Oil - mineral. Oil ego na ya. mmanụ

Oil - onye nke ụwa kasị mkpa mineral (hydrocarbon mmanụ ụgbọala). Ọ bụ akụrụngwa n'ihi na mmepụta nke fuels na lubricants na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya e ji mara ọchịchịrị na agba na nke dị oké mkpa maka zuru ụwa ọnụ mmanụ aku na uba (minerals) utu aha nwa gold.

Isi

Sị na umi a kpụrụ ọnụ na ụdị gaseous hydrocarbons na ụfọdụ omimi (ukwuu n'ime 1.2 2 km).

Karịa ego nke mmanụ ọdọ na-ewekarị na a omimi nke 1 3 km. umi na-aghọ oké Malta Near ụwa elu, semisolid korota na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ (e.g., tar ájá).

Dị ka distinctiveness nke si na chemical mejupụtara nke mmanụ, a foto na-adade ke ibuotikọ, yiri eke combustible, haruru, nakwa dị ka ozokerite na-agbanye. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị a niile fosil fuels na-jikọtara n'okpuru otu aha - petrolytes. Ma ha bụ ndị nke a wider otu - caustobioliths. Ha na-combustible minerals nke biogenic okike.

Gụnyere na otu a na mineral ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka peat, shale, bituminous na aja aja na icheku, Anthracite. Site ike igbari ke organic mmiri nke ụdị (chloroform, carbon disulfide, mmanya-benzene ngwakọta) mmanụ, dị ka ndị ọzọ petrolytes na bekee wepụ data solvents si peat, coal ma ọ bụ a nụchara anụcha ngwaahịa na-ezo dị ka bitumen.

na ojiji nke

Ugbu a, 48% of iwesa ike na mbara ala dara ke mmanụ (ịnweta ego). Ọ bụ a pụtara bụ eziokwu.

Mmanụ (minerals) - isi iyi nke ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-eji dị iche iche na ndi n'oge mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ, lubricants, polymeric emep uta eri, colorants, solvents na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ.

Oil oriri ibu emewo ka elu ahịa maka ya, na ndi-gradual gwụrụ nke ịnweta ego. Nke a na-ewelite ajụjụ banyere ntughari ka ọzọ ume na isi mmalite.

Physical Description

Mmanụ bụ a mmiri mmiri nke ìhè aja aja na ọchịchịrị aja aja (fọrọ nke nta nwa) na agba. Mgbe ụfọdụ, e nwere emerald-green ụdị. Nkezi molekụla arọ nke mmanụ bụ site 220 na 300 g / mol. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a oke dịgasị ke nso site na 450 na 470 g / mol. Egosi ya njupụta na-kpebisiri ike na ebe 0,65-1,05 (tumadi 0,82-0,95) g / cm³. Na nke a, mmanụ a na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị. Ya bụ:

• Easy. Njupụta - erughị 0,83 g / cm³.
• Nkezi. njupụta ngosi na nke a - na mpaghara si 0,831 na 0,860 g / cm³.
• Arọ. Njupụta - karịrị 0,860 g / cm³.

Nke a ihe onwunwe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche organic bekee. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, eke mmanụ e ji bụghị site n'ọchịchọ nke ya esi ebe, na na mbụ larịị nke na-egosi na mmiri mmiri hydrocarbons. Ihe ọ bụ> 28 ° C, na mgbe ụfọdụ ≥100 ° C (na ikpe nke arọ mmanụ).

Viscosity nke umi dịgasị n'ime a dịgasị iche iche (si 1,98 ka 265,9 mm² / s). Ọ na-ekpebisi ike site na mmanụ fractional mejupụtara na ya okpomọkụ. The elu okpomọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ìhè fractions, mmanụ viscosity n'okpuru. Ọzọkwa, a na-kpatara ọnụnọ nke bekee ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka resin-asphaltene. Nke ahụ bụ karịa ha, na elu na-viscosity nke mmanụ.

The kpọmkwem okpomọkụ nke umi - 1.7-2.1 King James Version / (n'arọ ∙ K). Oke kpọmkwem okpomọkụ nke combustion bụ dịtụ ala - si 43,7 na 46,2 MJ / n'arọ. The dielectric mgbe nile mmanụ - si 2 to 2,5, na ya conductivity - si 2 to 0.3 ∙ 10-10 ∙ 10-18 ∙ ohm-1 cm-1.

Oil, nke ọkọnọ a foto ke ibuotikọ, bụ a flammable mmiri mmiri. Ọ na-agbaji na okpomọkụ nke si -35 ka +120 Celsius C. Ọ na-adabere ya fractional mejupụtara na ọdịnaya nke etisasịwo, haruru.

