Soviet physics Igor Kurchatov: biography, na-akpali eziokwu, photos

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich bụ nna ndị Soviet nuklia ike ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ na-egwuri a isi ọrụ na ihe e kere eke na mmepe nke udo nuclear ike na na na njedebe nke 1940s mere mmepe nke mbụ Soviet atọm bombu.

Isiokwu nkenke na-akọwa na ndụ ụzọ na Soviet physics Igor Kurchatov. Biography maka ụmụaka ga-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa.

eto eto physics

January 12, 1903 n'ime obodo nke Simsk Plant (ugbu a SIM) na Urals mụrụ Igor Kurchatov. Ya mba - Russian. Nna-ya, Vasily (1869-1941), n'oge dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị ka otu nnyemaaka forester na ala surveyor. Nne, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), bụ nwa nwanyị nke a local nchụàjà. Igor nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ: nwanne ya nwaanyị Antonina nwa mbụ, na nwanne ya nwoke Boris - a keobere.

Na 1909, mgbe ezinụlọ ahụ ka Simbirsk Simbirsk malitere ịmụ na-emega ahụ, ebe Igor gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị. Mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị, mgbe akpụ akpụ na Crimea n'ihi nke ala nke ahụ ike nke ụmụnna nwanyị, Kurchatov a kpọfere Simferopol mgbatị. Na mbụ, ọ bụ nwata nwoke na-eme nke ọma na ọ fọrọ nke nta niile ọzụzụ, ma mgbe a na-eto eto m na-agụ akwụkwọ na physics na injinịa, physics họọrọ na-arụ nke ndụ ya. Na 1920, na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ụbọchị na-amụ na akwụkwọ abalị, Igor gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Simferopol mgbatị na a nrite ọlaedo. N'otu afọ, ọ banyere Tauride University.

nnwere onwe nke edinam

Igor Kurchatov (foto na-egosi mgbe e mesịrị na isiokwu) bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha mma na ngalaba physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọganihu na-amụ ihe, ọ na ọzọ na-amụrụ na-etinye na-elekọta a mahadum physics lab ma nye free rein kụziere nwere. Site ndị a n'oge nwere Kurchatov mụtara na ọ dị mkpa ịghọta ihe ahụrụ anya gosiri na nkà mmụta sayensị na nghọta, nke bụ nnọọ uru na ya n'ihu ọmụmụ. Na 1923, Igor gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na a ruo n'ókè na physics, agafe afọ anọ N'ezie na afọ atọ.

Akpụ akpụ na Petrograd

Obatara adịghị anya na Petrograd, ọ banyere Polytechnic Institute na-a naval-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Dị ka Simferopol, Kurchatov nwere na-arụ ọrụ iji na-akwado onwe ha na-amụta. Ọ na-kwetara na Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory na Pavlovsk, nke kwere ya irite a ndụ na-eme ihe ọ chọrọ. Ebe ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ nke Observatory malitere a otutu oge, Kurchatov n'azụ na ọmụmụ ha na nke abụọ ọkara afọ agụmakwụkwọ m tụbara Institute. Kemgbe ahụ, o kpebiri na-etinye uche physics.

Mgbe ọrụ, a na-eme nchọpụta na Baku Polytechnic Institute na 1924-1925 gg. Igor Kurchatov a kọwara na Physical-ụzụ Institute na Leningrad, guzo na-ebute ụzọ na-amụ nke physics na nkà na ụzụ nke na oge na USSR. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na 1927 ndọ Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova na-arụ ọrụ dị ka a lecturer na ngalaba nke n'ibu physics nke Leningrad Polytechnic na na pedagogical Institute. Ebe ọ nọrọ ya kacha mma afọ ma mee ya ụfọdụ kasị mkpa nchoputa.

Igor Kurchatov: a nkenke biography nke ọkà mmụta sayensị

Na ngwụsị afọ ndị 1920 - n'oge 1930s Kurchatov bịara nwee mmasị na eziokwu na mgbe a na-akpọ ferroelektrichestva - ọmụmụ nke Njirimara na àgwà dị iche iche ihe n'okpuru ihe nke eletrik. Ndị a ọmụmụ mere ka mmepe nke Semiconductors sere ya n'ebe nuclear physics. Mgbe mbụ nwere na beryllium radieshon, nzukọ na ozi na ọsụ ụzọ nke sayensị Frederikom Zholio na 1933 Kurchatov malitere amị mkpụrụ ọrụ ịkwụsị ike nke atọm. Ọnụ na ndị ọzọ na-eme nnyocha, tinyere Boris nwanne, ọ na-eme a itunanya ke ọmụmụ isomeric nuclei, redioaktivu bromine isotopes na-enweta otu arọ na mejupụtara ma nwere dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ e ji mara. Nke a na-arụ ọrụ mere ka ọganihu na nghọta nke atọm Ọdịdị nke a Soviet na nkà mmụta sayensị na obodo.

