Nucleic asịd - ndi nēdebe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụma

Nucleic acid (ntọala - isi) - organic ogige, nke na-metụtara ịdị adị nke nile bụ isi Filiks nke ndụ okwu. Ndị a biopolymers na- mbụ chọpụtara site F. Miescher (1968) na leukocyte nuclei. A obere ka e mesịrị, ndị nucleic asịd A kọwara ndị niile mkpụrụ ndụ nke ndị mmadụ, anụmanụ na osisi, na ụmụ nje na nje. N'ihi ya, ọ nọ na-egosi na ndị a ndu ogige dị niile ntule mkpụrụ ndụ, bụ isi na-ebu nke butere n'aka ọmụma, na-aka na biosynthesis nke ndi na-edozi nke organism.

Nucleic acid ngosi

Nucleic asịd bụ prosthetic iche iche nucleoproteins. Ọgwụgwụ ngwaahịa nke ha hydrolysis - purine na pyrimidine bases, pentose na phosphoric acid. The chemical mejupụtara iche deoxyribonucleic (DNA) na ribonucleic acid (RNA). Ọdịdị nke DNA na-gụnyere monosaccharide - deoxyribose, na RNA - ribose. A ogige si dị iche na onye ọ bụla ọzọ nitrogenous bases, nke ihe owuwu nke ụmụ irighiri, cellular orunótu, nakwa dị ka ọrụ.

Ogige molekul esịnede purine ma ọ bụ pyrimidine isi na a pentose (ribose, deoxyribose), a na-akpọ nuklozidami. Aha nuleozida kpebisiri nitrogenous compound nke na-agụnye ya Ọdịdị. Dị ka ihe atụ, a abụọ n'ime nke na-agụnye ebe adenin na-akpọ adenosine, Gwanine - guanosine, agakọta - cytidine, uracil - uridine, agakọtakwa - thymidine. Dabere na carbohydrates na-eme ka ụmụ irighiri iche rubonukleozidy na deoxyribonucleosides.

E wezụga isi nitrogenous bases, nucleic acid   ebu ihe   na a na-akpọ obere isi nke purine usoro na pyrimidine (1-methyladenine, dihydrouracil, 1-methylguanine, 3 methyluracil, pseudouridine et al.).

Nucleotides bụ phosphate esters nke nucleosides. The molekul mejupụtara a nucleotide purine ma ọ bụ pyrimidine bases, pentose (ribose ma ọ bụ deoxyribose) na phosphoric acid fọduru nke ejikọ nke ise ma ọ bụ atọ atọm Carbo pentoses.

Nucleic acid Ọdịdị na ọrụ.

The onye nucleotides na-Igbere n'ụdị a di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, Hexa, hepta na polynucleotides, i.e. nucleic asịd. Nucleic asịd na-ekewet nke ọtụtụ narị ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ puku mmadụ nucleotides na-Igbere site a hydroxyl otu, nke dị nso 3'-nke atọm Carbo pentose nke otu nucleotide na mmapụta phosphoric acid na-emi odude nso 5 nke atọm Carbo pentose nke ọzọ nucleotide.

DNA bụ isi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe nke ihe niile dị ndụ ndu usoro. Na ntule ma e wezụga bacteria na nje virus, ọ na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na na cell ntọala. A nta ego nke acid na-lekwasị ke mitochondria na chloroplasts.

Ribonucleic asịd e kwuru na ọ fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla cell nta. Onye kasị ukwuu ego nke RNA lekwasị ke ribonucleoprotein mmiri - ribosomes. Ọ ga-kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime RNAs ẹdude ke cytoplasm, na na 10-15% bụ akụkụ nke kernel.

RNA dabeere na cellular orunótu, ndu ọrụ, molekụla ibu kere atọ ụdị: ribosomal, iga na matriks.

Ribosomal RNA metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na cytoplasmic nsogbu dị iche iche ribosomes ebe ha na-ike-agbụ na protein. Ha na-ji elu molekụla arọ. Transport RNA na-hụrụ tumadi na mkpụrụ ndụ hyaloplasm, nuklia ọmụmụ na mitochondria na chloroplasts. Ha nwere a ala molekụla arọ (40 puku. Daltons). Ha isi ọrụ bụ iga nke ọrụ amino asịd si amino acid mgbagwoju - IGBOB enzyme na saịtị nke protein njikọ, ie, na ribosomes. Scientific ọmụmụ gosiri na onye ọ bụla amino acid nwere ya onye tRNA. Ugbu a, e nwere ihe karịrị 60 na umu nke nyefe RNA.

Ozi RNA (ozi RNA). Onye ọ bụla mRNA molekul n'oge nsụchi ntọala-enweta ozi site na DNA na-enyefe ya na ribosomes ebe ọ na-emejuputa atumatu na protein biosynthesis.