The mmanụ (mmanụ ụgbọala) na nkịtị ọnọdụ anaghị igbari na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ike nke na-akpụ anụ emulsions na ọmụmụ. Soluble mmanụ ụfọdụ bekee. Nke a na-eme na-eji ihe organic mgbaze ụdị. Iji ikewapụ mmanụ site na mmiri na nnu a rụrụ ụfọdụ omume. Ha dị nnọọ mkpa na usoro. Nke a desalting na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

Description nke chemical mejupụtara

Na igosipụta isiokwu a ga-gaa na akaụntụ niile atụmatụ nke umi na ajụjụ. Ọ bụ a ofụri ofụri, hydrocarbon mmanụ na elemental ikwọ. Ọzọ, anya na onye ọ bụla nke ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

The n'ozuzu mejupụtara

Natural mmanu ndi mere onwe mmanụ bụ a ngwakọta nke banyere 1000 bekee nke dị iche iche agwa. The isi mmiri na-na-esonụ:

• Liquid hydrocarbons. Ọ bụ 80-90% site na ibu ibu.
• Heteroatomic organic ogige (4-5%). N'ime ndị a, na-adịkwaghị sọlfọ, oxygen na nitrogen.
• Organometallic ogige (tumadi nickel na vanadium).
• The etisasịwo hydrocarbon, haruru dị ka (C1-C4, si a ole na ole otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri ruo pasent 4).
• Mmiri (site metụtara 10%).
• ịnweta salts. Ukwuu n'ime chlorides. 0,1-4000 mg / l na elu.
• Solutions nke salts nke organic asịd na n'ibu adịghị (ahụ nke ụrọ, na nkume nzu, ájá).

hydrocarbon mejupụtara

Ọwọrọ paraffinic mmanụ nwere a (na-emekarị 30-35 adịkarịghị - 40-50% nke ngụkọta) na naphthenic (25-75%) ogige. Iji a nta ruo n'ókè aromatic ogige chee. Ha ogide 10-20%, na ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ - 35%. Nke a na-emetụta àgwà nke mmanụ. -Esịne ke umi na ajụjụ compound weere ma ọ bụ ngwakọ Ọdịdị. Ka ihe atụ, aromatic na naphthene-paraffinic.

Heteroatomic mmiri na nkọwa nke elemental mejupụtara nke mmanụ

Ọnụ na hydrocarbons na ngwaahịa ndị bekee na ọcha atọm (mercaptans na monosulfides di-, thiophane na thiophenes na ọbụna polycyclic na ka). Ha budata emetụta àgwà nke mmanụ.

Na-na mmanụ ndị bekee nwere nitrogen. Ọ ihu ọma homologs indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. Ha na-lekwasị ukwuu n'ime ke residues na arọ fractions.

The mejupụtara agụnye oxygenates mmanụ (naphthenic acid, resinous-asphaltene, phenols na ndị ọzọ na bekee). Ha na-na-na ụmụ irighiri ihe nke a elu ụdị.

Total mmanụ dị na ihe karịrị 50 ọcha. Ọnụ na kwuru bekee ugbu ke ngwaahịa V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), cl (site metụtara ruo 2 ∙ 10-2%) na na. Ọdịnaya nke ndị a adịghị na ngwaọrụ na ogige nke niile kwere omume ubi dịgasị n'ime obosara ókè. N'ihi ya, na-ekwu banyere mmanụ chemical mejupụtara nkezi na e nwere nanị dabere.

Ka àkù na nkewa site na mejupụtara nke hydrocarbons?

Na nke a, e nwere ndị ụfọdụ ibiere. Share echiche na mmanụ hydrocarbon klas. E kwesịrị ọ dịghị ihe karịrị 50%. Ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime klas nke hydrocarbons bụ ihe na-erughị 25%, nke natara mmanụ mbuaha ụdị - naphthene-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthene-aromatic, aromatic, naphthenic, na aromatic methano-aromatic-methane. A mbụ akụrụngwa ha nwere karịa 25%, na nke abụọ - ukwuu karịa 50%.

-Esi mmanụ ala bụghị etinyere. N'ihi nyochawa bara uru ngwaahịa (tumadi moto mmanụ ụgbọala, ngwaọrụ maka chemical ụlọ ọrụ, solvents) ọ na-esichara.

Ụzọ nke ngwaahịa research

Àgwà nke umi inyocha iji họrọ kacha kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ò atụmatụ nke ya nhazi. Nke a na-eme iji mgbagwoju ụzọ: chemical, anụ ahụ, na pụrụ iche.

General e ji mara mmanụ - viscosity, njupụta, wụsa ebe ndị ọzọ physico-chemical kwa, dị ka nke ọma dị ka etisasịwo gas mejupụtara na pasent resin ọdịnaya, paraffin wax na resinous-asphaltene ogige.

