Postal n'ụgbọala: nkọwa. Transportation of mail. Russian Post - nhazi na nnyefe nke mail

Mail - kacha mkpa àgwà nke nkwurịta okwu, jikọta ndị mba niile na iche iche. Ozi nye mkpa ozi n'ụbọchị ndị Fero. Kemgbe ahụ, ụzọ nke nnyefe nke ozi e nọgidere mma. Izipu Mail banyeghachi n'ụgbọala anyị akwụkwọ ozi na ngwugwu n'ezie emejuputa kemgbe mmalite nke na-ewu nke mbụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè e.

ya mere eme

Ezipụ ozi na inyinya-ozi-eme kemgbe oge ochie. Na XV narị afọ na popularization nke nzi ozi ozi olu mụbara budata, dị ka a n'ihi na e nwere ndị mbụ nzi ozi wagon. A na narị afọ mgbe e mesịrị, a lab adọkpụ na sleds na-anọchi elu-tech ime ụlọ azụ onwem na ujo absorbers, ọkụ na ndị ọzọ na àgwà nke na nkà na ụzụ na-enwe ọganihu.

The ezigbo analogue nke nzi ozi n'ụgbọala bụ "tram" - ịnyịnya na-adọkpụ e ji ebu ihe na-agba ọsọ na rails. Ha malitere ga-eji na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ na nnọọ nkịtị, karịsịa na UK na ndị ọzọ na mba Europe.

Si ịnyịnya iji uzuoku traction

Na 1825, ndị English engineer na nchepụta Dzhordzh Stefenson wuru mbụ ibuo ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'etiti obodo nile nke Darlington na Stockton-on-tees nke cruised "uzuoku ji ebu" nke onwe ya imewe. A abụọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti Manchester na Liverpool na-etinye n'ime ime ihe na 1830. Nke a akara malitere na-agba ọsọ a locomotive ibufe njem na ibu ụgbọ ala nke, ihe ndị ọzọ, napụta ozi.

The British ghọtara na nke a mode nke iga ga-enyere na adị nnyefe nke mail. Ná mmalite, nzi ozi e ji ebu ihe na-kwajuru na a pụrụ iche n'elu ikpo okwu. Otú ọ dị, loading / ebutu usoro chọrọ a ọtụtụ oge. 06.01.1838, na London-Birmingham akara ebịn akpa mgbe raara mail ụgbọ ala. Site September afọ a, akwụkwọ ozi na ngwugwu malitere idozi ụzọ, ọ bụ na o kwere omume, iji budata onu oge n'etiti eziga a ozi na ya nnata.

ụwa ahụmahụ

Nyere na okporo ígwè iga bụ naanị ubé dabere na vagaries nke ihu igwe, ngwa ngwa na-agbaso a siri ike oge, o ji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ isi usoro nke ozi nnyefe. Mgbe England mail ụgbọ ala malitere ga-eji na ọtụtụ elu mba:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

Russian alaeze

1837 ghọrọ afọ nke ọmụmụ nke ọha okporo ígwè iga na Russia. On 27 kilometa gbatia nke "St. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" cruised locomotives ụba ike na-ebu ruo 300 njem. Nyere British ahụmahụ, na ozi nzi ngalaba nke butere na Tsarskoselskaya w / d njem ozi. Ngwugwu na-kwajuru n'ime ibu ụgbọ ala, ngwugwu na akwụkwọ ozi na-enyere site na ozi.

The mbụ akpan iji zip Railways n'ụgbọala na-ekwe ka na-aga na-aka ozi, ọ malitere ọrụ 1861. Tupu na, ụzọ nke nnyefe bụ "bitty": ahụ e ji ebu nke ibu na Bales na a ole na ole converted njem ụgbọala, e ji ebu ihe ụgbọ njem ibu nyiwe, obu ozi, wdg

Na 1869 e hiwere ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo njem management address. Site n'oge a, ozi na ngwugwu ebu 35 w / d edoghi, gụnyere ná mba ọzọ. Site na njedebe nke 1903 na Russia ejikwara fọrọ nke nta 600 nzi ozi banyeghachi n'ụgbọala anyị.

USSR

Land of Soviet accelerated mmalite nke ndị na-ewu ọhụrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè e. E nwere elu-ọsọ engines nke ọgbọ ọhụrụ: dizel na electric locomotives. Mgbe nodal edoghi nke nnukwu prizheleznodorozhnye pochtampy e. Postal n'ụgbọala ghọrọ isi, ndị kasị pụrụ ịdabere na ụgbọala nke nnyefe nke akwụkwọ ozi.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1962 malitere na-agba ọsọ post-akpa ụgbọ okporo ígwè, tinyere ruo 12 e-mail, na ruo 8 ibu ụgbọala. Ọ bụla nke ndị mejupụtara nke agba nwere ike mfe undock na itinye na ndị ọzọ mejupụtara. Mgbe e mesịrị, na ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke mba kpaliri 23 nke ndị a ụgbọ oloko na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ozi nzi ugbala na-abịaru nso 900 nkeji. On ozi ka a na-emeso na N'ezie nke ugboro ugboro, na-aghọ a pụrụ iche stampụ - "PV".

Russia

Na XXI narị afọ ka na rụrụ nnyefe "Mail nke Russia" akwụkwọ ozi site okporo ígwè. Otú ọ dị, olu nke butekwara jụrụ budata. Ọ bụrụ na afọ ikpeazụ nke Soviet Union mere 1319 nzi ozi ugbala site 2007 nkeji 1079 nọgidere na n'ohu. Taa, e nwere ugboro abụọ ka obere.

