na actinium na radium sitere n'aka nwekwara rụrụ. Rutherford dabeere chọpụtara na ọ bịara dị mkpa nkwubi okwu. Ọ chọpụtara na Alfa na beta ụzarị emit niile redioaktivu ọcha. Ọzọkwa, ha radioactivity mbelata mgbe a ụfọdụ oge. Dabere na nchọpụta ndị a na ọ bụ ike ime ka ihe dị mkpa ọtụtụ ndị chere. All mara sayensị redioaktivu ọcha dị ka kwubiri na ọkà mmụta sayensị, otu akụkụ nke otu ezinụlọ nke atọm, na ọnụ nke radioactivity nwere ike iwere dị ka ihe ndabere nke ha nhazi ọkwa.

Mariya Kyuri (Curie)

The nwaanyị mbụ onye e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu, ghọrọ Mariya Kyuri. Ọ dị mkpa maka sayensị ihe mere na 1911. Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry e ọdịda ya maka nchọpụta nke polonium na radium iche nke radium na ọmụmụ ihe jikọrọ na ọdịdị nke ikpeazụ mmewere. Maria a mụrụ Poland, mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị kwagara France. Afọ nke ndụ ya - 1867-1934. Curie ghọrọ eto eto, nke Nobel Nrite, ọ bụghị naanị na onwu kamakwa physics (1903, jikotara aka wee na Pierre Curie na Anri Bekkerelem).

Marii Kyuri nwere na ihu na eziokwu na ndị inyom na ya oge ọ fọrọ nke nta emechi ụzọ na sayensị. Na Mahadum nke Warsaw ejighị ha. Ke adianade do, Curie ezinụlọ dara ogbenye. Otú ọ dị, Meri bụ ike inweta akwụkwọ dị elu na Paris.

Isi rụzuru Marii Kyuri

Anri Bekkerel chọpụtara na 1896 na uranium ogige emit radieshon na-ike-banye n'ime miri. Radieshon Becquerel, n'adịghị oghe V. Roentgen na 1895 afọ, e nwere a n'ihi nke excitation si ụfọdụ mpụga isi iyi. Ọ bụ ihe esịtidem uranium onwunwe. Mary nwere mmasi na nke a onu. Ná mmalite nke 1898, ọ malitere ịmụ ya. The na-eme nchọpụta na-agbalị iji chọpụta ma e nwere ndị ọzọ bekee nwere ikike emit a ụzarị. Na December 1898, Pierre na Mariya Kyuri chọpụtara ọhụrụ abụọ ọcha. Ha a na-akpọ radium na polonium (mgbe Marie n'ala nna nke Poland). Nke a sochiri ọrụ na ha bipụrụ iche na ịmụ ha Njirimara. Na 1910, ya na André Marie Debirnom mata dara radium ya dị ọcha ụdị. N'ihi ya, ọ e dechara afọ 12 gara aga malitere a usoro nke nnyocha.

Laynus Karl Poling

Nwoke a bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu chemists. Nobel Nrite o nwetara na 1954 maka ọmụmụ nke ọdịdị nke chemical nkekọ, nakwa dị ka ya ngwa ikpebi Ọdịdị nke ahụ ogige.

Pauling ndụ afọ - 1901-1994. A mụrụ ya na United States, Oregon (Portland). Dị ka a na-eme nchọpụta Pauling ka ogologo-amụ X-ray crystallography. Ọ na-eche otú ahụ ụzarị gabiga crystal, na e nwere ihe e ji mara ụkpụrụ. On a ọnụ ọgụgụ ya nwere ike ikpebi atọm Ọdịdị nke umi. Iji usoro a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ọdịdị nke nkekọ na benzene na ndị ọzọ na aromatic ogige.

Na 1928 godu Pauling kere hybridization ozizi (resonance) chemical bonding odu ke aromatic ogige. Na 1934, a ọkà mmụta sayensị chere ihu ya n'ebe ndị n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ, karịsịa protein n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ. Ọnụ na Alexander Mirsky o kere ozizi ọrụ na protein Ọdịdị. Ọnụ na Ch Corwell a ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ mmetụta nke oxygen saturation (oxygenation) na magnetik Njirimara nke protein haemoglobin. Na 1942, ndị na-eme nchọpụta bụ ike ịgbanwe chemical Ọdịdị nke globulin (edozi ọbara). Na 1951 godu Pauling na R. Corey bipụtara ọrụ ewepụtara molekụla Ọdịdị nke na-edozi. Ọ bụ n'ihi nke na-arụ ọrụ, nke were afọ 14. Iji X-ray crystallography na-amụ na-edozi na muscle, ntutu isi, ntutu isi, mbọ na ndị ọzọ na anụ ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere otu ihe dị mkpa chọpụtara. Ha chọpụtara na protein n'agbụ nke amino asịd gbagọrọ n'ime a gburugburu. Ọ bụ oké tupu ke n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ.