The isi ụkpụrụ nke nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụ mmanụ abịa ala jikọta usoro nke nkewa nke ụfọdụ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe simplification nke mejupụtara nke ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe. Ha na-ahụ nyochara na ụdị nile nke anụ ahụ na nke chemical ụzọ. The kasị ụzọ nke na-ekpebi a bụ isi mmanụ nta mejupụtara dị iche iche na iche nke distillation (distillation) na rectification.

Dị ka ihe nhọrọ na warara (nso esi 10-20 ° C) na dum (50-100 ° C) nta, na-wuru usoro (TIC) nke ezi esi okpomọkụ nke umi. Na-ahụ rụrụ guzosie nwere nke onye content ọcha, mmanụ ala na ngwaahịa na ha mmiri (kerosinogazoylevyh, mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ distillates, dizel na mmanụ ụgbọala mmanụ na tars), hydrocarbon mejupụtara, nakwa dị ka ndị ọzọ nnweta chemical na n'ụzọ anụ ahụ e ji mara.

The distillation a rụrụ na ot distillation ngwa. Ha na-n'ụzọ na a fractionating kọlụm. Na nke a pogonorazdelitelnaya ikike kwekọrọ 20-22 n'ọnụ efere iberibe.

Ụmụ irighiri ihe na-kọwara dị ka a n'ihi nke esi, mgbe iche n'ime mmiri. Mgbe ahụ, site na iji a dịgasị iche iche nke usoro rụrụ iji chọpụta ha ọdịnaya na ka Njirimara. Dị ka ụzọ nke ngosipụta nke mmanụ mejupụtara na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị iche ya na otu, onye, ìgwè nke structurally na elemental nyochara.

Mgbe ìgwè na-ekpebisi ike iche iche nyochasịrị ọdịnaya nke naphthenic, paraffinic, na aromatic mbuaha hydrocarbon.

Mgbe structurally otu analysis of hydrocarbon mmanụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị mejupụtara na a kọwara dị ka nkezi ọdịnaya nke naphthenic, aromatics na ndị ọzọ na cyclic akụkụ, nakwa dị ka paraffinic n'agbụ ọcha. Na nke a, a onye ọzọ nzọụkwụ - ngụkọta oge nke ikwu ego nke hydrocarbon na naphthene, paraffin, na Arenas.

Ejikọ hydrocarbon mejupụtara kpebisiri maka petrol na gas fractions. Mgbe elemental analysis of mmanụ mejupụtara owụt ego (pasent) C, O, S, H, N na micronutrients.

Isi usoro nke kewara aromatics si naphthenic na paraffinic na nkewa na arenes bụ monocyclic na poly- mmiri mmiri adsorption chromatography. A absorber na nke a na-eje ozi dị ka a kpọmkwem mmewere - abụọ sorbent.

The mejupụtara nke hydrocarbon mmanụ multicomponent mixtures sara mbara ma dị warara gbalaga ejikari decrypted site a Nchikota chromatography (mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ gas na-adọ), na adsorption ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nkewa ụzọ na spektral na uka spectrometric ụzọ ọmụmụ.

Ka ụwa na e nwere ọchịchọ n'ihu ezumike usoro dị ka mmepe nke mmanụ, ọ na-aghọ oké mkpa zuru ezu analysis (karịsịa elu-esi na mmapụta ngwaahịa - tars na arọ mmanụ mmanụ).

The isi mmanụ ubi na Russia

Na ókèala nke Russian ego nke umi nwere a ịrịba ego. Mmanụ (minerals) - a mba akụ nke Russia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi bupu ngwaahịa. Mmịpụta na nhazi nke mmanụ - a bụ isi iyi nke ịrịba tax ụtụ na Russian mmefu ego.

Development nke mmanụ a azụmahịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ malitere ya mbubreyo XIX narị afọ. N'oge na Russia na e nwere nnukwu ebe nke na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ. Ha na-dị na dị iche iche n'ógbè nke mba.

aha nkwụnye ego	oghere Ụbọchị	recoverable ngwaahịa	Mmanụ-amị ebe
nnukwu	2013	300 nde tọn	Astrakhan region
Samotlor	1965	2.7 ijeri ise	Khanty-Mansiysk
Romashkinskoye	1948	2.3 nde tọn	Republic of Tatarstan
Ob	1982	2.7 ijeri. T	Khanty-Mansiysk
Arlanskoe	1966	500 nde tọn	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 ijeri tọn	Khanty-Mansiysk
Vankor	1988	490 nde tọn	Krasnoyarsk Territory
Fedorovskoe	1971	1.5 ijeri tọn	Khanty-Mansiysk
Russian	1968	410 nde tọn	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
mamontovskoye	1965	1 ijeri tọn	Khanty-Mansiysk
Tuymazinskoe	1937	300 nde tọn	Republic of Bashkortostan