N'otu oge ahụ (1934-1935). Kurchatov ọnụ na ọkà mmụta sayensị si Institute of radium (na nkà mmụta sayensị na izi nzukọ guzobere USSR dị ka ihe na-eṅomi nke yiri oru dabeere na ọsụ ụzọ ahụ na-amụ radieshon Mariey Kyuri na France na Poland) mere nchọpụta neutron, na-anọpụ iche subatomic urughuru banyere nke nta maara n'oge ahụ. Neutrons na elu ume eji maka bombardment redioaktivu atọm ntọala, dị ka uranium, asiak atọm na n'oge a nuclear mmeghachi omume, nyak buru ibu nke ike.

eche agha

Na 1930s, na-eme nnyocha dị otú ahụ dị ka Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer na ndị ọzọ na-na-aghọta na a nuclear mmeghachi omume na ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ji mee ka a bọmbụ nke na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ike mgbawa. Kurchatov dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eduga Soviet nuclear ụlọ ọrụ e weere na de facto ndú nke nnyocha na experimentation na mpaghara ebe a. N'ihi na dị iche iche, gụnyere ụkọ ego na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị repressive ikuku nke Stalinist ọchịchị nke oge ahụ, ndị Soviet Union lagged n'azụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa na-agba ọsọ ka azụ atọm.

amụ anya onye otu

News banyere oghere na 1938 nke nuclear fission German chemists Otto Ganom na Fritz Strassmann gbasaa ngwa ngwa na mba uwa nke ọmụmụ physics. Na Soviet Union ozi ọma mere ka nchegbu na nchegbu banyere omume ngwa nke a chọpụtara.

Ke mbubreyo 1930s, ndị Soviet physics Igor Kurchatov, foto na-enịm ke ibuotikọ, a ìgwè nke na-eme nnyocha na Leningrad mere a itunanya na nuclear mmeghachi omume nke redioaktivu isotopes nke thorium na uranium. Na 1940, mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya fission nke uranium isotope mmadụ na mberede chọpụtara na n'okpuru idu ndú ya, dere, sị a obere isiokwu banyere ya na American mbipụta "Physical Review", nke nọ na-eduga n'akwụkwọ sayensị na-ebipụta isiokwu banyere ọganihu nuclear nnyocha.

Mgbe ọtụtụ izu nke nchere, Igor Kurchatov malitere omume ịchọ ugbu a mbipụta na-amụta na ozi ọma nke nwere na fission nke ntọala. N'ihi ya, ọ hụrụ na ndị American agụmakwụkwọ magazin agaghịkwa na-ebipụta ndị dị otú ahụ data site n'etiti 1940, Kurchatov kọọrọ ndị Soviet na-edu ndú na United States na nzaghachi na-eto eto ihe iyi egwu nke World War II na axis Germany-Italy-Japan, eleghị anya na-eme ka mgbalị iji wuoro atọm bombu. Nke a emeela ka intensification nke nnyocha na Soviet Union. Leningrad laabu Kurchatov ghọrọ center nke mgbalị ndị a.

Demagnetization nke Black Sea Fleet

Promotion nke German agha n'ime ókèala ndị USSR na July 1941 ọnụ ọgụgụ nke dị onwunwe nile ndi nke Soviet Union, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na obodo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme nnyocha na physics Kurchatov họpụtara obibi ugbu a agha ihe aga-eme, o wee na-azụ-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na Sevastopol demagnetize mmiri obibi magnetik mines.

Site 1942 na Soviet ọgụgụ isi mgbalị na United States na-egosi na eziokwu ahụ bụ na "Manhattan Project" na-eme ka ọganihu na mmepe nke ngwá agha nuklia. Na arịrịọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Igor Kurchatov e kpọrọ si Sevastopol na a họpụtara isi mmebe nke Center maka mmepe nke na-achịkwa nuclear mmeghachi omume. Nke a center ga-emecha ghọọ obi nke Soviet Institute of Atomic Energy.

mwubata Rosenberg

The Institute emeela a ìgwè nke Kurchatov cyclotron na ndị ọzọ na ngwá mkpa maka oru nke nuclear chernobyl. Mgbe ihe ịga nke ọma ule na ojiji nke United States na njedebe nke World War II, na bọmbụ atọm na Soviet Union nditetịm mgbalị iji gbochie US egwu agha nuklia. December 27, 1946 Kurchatov na ndi otu ya wuru mbụ nuclear chernobyl na Europe. Ọ bụ omume na-enweta ihe isotope nke plutonium mkpa iji mee ka ngwá agha nuklia. September 29, 1949, na-eduzi a ọma ule nke atọm bọmbụ, na Soviet Union na eze banyere nuclear afọ. Na November 1952, e rụrụ mgbawa nke American hydrogen bọmbụ, nke bụ ọtụtụ ugboro ọzọ dị ike, na August 12, 1953 ji dị otú ahụ rụzuru nke Soviet Union.