Otú ọ dị, otu onye nwere ike na-ekwu okwu banyere ojuju nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè mail. N'ọtụtụ ebe, w / d iga - kasị pụrụ ịdabere na (mgbe naanị) ụzọ nkwurịta okwu. Na 2005, St. Petersburg osisi "Vagonmash 'wuru ọhụrụ mail 61-531 modifying ụgbọ ala. Na ọ na-enye a ala ebe ọrụ, a TV, ngwa ndakwa nri, ntụ oyi, ekwentị. Irè ọkụ suppression usoro ga-azọpụta bara uru ibu.

Modern akpaghị aka sorting usoro nwere ike ijikwa ọpụpụ niile abụọ ndị ọrụ, kama nke isii. N'ihi nke mụbara ohere nchekwa, loading ike nke ụgbọ ala ụba 22 tọn. The isi mode nke njem ga-reusable containers, kwajuru n'ime containers.

Ebe ọ bụ na 2009, nnyefe nke "Mail nke Russia" rụrụ, gụnyere ụgbọala ọhụrụ Torzhok osisi. Model 61-906 e mere maka mail nnyefe ke containers. nkọwa:

• Kwere ọsọ: 160 km / h.
• Ike: 22 tọn.
• Number nke ọrụ: 4.
• Number nke ụzọ maka loading 4.

The ụgbọ ala na-onwem na ntụ oyi, kpo oku, ventilashion.

evolushọn

The mbụ ụdị nke mail na-azụ ndị na-ezughị okè. Short na warara, ha nyere obere ohere maka na ndị ozi. Nke nta nke nta ka mma imewe. Na England, mepụtakwara a na ngwaọrụ na-enye gị ohere iji ngwa ngwa, na ada Ibu Ibu akpa nke ngwugwu na akwụkwọ ozi. N'ime oge onwem ogige, ebe ọrụ nwere ike hazie na idozi ozi, ogige maka ezumike na nri. Ụfọdụ ụdị ndị ala ogige maka n'elu na-edu ndú.

Na-akpali mmasị, e nwere a mmepe na US mail ụgbọala plying na "Wild West." N'ihi Ugboro ọgụ site ohi, ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ siri ike, ruo mgbe ọ ghọọ a wusiri ike na wiil. Soro mail n'ụgbọala e rụrụ ngwá agha. The ahu ihe e armored, emi odude ke perimeta nke loopholes maka firing na-emeghe teren magnesium ọwa ìhè ebe maka ọtụtụ kilomita.

Modern mail ụgbọ ala - a mgbagwoju, nke a na-emeso ya na ọpụpụ ụdị ọ bụla. Ọ na-enyere n'ikuku, nchekwa, sorting na iga site okporo ígwè nke containers na akpa nke ngwugwu, akwụkwọ ozi, ngwugwu, telegram na ndị ọzọ ụdị ozi.

ụdị ụgbọala

Dị iche iche na aghụghọ nke mail banyeghachi n'ụgbọala anyị na-mere maka ọkara narị afọ:

• ozi;
• nzi ozi na warehousing;
• nzi ozi sorting;
• mobile akara ụgbọala;
• ọha na eze;
• breeki.

atụmanya

Na mba ndị mepere emepe, na ozi nzi mgbasa site w / d nke njem na-ebelata. The ọsọ ọ concedes ụgbọelu na agagharị - ụzọ ugbo ala. Otú ọ dị, ruru akwa ibu ike na-enwe ike ịnagide ọpụpụ ke laa, ụdị nnyefe ka dị ugbu a.

Otu n'ime ihe mbụ mba ebe nzi ozi ugbala agaghịkwa eji, bụ United States. Ruo mgbe 40s ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebuga banyere 300 ise ngwugwu, akwụkwọ ozi, ngwugwu. E nwere ihe karịrị 9,000 ụzọ gasị. Na mbụ, ọ na-ebu ozi me w / e ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi revenue na ekpuchi weere si njem nke ndị mmadụ. Site na 1950, dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe ndị na-US Postal Service si iwu nọmba nke edoghi e belata ka 794-x. Na na 1962, na 262 nọgidere ụzọ n'etiti isi obodo.

Na 1967, Postal Service kagbuo ihe iga nke consignments site okporo ígwè. Mmesa of mma contracts mere nsogbu ego w / d ụlọ ọrụ nọ na-emechi, ọtụtụ njem ụzọ gasị. Oge ikpeazụ nke mail ụgbọ okporo ígwè na United States na-amanye si na New York - Washington 30.06.1977 afọ.

Na UK, ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke mail ebu site okporo ígwè. Na 90s enwere a Royal Mail privatization nke ala na ụlọ ọrụ, na okporo ụzọ ihe nakawa etu esi na gbanwere. Na 2003, ụlọ ọrụ kpebiri kwụsịtụ nnyefe nke mail ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma mgbe e mesịrị akụkụ nke ụzọ e weghachiri eweghachi. Ọzọkwa, e nwere onwe ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-achịkwa nke ahịa.

On ọgụgụ Asian ohere mail ụgbọ oloko na-a na-ewu ewu ụzọ napụta mail. Ihe atụ, na 2016 na ụzọ Beijing - Moscow na mgbakwunye na ibu ụgbọ ala nke ngwa ngwa mba njem ụzọ gasị ulo oru mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè, esịnede nanị nke nzi ozi banyeghachi n'ụgbọala anyị. China ezube dịkwuo njem nke akwụkwọ ozi na ngwugwu si "New Silk Road" na ndọtị nke ụzọ gasị na isi obodo na Europe.