S. Hinshelwood na Semenov

Eleghị anya ị chọrọ ịma ma ọ bụ a Russian Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n'ime anyị compatriots e nominated maka nke a award, naanị Semenov nwetara ya. Ọnụ na Hinshelwood ọ e ọdịda nke na-agbata n'ọsọ maka ọmụmụ nke usoro nke chemical Jeremaya mere na 1956.

Hinshelwood - British ọkà mmụta sayensị (ndụ afọ - 1897-1967). Isi ọrụ nke ya e jikọtara ya na-amụ yinye Jeremaya mere. Ọ nyochaworo a homogeneous nnwale, nakwa dị ka usoro nke Jeremaya mere, nke a ụdị.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (afọ nke ndụ - 1896-1986) - Russian mmiri ọgwụ na physics mbụ site n'obodo Saratov. The mbụ na nkà mmụta sayensị nsogbu nke na-amasị ya, bụ ionized, haruru. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị, ka ịbụ a mahadum, dere n'isiokwu nke mbụ banyere collisions n'etiti ụmụ irighiri na electrons. Mgbe a mgbe ọ malitere ịmụ ihe nke ukwuu Filiks nke recombination na dissociation. Ọzọkwa, ọ bịara nwee mmasị na akụkụ nke molekụla odide na adsorption nke Alụlụụ aa na a siri ike n'elu. Studies rụrụ ha kwere omume ịchọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti n'elu okpomọkụ na nke odide a rụrụ, na njupụta nke uzuoku. Na 1934, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-bipụtara a akwụkwọ na nke gosiri na a dịgasị iche iche nke Jeremaya mere, gụnyere polymerization, n'ihu site a usoro ma ọ bụ branched yinye Jeremaya mere.

Robert Burns Woodward

All mmeri nke Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu mere a oké onyinye sayensị, ma R. Woodward guzo n'etiti ha. Ya rụzuru ndị dị oké mkpa taa. Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na 1965. Ọ natara ya maka ya onyinye na ubi nke organic njikọ. Afọ ndụ Robert - 1917-1979. A mụrụ ya na US, na US obodo nke Boston, emi odude ke Massachusetts.

The mbụ ihe nweta na ubi nke onwu Woodward mere n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, mgbe ọ nọ na "Polaroid Corporation" ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara. N'ihi na nke agha ya bụ ezughị quinine. Nke a mgbochi ogwu iba ọgwụ na-eji na oghere rụpụta. Woodward na W. Doering, ya otu, na-enwe ngwa ngwa dị ihe na ọkọlọtọ akụrụngwa na-ama mgbe 14 ọnwa nke ọrụ rụrụ njikọ nke quinine.

Mgbe 3 afọ, ya na Schramm, a ọkà mmụta sayensị kere a protein analogue site n'isonyere a ogologo yinye amino acid nkeji. The polypeptides nwetara dị ka a N'ihi nke a, e ji na mmepụta nke ọgwụ nje na sịntetik plastik. Ke adianade do, na ha nyere ha aka, ọ malite-amụ protein metabolism. Woodward 1951 malitere na-arụ ọrụ njikọ nke Steroid. N'etiti ogige-enwetara ndị lanosterol, chlorophyll, reserpine, lysergic acid, vitamin B12, colchicine, prostaglandin F2a. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọtụtụ ndị ogige kwadebere site ya na ndị òtù Institute "Ciba Corporation", onye director ọ bụ, malitere ga-eji na ụlọ ọrụ. Nefalosporin C bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa. Ọgwụ nje ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka penicillin, nke a na-eji megide ibute ọrịa mere site bacteria.

Anyị ndepụta nke aha ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, e ọdịda ya na narị afọ nke 21, ndị Nobel chọr'inwe na onwu ga complemented, nke abụọ afọ iri.

