Oil shale. E ji mara na mejupụtara nke ngwaọrụ

Oil shale na nkewa dị ka chemical na mmanụ ụgbọala na ume ngwaọrụ. Nke a ịnweta akụ ụgha na a dịtụ emighị emi omimi. Ọ na-esịne ke otu nke siri ike caustobiolites na mejupụtara a ịnweta akụkụ na organic okwu. Industrial uru nke ma ịnweta ma organic akụkụ. The isi ịnweta akụrụngwa nke mmanu ndi mere onwe - aluminosilicates na carbonates.

Shale mmanụ na-eji na ume oru. Na kpọmkwem combustion nke akụrụngwa na-emepụta site electric na thermal ike. Eji mmanụ shale na nkà na ụzụ na nzube. Ndị a bụ ngwaọrụ na Metallurgical na chemical ọrụ. Deep nhazi mmanụ shale arụpụta mmiri mmiri mmanụ ụgbọala.

Ọ ga-kwuru na definition nke "mmanụ shale" nwere ọtụtụ ịkọwa. A, ndị a na-agụnye ezi-na-grained sedimentary ụrọ, siliceous ma ọ bụ calcareous nkume, nke ọdịnaya nke organic okwu site 15 na 40%. Ọ bụrụ na ndị organic òkè 5 ruo 15%, na nkume dị elu bụ nke na udi nke kerogen; site na 40% na ndị ọzọ - na sapropel coal. Ụfọdụ dere na-agụnye ìgwè nke combustible shale rock si kerogen ọdịnaya ala index of 5 ma ọ bụ 10 na onye na elu 30-50%, na n'ebe ụfọdụ dị 60-80%.

Prọfesọ Crum-Brown na 1912, gosiri na iji okwu "kerogen". Okwu a bụ ihe organic umi shale na Scotland. Mgbe e mesịrị ka okwu ahụ malitere ga-eji mba ndị ọzọ. Kerogen mgbe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bụ ike nke na-akpụ mmanụ-dị ka mmiri mmiri, ọ na-akpọ "shale mmanụ" (ma ọ bụ "wepụrụ ebubo resin").

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara kweere na nnọọ okwu na-eji maka aha nke ìgwè, bụ kpamkpam ọma. English translation ada ka "mmanụ shales" (mmanụ na mmanụ shale), nke Latin si asụsụ izu-akpọ "bitumineux" (bituminous shale). Otú ọ dị, ọ mara na a na-akpọ ego nnoo free nke bitumen (crude mmanụ). Ma ụdị nwere ike mgbe iwe na narị ise degrees na ndị ọzọ viscous mmiri mmiri yiri mmanụ. N'otu oge ọ kwesŽrŽ ike a pụrụ iche na ọrụ ga-adọrọ elu a nkịtị ala. Otú ọ dị, ndị a niile echiche aburula akụkụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị, nke mere na imeziwanye ọnọdụ eme ka mba uche.

N'ihi na ihe ziri ezi ọnu nke oké nkume Njirimara ma na-ekpebi ihe ndị kasị oru oma eji na ngalaba a rụrụ na-amụ ha ihe mejupụtara. Nga-emefu macroscopic ọmụmụ, na mgbe e mesịrị na ihe zuru ezu.

mkpa na ngalaba (Mpekere) ma ọ bụ polished wepụrụ ebubo iberibe (polished ngalaba) na-mere na-amụ ihe mejupụtara nke mmanụ shales. N'ihi ya, ọ na-ekwe ka a nke ọma nchọpụta. Apụghị ịhụ na gba ọtọ anya ahụ na-akpọ microcomponents. Ha na-emeso n'okpuru mikroskopu.

Oil shale nkejikotara microcomponents dị ka Algin (residues site planktonic algae) sorbomikstinit (a umi enweghị a Ọdịdị na bụ ngwakọta nke clayey umi ma ọ bụ alginita na elu osisi residues). Ọ hụrụ na nkume mejupụtara na vitrinite (gelifitsirovannye osisi residues) liptinit (resin nwa ehi cuticle, pollen, spores) semivitrinit (nyefe gị n'ụlọnga nke vitrinite ka fyuzinitu) fyuzinit (fyuzenizirovannye (opaque) osisi residues na owụt cell Ọdịdị).

Ịnweta akụkụ shale rock ekewet isi nke finely kewara emekarị hydromica ihe: chemogenic, pelitomorphic ma ọ bụ organogenic detritusovogo carbonate ihe onwunwe, chalcedony shells nke diatoms.

Ihe kacha mkpa àgwà na-atụle ego, dị ka ihe ndị mejupụtara nke ash ọdịnaya na mmiri ọdịnaya nke sọlfọ, tar mkpụrụ na calorific uru nke ọzọ.