Nobel na-agbata n'ọsọ nke e ji amụ: ndepụta. Nobel Literature Nrite nke USSR na Russia

The Nobel Nrite guzobere industrialist, nchepụta na chemical engineer si Sweden, Alfred Nobel, na na-aha ya bụ na ya nsọpụrụ. Ọ na-atụle ihe ndị kasị prestigious na ụwa. Laureates enweta a nrite ọlaedo, nke na-egosi AB Nobel ubre na a ego maka a buru ibu. Nke ikpeazụ na-emi esịnede uru size, nke na-enweta ihe Nobel Foundation. Na 1895, Alfred Nobel mere uche ya, nke isi obodo ya nọ na-enịm ke agbụ, ebuka na mgbazinye ego. Income na-eme ka ndị a ego n'afọ ọ bụla a na-ekewa dokwara n'ime ise n'akụkụ na-aghọ a na-agbata n'ọsọ nke rụzuru na ise ebe: onwu, physics, physiology ma ọ bụ nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ndị e ji amụ na-eme iji na-akwalite udo.

The mbụ Nobel Nrite maka Literature e ọdịda 10 December 1901, na ebe ọ bụ na e nyere kwa afọ na ụbọchị a, bụ ụbọchị ncheta nke Nobel ọnwụ. Awarding nke ndị mmeri na-ewe ebe Stockholm site Swedish eze. Mgbe na-anata award nke Nobel Nrite maka Literature Laureates nwere 6 ọnwa ga-ekwu okwu na isiokwu nke ọrụ ha. Nke a bụ ihe dị oké ọnọdụ maka anata award.

The mkpebi banyere onye na-ọdịda nke Nobel chọr'inwe na Literature, ndị Swedish Academy anata, dabere na Stockholm, nakwa dị ka Nobel kọmitii onwe ya, nke na-agụ nanị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-achọ ịbata, na-enweghị banyere ha aha ha. The usoro onwe ya bụ oke nke nkewa, nke na-akpata mgbe ụfọdụ iwe na-akatọ na-akatọ-azọrọ na na award e nyere maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihe kama maka edemede rụzuru. Isi okwu, nke a na-nyere na-egosi - na emebiwo adịchaghị Nabokov, Tolstoy, Bohres Joyce. Otú ọ dị, ndepụta ndị dere natara ka mmasị. Of Russian Nobel chọr'inwe-eto eto maka Literature Nrite - ise dere. Mụta ihe banyere onye ọ bụla n'ime ha, na-ahụ n'okpuru ebe a.

The Nobel chọr'inwe na Literature 2014 e ọdịda 107 ugboro, ọ bụ Patrick Modiano, French onye edemede na screenwriter. Ya bụ, ebe ọ bụ na 1901, ndị nwe Awards 111 dere (n'ihi ugboro anọ ọ e ọdịda nke mmadụ abụọ n'otu oge).

Depụta niile mmeri ma mara onye ọ bụla n'ime ha - na ọ bụ nnọọ ogologo oge. The kasị ama na gara Nobel Nrite maka akwụkwọ na ọrụ ha na-awa gị anya.

1. William Golding, 1983

William Golding natara award maka ya a ma ama akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke na ya na-arụ ọrụ, e nwere 12. The kasị mma-mara, "Onyenwe nke ijiji" na "The nketa" bụ n'etiti ndị kasị mma-ere akwụkwọ ndị e dere site na Nobel Laureates. Nchụàjà "Onyenwe ijiji", wepụtara na 1954, me mba ama ka onye edemede. Nkatọ na mgbe ya tụnyere nchụàjà "The nwuchi na rye" by JD Salinger ogo ya mkpa maka mmepe nke akwụkwọ e ji amụ na dịkọrọ ndụ echiche n'ozuzu.

2. Toni Morrison, 1993

Nobel Nrite akwụkwọ - bụghị nanị ndị ikom kamakwa ndị inyom. Ndị a gụnyere Toni Morrison. Nke a American dere mụrụ na a na-arụ ọrụ na klas na ezinụlọ Ohio. Idebanye aha na Howard University, ebe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ na asụsụ Bekee, ọ malitere ide ya ọrụ. The mbụ akwụkwọ, "The Bluest Eye" (1970), na e dere na ndabere nke a akụkọ mere ya maka mahadum gburugburu nke ndị so dee. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ewu ewu ọrụ nke Toni Morrison. Ọzọ nke ya akwụkwọ, "Sula," bipụtara na 1975, e nominated maka National Book Award na United States.