A. Suzuki, Negishi E., R. Heck

Ndị a na-eme nnyocha e ọdịda maka mmepe nke ọhụrụ ụzọ nke interconnecting na carbon atọm iwu mgbagwoju ụmụ irighiri. Ha na-ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry na 2010. Heck, na Negishi - America, na Akira Suzuki - a amaala nke Japan. Nzube ha bụ ihe e kere eke nke mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, anyị na-amụta na organic ogige na-ekewet nke carbon atọm na-etolite na ọkpụkpụ nke molekul. N'ihi na a ogologo oge ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Nsogbu bụ na carbon atọm ndị siri ike ikpokọta na ndị ọzọ atọm. Mkpali akaụntụ, mere nke palladium, jisiri dozie nsogbu a. N'okpuru ihe nke mkpali carbon atọm ígwè emekọ na onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-etolite mgbagwoju organic owuwu. Ndị a Filiks na-amụ na Nobel Chemistry Nrite nke afọ a. Fọrọ nke nta n'otu oge, mmeghachi omume e rụrụ, aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

R. Lefkowitz, M. Karplus, B. Kobilka

Lefkowitz (nọchiri n'elu), Kobilka na Karplus - na nke ahụ bụ ndị na ndibọhọ Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry 2012. Nke a award gara atọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị maka ọmụmụ nke tinyere G-protein tinyere anabata. Robert Lefkowitz - a US nwa amaala onye a mụrụ April 15, 1943 The isi akụkụ nke ya research ọrụ bụ lara bioreceptors ma gbanwee ha n'ókè. Lefkowitz ọtọ atụmatụ kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ihe owuwu ma na usoro nke β-adrenergic anabata na ụdị 2 usoro iwu na-edozi: β-arrestin na GRK-kinez. Nke a ọkà mmụta sayensị na 1980 na ibe rụrụ cloning nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata ọrụ nke β-adrenergic ihe nnabata.

B. Kobilka - abịa site United States. A mụrụ ya na obodo nke Little Falls (Minnesota). Mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke a na-eme nchọpụta Lefkowitz.

Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry 2012 e ọdịda ka M. Karplus. A muru ya na Vienna na 1930. Karplus si a Jewish ezinụlọ, bụ ndị nwere ime ka US agbanahụ mkpagbu si Nazi. Isi ebe nke nnyocha nke ọkà mmụta sayensị ghọrọ a nuclear magnetik spectroscopy, kwantum onwu na kinetics nke chemical n'ibu.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Uorshel

Ka anyị na-atụgharị nke Laureates nke 2013 Nrite. Ọkà mmụta sayensị Karplus (nọchiri n'okpuru), Uorshel Levitt na nwetara ya n'azụ nlereanya nke mgbagwoju chemical usoro.

M. Levitt A mụrụ South Africa ke 1947. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, Michael ezinụlọ kwagara UK. Na London, ọ debara aha na 1967 na Royal College na mgbe gara n'ihu akwụkwọ na University of Cambridge. Ọrụ ya na ndị Laboratory nke molekụla Biology nke University metụtara ihe e kere eke nke ụdị nke atọ akụkụ owuwu nke tRNA. Michael bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere n'ime ụzọ ndị kọmputa ịme ngosi uwe na-amụ dị iche iche owuwu nke protein ụmụ irighiri (ukwuu n'ime ndi na-edozi).

Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry 2013 e ọdịda ka Ari nwekwara Uorshelu. A muru ya na Palestine na 1940. Na 1958-62 gg. o jere ozi na n'usoro nke isi na IDF, na mgbe ahụ malitere ịmụ na Jerusalem Institute. Na 1970-72 gg. ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Weizmann Institute na-akpakọrịta prọfesọ, na 1991 ọ ghọrọ onye na prọfesọ nke usoro ndu na onwu na Southern California. Uorshell-ewere otu nke founders nke mgbakọ enzymology - ngalaba nke usoro ndu. Ọ na-amụ ihe owuwu ma na catalytic usoro nke ihe, na ihe owuwu nke enzyme molekul.

