Ontogenesis - a akparamaagwa na bụ

The usoro kọwaa ontogeny soje mgbanwe organism si ala ka ọkwa dị elu nke dị mkpa ọrụ. E nwere a bughi na ọtọ okè nke onye ahụ.

ontogeny ọmụmụ ekenịmde ke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọzụzụ. Ka ihe atụ, morphophysiological ontogeny (guzobe nke ahu) bụ ihe ọmụmụ nke usoro ndu. N'aka nke ya, uche na-elekọta mmadụ ontogeny a mụrụ dị iche iche ubi nke akparamaagwa (psychogenetics, afọ na nwa akparamaagwa, na-elekọta mmadụ na izi akparamaagwa).

Echiche nke phylogeny na ontogeny

Okwu ahụ bụ "phylogeny" (Grik: "phyle" -. "Umu anumanu, genus, ebo" na "genos" - "si") a na-eji iji gosi usoro nke anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme mmepe nke umu. Na psychological sayensị bụ mmepe nke psyche nke ụmụ anụmanụ na N'ezie nke evolushọn, na evolushọn nke iche nke ụmụ mmadụ nsụhọ.

More otu dị mkpa bụ echiche nke "ontogeny". Nke a (na akparamaagwa) mmepe nke onye psyche. Na nke a anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere na-adịgide adịgide ọdịdị nke development - si mụrụ oge nke ọnwụ ya. Echiche nke phylogeny na ontogeny nke psychological sayensị biiri si bayoloji, ha na-ede akwụkwọ bụ a German bayoloji Ernst Haeckel.

biogenetic iwu

Na ndabere nke a echiche, ya na F. Müller, Haeckel chepụtara na biogenetic iwu (1866). Dị ka ya, onye ọ bụla na onye mmepe (ontogeny) nkenke na-aga niile nkebi nke ya ụdị (phylogeny).

Mgbe e mesịrị, ndị biogenetic iwu kpọrọ katọrọ site na nkà mmụta sayensị na obodo. Ka ihe atụ, dị ka a counter-Scientific Council nke University of Jena uche na eziokwu na e nwere na ọ dịghị mmadụ na-amalite amalite ọdụ na mesho slits. N'agbanyeghị nkwado nke biogenetic iwu site Charles Darwin (kwuru ya isi ihe àmà nke ozizi evolushọn), echiche e weere site Scientific Council dị ka untenable, na ya na-ede akwụkwọ - ebubo na nkà mmụta sayensị wayo.

Ma, biogenetic iwu, na eziokwu na echiche nke recapitulation (Latin: "recapitalatio" -. "Mfe, nkenke ugboro ugboro, nke mbụ mbụ") a dị ịrịba ama mmetụta na mmepe nke ndu sayensị, gụnyere - maka mmepe nke ozizi evolushọn. Ya mmetụta biogenetic iwu nwere na mmepe nke akparamaagwa. The ontogeny nke onye psyche nwere ike igwu egwu ọrụ nke ahụmahụ nke ọgbọ ndị gara aga.

The nsogbu nke na-akwọ ụgbọala ndị agha nke iche echiche mmepe

Iche iche isi psychological nsogbu bụ ajụjụ nke ihe ihe na-eduga mmepe nke uche, na-ekpebi ya ontogeny. Nke a akparamaagwa kpebisiri ike site echiche nke na-akwọ ụgbọala ndị agha nke iche echiche mmepe. E nwere isi ihe abụọ na-abịaru nso ka idozi nsogbu a - biogenetic (eke) na sotsiogenetichesky (ọha).

Na-akwado nke mbụ ebe nwere lekwasịrị anya mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe (si n'aka ruo n'aka), na-ewere ya a na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ na usoro nke onye mmepe nke uche. Ntem, ọrụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ ihe na-ebelata. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị a ma ama na-anọchite anya nke biogenetic obibia - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, Spencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

Ndị na-abụghị, sotsiogenetichesky obibia dị ka ụgbọala-agha nke iche echiche development kpoputara na-elekọta mmadụ na-akpata - ọrụ nke na-elekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Man bụ otú a, na-eme dị ka onye elu ngwaahịa (anọ) mmetụta. The uru nke onye ahụ si si n'aka ruo n'aka na-akwado echiche nke a na-eleghara anya. Representatives -. J. Locke, E. Dürkheim, P. Janet.

Two-akpata ozizi ontogenesis nke psyche

Ọzọkwa, na-agbali ikpokọta ma ihe e weere - a butere n'aka na-elekọta mmadụ - kọwaa specificity nke iche echiche echiche "ontogeny". Nke a rụpụtara na a atọ direction na akparamaagwa - ozizi abụọ ihe. Ọ bụ nke mbụ na-eme nchọpụta na Stern, bụ onye chepụtara ụkpụrụ nke convergence nke abụọ ihe. Dị ka iwu a, butere n'aka akara intersects na akara, ruru ya na-elekọta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe nke onye (e a convergence).