3. Dzhon Steynbek, 1962

Steinbeck kasị ama ọrụ - "East of Eden," "The Mkpụrụ vaịn nke Ọnụma," "Of Oke na Men." Na 1939, ndị nchụàjà "The Mkpụrụ vaịn nke Ọnụma" ghọrọ a bestseller, na-ere n'elu 50,000 mbipụta, na taa na ha ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ karịa 75 nde. Ruo afọ 1962, onye dere ya na-nominated maka award ugboro asatọ, na o chere na ya onwe ya na-erughị eru nke ndị dị otú enọ. Na ọtụtụ US na-akatọ kwuru na ya mgbe e mesịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ ihe na-adịghị ike karịa aga, na zara ezighị banyere ememe a. Na 2013, mgbe ha na-declassified ụfọdụ akwụkwọ nke Swedish Academy (nke na-na-a anya na-eche nche na nzuzo ruo afọ 50), o doro anya na onye dere ya na ọdịda n'ihi na ọ bụ na a na afọ "kasị mma na ihe ọjọọ ụlọ ọrụ."

4. Ernest Hemingway, 1954

Nke a dere ya bụ onye nke itoolu award mmeri maka akwụkwọ, nke ọ e ọdịda bụghị n'ihi ọrụ dị ka a dum na maka kpọmkwem ngwaahịa, ya bụ nchụàjà "The Old Man na oké osimiri." Ọ bụ a na-arụ ọrụ mbụ e bipụtara na 1952, me ka onye so dee na-esonụ, 1953, na ọzọ prestigious award - na Pulitzer Nrite.

N'otu afọ na Nobel kọmitii Hemingway esịne ke ndepụta na-aga ime, ma-eto eto nke na-award ghọrọ n'oge ahụ, Winston Churchill, onye site na oge ama tụgharịa afọ 79, ọ nọ na ya mere kpebiri na ha agaghị n'ihu na award nke Nrite. Na Ernest Hemingway bụ kwesịrị eto eto, nke award ke ọzọ, na 1954.

5. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, 1982

Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 1982, gụnyere ke nọmba nke Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ dere si Colombia onye ọdịda nke Swedish Academy. Ya akwụkwọ, otu nke anyị kwesịrị mata "Chronicle nke a Death buru n'amụma na", "n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Onyeisi" nakwa "Ịhụnanya na Time of ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọnyụnyụ," ghọrọ ndị kasị mma-ere ọrụ e dere na Spanish, na ya mere eme. Nchụàjà "Otu Narị Afọ nke Ịnọrọ Onwe" (1967), nke bụ ihe ọzọ Nobel chọr'inwe-eto eto, Pablo Neruda, kpọrọ kasị ukwuu mgbe Cervantes ' "Don Quixote" akwụkwọ e kere eke na Spanish, a sụgharịrị karịa 25 asụsụ, na izugbe mgbasa nke ngwaahịa bụ karịa 50 nde.

6. Semyuel Bekket, 1969

Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 1969, e ọdịda ka Samuel Beckett. The Irish dere bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ama nnọchianya nke modernism. Ọ bụ ya na-ike, ha na Ezhenom Ionesku tọrọ ntọala ma ama "nkiri nke uche na-adịghị." Semyuel Bekket dere ọrụ ya na asụsụ abụọ - English na French. The kasị ama na nwa nke ya pen bụ play "Ichere maka Godot", dere na French. Na-arụ ọrụ na-esonụ ibé. Isi odide ofụri play anya nke a Godot, nke kwesịrị ime ka ụfọdụ uche na ịdị adị ha. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-apụta, otú onye na-agụ ma ọ bụ na-ekiri nwere ikpebi na ọ bụ maka image.

Beckett obi ụtọ nke na-akpọ Chess, ụtọ ịga nke ọma na ndị inyom, ma duru a kama zoro ezo ndụ. Ọbụna abịa ememe, ọ na-ekweta na Nobel Nrite, eziga n'ọnọdu ya ya nkwusa Jerome Lindon.