Mgbe eke ngwá agha nuklia Kurchatov mere ka okpukpe na Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị na udo ojiji nke atọm. O nyeere ndị chepụta ma wuo nuklia ike osisi. Na 1951 Kurchatov haziri otu n'ime ndị mbụ nzukọ na nuklia ike na Soviet Union na mesịrị ghọọ akụkụ nke ìgwè, nke bụ June 27, 1954 ulo oru nke mbụ nuklia ike osisi na Soviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Nti Facts

Nuclear physics e kpọrọ oké ọnụ ọgụgụ na-achị achị okirikiri nke Soviet ọchịchị. Ke adianade otu ke presidium nke Academy nke Sciences nke USSR, ọ ghọrọ ugboro atọ dike nke Socialist Labor, bụ a osote onye na nke Kasị Elu Council na a na-akwanyere ùgwù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya talent dị ka onye ndú bụ fọrọ nke nta ahụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na talent na hapụ ya ka ihe ịga nke ọma na-edu na-esiwanye nnukwu òtù.

Kurchatov e ukwuu otsenon ọrụ ibe ya na mba na nkà mmụta sayensị na obodo. Frederic Joliot-Curie, na Nobel Nrite maka amị mkpụrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ebe a ruo ogologo oge nọ na-a akwụkwọ ozi na ya. Ná ngwụsị nke 1950 Kurchatov abuana ke mba uwa okwu on nuclear ike na, ya na ndị ọzọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ maka a zuru ụwa ọnụ ban na ngwá agha nuklia. Ọ na-kwalitere a machibidoro na ikuku ule. Na 1963, ndị Soviet Union na United States aka a nkwekorita machibido ule nke ngwá agha nuklia na ikuku, na mbara na n'okpuru mmiri.

Civil ojiji nke nuclear ike, nyochara na mepụtara n'okpuru idu ndú nke Kurchatov, na-agụnye ike (nke mbụ nke nke na oru na 1954), na nuclear-kwadoro icebreaker "Lenin". Ọzọkwa nchọpụta eduzi ọkà mmụta sayensị Fusion, inwe na-emepe emepe-esi nwere plasma na oké elu okpomọkụ chọrọ na-ebute na-akwadokwa ihe njikọ usoro na a anọ na chernobyl.

Omume kama usoro iwu

Mgbe abụọ ọrịa strok ke 1956 na 1957. Kurchatov lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọrụ, mgbe nọgidere na-na-nuclear physics, nakwa dị ka imewe na-ewu nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Soviet nuklia ike osisi. February 7, 1960 na Moscow, kwuru nwụrụ nke a obi ọgụ, Igor Kurchatov.

Biography nke ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ na-ejedebeghị na oru ngo, nke o doro nsọ ndụ ya niile. Ya n'ọnụ ọrụ nke bukwanu mkpa, naanị nke abụọ na n'ozuzu lagged n'azụ ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ nke nuclear physics nke n'oge XX narị afọ. Naanị ngwa nke ozizi na omume, kpughere mkpa nke ya na-eme.

ebibighị

Soviet physics Igor Kurchatov biri ma rụọ ọrụ na-emegbu na igbochi anyị ikuku nke technologically Iosifa Stalina ọchịchị. O jisiri kpọkọta a ìgwè nke pụtara ìhè ọkà mmụta sayensị na-esi ike ma na-achọ na ọnọdụ na, Ọzọkwa, na-akwali ndị a ọkachamara ike a okike, na-arụpụta obodo. O jisiri anọ na ezi graces na bụ ikwubi n'oge Stalinist purges nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-edu ndú nke mba ahụ na n'otu oge ahụ na-etinye na-atụ ha chọrọ.

Sakharov onye nkụzi

Kurchatov bụ site niile akụkọ ndị raara onwe ya nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ onye kweere na eziokwu na ebe kasị mma maka mmepe na ule nke anụ ahụ chepụtara bụ laabu. N'ihi nke a bara uru kpọrọ ọkà mmụta sayensị si n'ike mmụọ nsọ a ọgbọ nke Soviet physics na ụkpụrụ na echiche gabiga crucible nke okike usoro. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye nkụzi nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, gụnyere nuclear physics Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov nyeere obodo ya na-abanye na-nkà na ụzụ oge nke ikpeazụ ọkara nke iri abụọ na narị afọ, kpụrụ a abụọ akara nke atọm ike na Soviet Union. Ọ bụrụ na o lekwasịrị anya naanị na-eke na ngwá agha, udo ojiji nke nuclear ume (nuclear ike) ga-eleghị anya adịghị anya pụtara.