Shale mmanụ US

Na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ahịa nke hydrocarbon fuels agbanweela nnọọ. The chọpụtara nke shale gas na mmepe nke ya mmepụta technology na a obere oge me ka United States n'ime a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke miners nke umi. Nke a na onu a kọwara site ọkachamara dị ka "shale mgbanwe". N'oge ahụ, ụwa na-eche ihu ọ dịkarịa ala a merenụ. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere uka mmepe nke mmanụ shale ego na ya. Na mbụ ndị ọkachamara buru amụma na ọgwụgwụ dị ezi nso nke mmanụ oge, ma ugbu a ọ nwere ike na-adịru mgbe ebighị ebi. N'ihi ya na-adịghị mkpa okwu ọzọ ume.

Otú ọ dị, ozi na aku na uba na akụkụ nke mmepe nke mmanụ shale ego bụ nnọọ na-emegiderịta. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ "Otú ọ dị", na-emepụta shale mmanụ United States (Texas) efu banyere $ 15 kwa 1 gbọmgbọm. Ọ bụ nnọọ ihe ezi uche dị n'ihu ree ùgwù nke usoro ugboro abụọ.

The ụwa ndú nke mmepụta nke "oge gboo" mmanụ - Saudi Arabia - nwere ezigbo olileanya na mmanụ shale ụlọ ọrụ: na-eri nke a gbọmgbọm bụ ebe a na $ 7. Russia na nke a na-efu. Na Russia, 1 gbọmgbọm nke shale mmanụ ga-eri ihe $ 20.

Dị ka n'elu-e kwuru n'akwụkwọ, shale mmanụ ike-emepụta niile n'ógbè nke ụwa. Ọ bụla na mba nwere ịrịba mmanụ mee. Otú ọ dị, ntụkwasị obi nke n'elu ọmụma bụ na-enyo enyo, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọmụma banyere kpọmkwem uru nke shale mmanụ mmepụta ma.

Analyst H. Birg ada azụ data. Dị ka ya, na-eri nke a gbọmgbọm nke shale mmanụ bụ 70-90 dollar.

Dị ka Bank of Moscow nyocha Dmitry Borisov, ndị na-eri mmanụ mmepụta ke Mexico na Gulf of Guinea esịmde $ 80. Nke a bụ Olee ihe enyemaka hà ugbu a ahịa price.

H. Birg na-azọrọ na mmanụ ego (mmanụ shale) na-na-ekesa evenly gafee planet. More karịa abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mkpokọta olu lekwasị ke United States. Russia akụkọ naanị 7 percent.

N'ihi na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa n'okpuru echiche nwere hazie nnukwu mpịakọta nke oké nkume. Iduziri a usoro ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mmanụ shale, usoro na-rụrụ ọrụ. Nke a kpọrọ emerụ okike.

Dị ka Birge, mgbagwoju anya nke ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro, dị ka mmịpụta nke shale mmanụ, na-ahụ ụgwọ atụrụ ndị njupụta nke umi on Earth.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị iche na shale mmanụ mmepụta technology ga-ihe zuru ezu larịị, mba mmanụ ahịa pụrụ nnọọ daa. Ma, dị ka ogologo dị ka ọ isi mgbanwe na mpaghara ebe a na-adịghị hụrụ.

Na ẹdude technology nke shale mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ uru na a kpọmkwem - nanị mgbe price nke mmanụ bụ $ 150 a gbọmgbọm ma ọ bụ karịa.

Russia, dị ka Birge, a na-akpọ shale mgbanwe ga-enwe ike imebi. Nke bụ eziokwu na mba na-erite uru ma ndapụta. Ihe nzuzo dị mfe: elu mmanụ ahịa wetara nnukwu uru na a itunanya ke shale ngwaahịa ga-amụba na-ebupụ site na-emepe emepe mkpa ubi.

D. Borisov na nke a na-adịghị otú nchekwube. Mmepe nke shale mmanụ mmepụta, dị ka ya, na-ekwe nkwa a ida ke mmanụ ahịa na ahịa na a nkọ dobe na Russian mbupụ ụtụ. Otú ọ dị, na obere okwu, nke a ekwesịghị egwu, n'ihi na shale development ka mfịna.

ọgwụgwụ

Natural ego - mmanụ, gas na metụtara bekee - bụ ihe onwunwe nke ọ bụla ala nke ha na-mined. Nke a nwere ike hụrụ site na-agụ isiokwu, n'elu.