7. Uilyam Folkner, 1949

Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 1949, gara William Faulkner. Ọ na-na mbụ jụrụ gaa Stockholm maka award, ma n'ikpeazụ, ọ mekwara nwa ya. US President Dzhon Kennedi kpọọ ya òkù ka a nri abalị haziri na nsọpụrụ nke Nobel Nrite. Otú ọ dị, Faulkner, ndụ ya weere onwe ya "onye edemede na onye ọrụ ugbo", na ya onwe ya kwuru, ka jụrụ ịnakwere òkù, na-ezo aka nká.

The kasị ama na-ewu ewu akwụkwọ akụkọ nke na-ede akwụkwọ bụ "Sound na oké iwe" na "Ka m na-Kpakọọrọ ịnwụ." Ma ịga nke ọma nke ndị a na-abịa ozugbo, ruo ogologo oge, ha na o siri ike na-ere. Nchụàjà "The Sound na oké iwe," nke e bipụtara na 1929, na nke mbụ 16 afọ ke n'akwụkwọ e rere a nrugharị puku atọ mbipụta. Otú ọ dị, na 1949, na oge nke nnata nke Nobel Nrite-ede akwụkwọ, a akwụkwọ kemgbe a nlereanya nke oge gboo akwụkwọ nke America.

Na 2012 na UK wee si a mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ọrụ a, nke na ederede e biri ebi na 14 dị iche iche na agba, na e mere na arịrịọ nke onye dere na-agụ na-achọpụta dị iche iche mgbe ụgbọ elu. Limited mbipụta akwụkwọ dịrị naanị 1.480 mbipụta na rere ozugbo tọhapụ. Ugbu a na-eri nke a obere akwụkwọ mbipụta na-eme atụmatụ na ihe 115 puku rubles.

8. Doris Lessing, 2007

Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 2007, e ọdịda ka Doris Lessing. Nke a so dee na-ede uri si UK natara ihe award na afọ 88 afọ na ghọrọ onye nwe ya. Ọ ghọkwara nke iri na otu nwaanyị (13), ndibọhọ Nobel Nrite.

Lessing enweghị nnukwu ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-akatọ ebe ọ adịkarịghị dere na isiokwu metụtara ịpị na-elekọta mmadụ okwu, ọ na-emekarị ọbụna na-akpọ okwu nduhie Sufi ozizi, na-ekwusa renunciation nke ụwa ihe. Otú ọ dị, dị ka magazine The Times, a na-ede na-ewe nke ise ebe ke ndepụta nke 50 kasị ukwuu British dere, bipụtara mgbe 1945.

The kasị ewu ewu na-arụ ọrụ nke Doris Lessing atụle nchụàjà "The Golden Akwụkwọ ịde", wepụtara na 1962. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ọ na samples nke oge gboo feminist prose, ma n'ezie bụ onye so dee na echiche a na-ekwetaghị.

9. Alber Kamyu 1957

Nobel Nrite maka Literature, na natara French dere. Otu n'ime ha, bụ onye dere, odeakụkọ, na-ede edemede, nke Algerie si malite, Alber Kamyu, bụ a "Western akọ na uche." Ya kasị ama ọrụ na-ebipụta na 1942, na France, akụkọ "The Jụrụ Ajụ". English translation, ahịa malitere e mere na 1946, na-ama na a afọ ole na ole, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbipụta rere ihe karịrị 3.5 nde.

Albera Kamyu mgbe kwuru na dị ka ndị nnọchianya nke existentialism, ma ọ bụghị na-ekweta na nke a na-ike-agọ dị otú ahụ a definition. Ya mere, na a okwu na Nobel Nrite, o kwuru na ya na-arụ ọrụ chọrọ ka "zere oké ụgha na iguzogide mmegbu."

10. Elis Manro, 2013

Na 2013, ndị nominees nke Nobel Nrite akwụkwọ gụnyere ya ndepụta Elis Manro. Nnọchiteanya nke Canada, a novellistka ama na genre nke obere akụkọ. Dee ha, ọ malitere n'oge, na-eto eto, Otú ọ dị, nke mbụ collection of ya na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha nke "obi ụtọ na-agba egwú nke onyinyo" e bipụtara na 1968, mgbe ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ama tụgharịa 37 afọ. Na 1971 pụtara ọzọ collection, "ndụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị inyom," nke na-akatọ ndị na-akpọ "akwụkwọ nke mmụta". Ya ọzọ edemede ọrụ gụnyere akwụkwọ: "Ònye ka ị bụ, n'ezie, nke ahụ bụ?" "The agba ọsọ ndụ," "Eyeneka Satellites", "Ukwuu obi ụtọ." Dị ka otu onye nke collections, "The ịkpọasị, na enyi, mbedo, ịhụnanya, alụmdi na nwunye," nke e bipụtara na 2001, gara ọbụna a Canadian film na-akpọ "si n'ebe ahụ", gwara site Sara Polli. Kasị ewu ewu na akwụkwọ nke na-ede akwụkwọ na-ewere na "Road of Life", bipụtara na 2012.