Kjell S., E. na W. Eric Betzig Merner

Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry 2014 e ọdịda Merner, Eric Betzig na Helle. Ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kere ọhụrụ ụzọ nke Microscopy n'ofè ike maara anyị a ìhè mikroskopu. Ha na-arụpụta-ekwe ka anyị tụlee otú ndị ụmụ irighiri n'ime sel nke ndu eme ntule. Ka ihe atụ, site na ndị a ụzọ na ọ bụ ike iji nyochaa nke omume nke ndi na-edozi ahụ maka omume nke ọrịa Parkinson na Alzheimer. Ugbu a, ndị nnyocha nke ndị a ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a na-eji na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.

Kjell mụrụ na 1962 na Romania. Ọ bụ a nwa amaala nke Germany taa. Erik Bettsig mụrụ na 1960 na Michigan. Uilyam Merner mụrụ n'afọ 1953 na California.

Hell kemgbe 1990s na-arụ ọrụ na STED-Microscopy na n'amaghi emission dara mbà n'obi. The mbụ laser e ụtọ na ya ruo mgbe fluorescent ìhè, ahụrụ site erite. Ọzọ laser na-eji iji melite mkpebi nke ngwaọrụ. Merner na Eric Betzig, Helle ibe, na-egosipụta onwe ha ha nnyocha, tọrọ ntọala maka ọzọ ụdị Microscopy. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere otu-molekul Microscopy.

T. Lindahl, P. Modric na Aziz Sanjar

Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry 2015 e ọdịda na Swede Lindahl, American Modric na Turk Sanjar. Ọkà mmụta sayensị kewara ụgwọ ọrụ n'etiti onwe ha, onwe ha na-akọwa na-akọwa usoro site nke mkpụrụ ndụ "ịrụzi" DNA ma na-echebe site na mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ozi. Nke ahụ bụ ihe ọ na e ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry na 2015.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na 1960, kwenyesiri ike na ndị a na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị nnọọ inogide na ndụ na-anọgide na ọ fọrọ nke nta na-agbanweghi agbanwe. -Arụ ya nnyocha na Karolinska Institute, a biochemist Lindahl (mụrụ na 1938) egosila na ihe dị iche iche ntụpọ akpọkọtara na DNA. Nke a pụtara na a ga-eke usoro site nke "idozi" na DNA ụmụ irighiri. Lindahl ke 1974 hụrụ ihe enzyme nke eliminates mebiri emebi agakọta nke ha. Na 1980-90s ọkà mmụta, bụ ndị na-akpali ndị na oge UK gosiri otú glycosylases. Nke a pụrụ iche otu nke enzymes mepụta ọrụ nzọụkwụ mbụ nke DNA idozi. Scientific ike mụta nwa na laabu usoro (na-akpọ "excision idozi").

Kwesịrị ntị, na ndị ọzọ na Laureates Ekwueala na Chemistry 2015 Nobel Nrite. Aziz Sanjar mụrụ 1946 na Turkey. Ọ natara ya ọgwụ ruo n'ókè na Istanbul, mgbe ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ nke ime obodo dọkịta. Otú ọ dị, na 1973, Aziz bịara nwee mmasị na n'ihi mmiri ọgwụ. Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị jukwara ya anya na bacteria mgbe na-anata a dose of ultraviolet radieshon, na-egbu egbu ha, ngwa ngwa weghachi ike ha, ma ọ bụrụ na rụrụ irradiation na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nso nke anya nso. Ugbua na laabu Texas Sanjar mata na cloned a site n'usoro nke enzyme, nke bụ maka mkpochapu n'ihi mmebi si ultraviolet (photolyase). Nke a chọpụtara na 1970, emeghị ka mmasị dị ukwuu mahadum nke America, na ọkà mmụta sayensị gara Yale. Ọ bụ ebe a na ọ kọwara ihe nke abụọ usoro "idozi" mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe ha e kpughere ultraviolet ìhè.

Pol Modrich (mụrụ 1946) a mụrụ na United States (New Mexico). Ọ hụrụ a usoro nke usoro nke cell nkewa agbazi njehie-idem ke DNA na fission usoro.

Ya mere, anyị na-ama mara ndị na ndibọhọ Nobel chọr'inwe na Chemistry na 2015. Anyị nwere ike na maa onye ga-asọpụrụ na a award ke ọzọ, ke 2016. Olileanya, n'ọdịnihu dị nso na-anọrọ na Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị, na a ga-ọhụrụ Nobel Chemistry Nrite nke Russia.