N'ihi ya, ontogeny mmadụ akparamaagwa rụrụ na usoro nke na-asọkọta ọnụ esịtidem na mpụga na ọnọdụ nke iche echiche ịrụ ọrụ. Ka ihe atụ, ebum pụta ụwa mmuo nke egwuregwu ga-ekpebi otú na mgbe nwa ahụ ga-egwu. N'aka nke ya, ihe na usoro ọnọdụ a ga-ekpebisi ike site na n'ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Dị mkpa pụrụ iche usoro ịmata kpọmkwem nke mmekọrịta nke mpụga na esịtidem ihe na-ekpebi ontogeny. Na otito akparamaagwa bụ ejima usoro.

mkpa nkọwa

Ejima usoro dabeere a comparative analysis nke iche echiche mmepe nke mono- na dizygotic ejima. Ihe mmetuta bụ na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ ejima ndị dizygotic (DZ - dị iche iche si n'aka ruo n'aka) ịzụlite ụzọ dị iche iche, ya mere, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-akpata ke hà elekọta mmadụ na ọnọdụ dị oké mkpa. Ọ bụrụ na mmepe bụ mkpokọta na otu larịị nke àgwà, tumadi na-eje ozi na-elekọta mmadụ na-akpata. Na monozygotic ejima (MH - yiri si n'aka ruo n'aka) ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ. Mesịa, ọnụọgụ na esemokwu DZ- MZ ejima bi na dị iche iche / yiri ọnọdụ na-tụnyere. Ejima usoro na ọtụtụ-eji psychogenetics.

N'ihi ya, akparamaagwa nke àgwà na mmepe na ontogenesis, dị ka ozizi convergence, chụpụrụ site na iji akara abụọ:

• X ọcha si n'aka ruo n'aka.
• Na ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ka ihe atụ, a maara nke ọma British ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Eysenck ọgụgụ isi-ewere dị ka a emepụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi site na 80% na ime (butere n'aka) - na 20%.

A mwepu nke abụọ na-akpata ozizi àgwà na mmepe a na-atụle ga-na-agaghị emeli n'ihi na mgbakwunye na nke n'ibu butere n'aka na-elekọta mmadụ na-egosi. N'aka nke ya, ontogenesis - bụ (na akparamaagwa) a ihe mgbagwoju anya usoro, ike belata naanị na mgbakọ na mwepụ calculations. Ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ọ bụghị nanị ha quantitative ruru, kamakwa qualitative atụmatụ. Ke adianade do, ndị dị otú ahụ a ụkpụrụ bụ mgbe ụlọ maka onye iche.

Psychoanalytic obibia nke echiche nke "ontogeny" na akparamaagwa

Gịnị bụ na ọ na - ontogeny - si ele ihe anya nke psychoanalysis? Ọ bụrụ na aga na ozizi anyị hụrụ convergence (convergence) nke anyu-butere n'aka na-elekọta mmadụ ọcha, ozizi Sigmund Freud, agbara usoro. A ihe na-atụle site n'ókè nke esemokwu, na isi iyi nke nke bụ eke mismatch nke achụso, pụta ụwa akụkụ nke ụdị onye ( "id", "Ọ" - na amaghị ihe ọ bụla) na-elekọta mmadụ ( "superego", "superego" - na akọ na uche, omume norms).

Mgbe mmadụ na-chụpụrụ site zoro gboo na ọchịchọ, ọ bụ ngosipụta nke ya eke, amaghị ihe ọ bụla Ọdịdị. Achọ ịchịkwa nkọwa nke ọchịchọ, ọjụjụ ha, ikpe, na-agbali inapu ha si na ebe nchekwa - bụ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ akụrụngwa nke njirimara (internalized usoro nke ụkpụrụ, norms na iwu nke omume, guzobere n'okpuru nduzi nke onye na-elekọta mmadụ gburugburu).

Nke a ozizi na-e-akatọ ndị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, karịsịa maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndu na-elekọta mmadụ mmiri nke mmadụ.

Gbasara nyocha echiche KG nwa na-enweghị

Alaghachi echiche nke recapitulation (biogenetic iwu), anyị na-enyocha n'elu, ọ nwere ike kwuru myirịta na gbasara nyocha Psychology nke Swiss ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ CG Jung. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ozizi nke mkpokọta amaghị ihe ọ bụla. Dị nnọọ ka Ernst Haeckel hụrụ na ontogeny recapitulation nke phylogeny, Jung-ahụ onye dị ka andikama psychic ahụmahụ nke ọgbọ ndị gara aga. Nke a nnwale gosiri na a condensed ụdị na ụdị ụfọdụ ihe nakawa etu esi nke nghọta na nkọwa nke eziokwu - archetypes. Igbochi n'oge gara aga na ha enweghị ohere ka nọ nke nsụhọ nwere a ezighị ezi mmetụta na usoro nke ontogenesis, na-akpata a mebiri nke onye ahụ si iche echiche nke ọma.

Ontogenesis na-eme ihe

The mmeghe nke na udi nke ọrụ, dị ka mba akparamaagwa, DB Elkonin na-enye ohere a ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na-edozi nsogbu nke oke nke na-achị ihe na ontogenesis nke psyche. The usoro mmepe - bụ, na mbụ, ọrụ nke isiokwu ruru ya substantive ọrụ. Ma ihe ndị e ketara eketa na-elekọta mmadụ ihe, ha na-eme dị ka a development gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụghị dị ka ya kasị. Ha ime ka bụghị usoro mmepe nke n'uche, ma, naanị ya ọdịiche n'ime nkịtị nso.