Munro a na-akpọkarị "Canadian Chekhov", dị ka ndị na uwe ndị a so dee myiri. Dị ka Russian dere, ọ e ji psychological nsiridi ma doo anya.

Nobel Literature Nrite nke Russia

Iji ụbọchị, ejiri nke na award ise Russian dere. Nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ Laureate I. A. Bunin.

1. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, 1933

Ọ bụ a maara nke ọma Russian edemede na-ede uri, a nna ukwu nke ezi uche prose, bụ ihe ùgwù so na St. Petersburg Academy nke Sciences. Na 1920, Ivan kwaga ka France, na mgbe na-enye ndị award kwuru na Swedish Academy ihe ndị ọ gbasoro, awarding edemede-onye iji. Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-aga ime e depụtara na ọzọ Russian dere, Maxim Gorky Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi na-wepụtara na-ebipụta site n'oge akwụkwọ bụ "The Life of Arseniev" tipped na akpịrịkpa ka kwupụta Ivan maka nke a afọ award.

First poems Bunin malitere ede na afọ 7-8 afọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị si ya a ma ama ọrụ: nchụàjà "The Village", a collection of "Suhodol", akwụkwọ "John Rydalets", "The nwa amadi si San Francisco", wdg Na 20s na e dere ha. "Rose Jeriko" (1924) na " sonstroku "(1927). Na na 1943 ọ bịara ìhè n'elu creativity nke Ivan Alexandrovich, a collection of akụkọ "Dark Alleys". Akwụkwọ a raara nye nanị otu isiokwu - hụrụ ya n'anya "ọchịchịrị" na n'ọchịchịrị akụkụ, dị ka akwụkwọ dere n'otu n'ime akwụkwọ ozi ya.

2. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, 1958

Nobel Nrite maka Literature si Russia na 1958 gụnyere ya ndepụta Borisa Leonidovicha Pasternaka. The na-ede uri e ọdịda nke na-agbata n'ọsọ na a siri ike. Ọ na-amanye hapụ ya n'okpuru iyi egwu nke-Russian njikọ. Otú ọ dị, Nobel Committee kọwara odida nke Pasternak ka a amanye, na 1989, enyefere a nrite na a ubre mgbe onye dere ọnwụ nwa ya. Onye ama ama nke nchụàjà "Doctor Zhivago" bụ ezi nkà testament Pasternak. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ e dere na 1955. Alber Kamyu, malite na 1957, kwuru, sị a akwụkwọ na mmasi.

3. Mihail Aleksandrovich Sholohov, 1965

Na 1965 M. A. Sholohovu e ọdịda nke Nobel Nrite maka Literature. Russia ugboro ọzọ gosiri na ụwa na o nwere nkà dere. Malitere edemede ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke nsiridi, na-egosi oké emegiderịta nke ndụ, Sholokhov Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ọrụ na-weghaara socialist okwukwo. N'oge Nobel Mihail Aleksandrovich okwu Nrite, nke kwuru na ihe odide ya chọọ ito "mba ọrụ, na-ewu ụlọ na ndị dike."

Na 1926 ọ malitere isi nchụàjà "na nke dị jụụ aga ndị Don", na dechara ya na 1940, ogologo oge tupu ya e ọdịda nke Nobel Nrite maka Literature. Sholokhov na ọrụ bipụtara iberibe, gụnyere "Jụụ aga ndị Don". Na 1928, ekele na akụkụ na-akwalite A. S. Serafimovicha, a enyi nke Michael, pịa nwere akụkụ mbụ. Nke a bụ nke abụọ olu e bipụtara n'afọ na-esonụ. The atọ e bipụtara afọ 1932-1933, nwere, na enyem-aka na nkwado nke Gorky. The anọ na ndị ikpeazụ, na e bipụtara na 1940. Nke a akwụkwọ dị nnọọ mkpa maka Russian, na maka ụwa akwụkwọ. Ọ a sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, ọ ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka ama opera Ivana Dzerzhinskogo, nakwa dị ka ọtụtụ egwuregwu nwetara na fim.

Ụfọdụ, Otú ọ dị, ebubo nke plagiarism Sholokhov (gụnyere A. I. Solzhenitsyn), na-ewere na a ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ e rewritten si odide F. D. Kryukova, a Cossack dere. Ndị nnyocha ndị ọzọ nwere enen chepụtara nke Sholokhov.

Tụkwasị na nke a na-arụ ọrụ, kere na Sholokhov "Virgin Ala Upturned" na 1932, a na-arụ ọrụ narrating akụkọ ihe mere eme nke collectivization na Cossack gburugburu ebe obibi. Ke 1955 wee akpa isi nke abụọ olu, na kwuchara ikpeazụ ná mmalite 1960.

atọ akwụkwọ e bipụtara ke mbubreyo 1942, "Ha lụrụ ọgụ maka mba ha."

4. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, 1970

The Nobel chọr'inwe na Literature na 1970, e ọdịda ka A. I. Solzhenitsynu. Aleksandr Isaevich nabatara ya, ọ ma na ememme ịga agaghị anwa anwa, n'ihi na ọ turu egwu Soviet ọchịchị, nke na-ewere mkpebi nke Nobel Committee dị ka "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọjọọ." Solzhenitsyn-atụ egwu na ọ na-apụghị laghachi n'ụlọ mgbe njem a, ọ bụ ezie na Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 1970, o nwetara, ịkpọlite ugwu nke mba anyị. Na ọrụ ya, ọ metu nkọ socio-ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ifịk ifịk buso ọchịchị Kọmunist na ya echiche na atumatu nke Soviet ike.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị isi ọrụ nke Aleksandra Isaevicha Solzhenitsyna agụnye: "Otu ụbọchị Ivana Denisovicha" (1962), akụkọ "Matryona", nchụàjà "The First gburugburu" (dere si 1955 na 1968), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1964-1970). The mbụ e bipụtara na-arụ ọrụ bụ obere akụkọ "One Day na Ivana Denisovicha", nke pụtara na magazine "New World". Akwụkwọ a kpaliri oké mmasị na ọtụtụ Ibọrọ si na-agụ akwụkwọ, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na onye dere ike "The Gulag Archipelago." Na 1964, akpa mbụk Aleksandra Isaevicha e ọdịda nke Lenin Nrite.

Otú ọ dị, a afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ tụfuru ọnọdụ nke Soviet ọchịchị, na ọrụ ya iwu na-ebipụta. Ya nchụàjà "The Gulag Archipelago", "The First gburugburu" na "Cancer Ward" e bipụtara ná mba ọzọ, n'ihi na nke na 1974 onye dere ya na-efunahụ nke ụmụ amaala, na ọ na-amanye ka iga njem. Naanị afọ 20 gasịrị, ọ bụ ike na-alaghachi n'ụlọ. Na 2001-2002, e nwere ọrụ dị ukwuu nke Solzhenitsyn si "narị afọ abụọ Ọnụ". Aleksandr Isaevich nwụrụ na 2008.

5. Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 1987

Ejiri nke na Nobel Nrite maka Literature na 1987, sonyeere n'ohu I. A. Brodskim. Na 1972, onye dere ya na-amanye ka iga njem na US, otú n'ụwa akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ọbụna kpọrọ ya American. Otu n'ime ihe ndị so dee bụ ndị natara Nobel Nrite, ọ bụ ya bụ ọdụdụ nwa. Ya lyrics, ọ conceptualized ụwa dị ka a na omenala na metaphysical kwadoro, na-egosi na mmachi nghọta nke mmadụ dị ka isiokwu nke ihe ọmụma.

Iosif Aleksandrovich dere ọ bụghị nanị na Russian kamakwa English uri, edemede, edemede nkatọ. Ozugbo akwụkwọ na West nke ya akwụkwọ mbụ, na 1965, Brodsky wee mba ama. N'etiti ndị kasị mma akwụkwọ nke na-ede akwụkwọ bụ: "ebe ugbommiri na-ekedo enweghị ngwọta", "Part Okwu", "Landscape na a iju mmiri ahụ," "The End of a Beautiful Era", "Kwụsị na desert" na ndị ọzọ.