The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke organic onwu. The isiokwu na uru nke Organic Chemistry

Mmadụ ole na ole na-eche banyere ihe bụ ọrụ nke organic onwu na ndụ nke mmadụ n'oge a. Ma, ọ bụ nnukwu, ọ bụ ike overestimate. Ụtụtụ, mgbe onye kpọtere elu ma na-aga na-asa, na ọma n'ime mgbede, mgbe ọ na-aga ụra, ọ na-eso ndị na ngwaahịa nke organic onwu. Atu, uwe, akwụkwọ, ntecha, ngwá ụlọ na n'ime ime imewe, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ - niile a na-enye anyị ya. Ma ozugbo ọ bụ bụghị ikpe, na organic onwu mara nnọọ nta.

Ka anyị lee otú ghọrọ usoro nzọụkwụ site nzọụkwụ ndị mere organic onwu.

1. The oge nke development ruo XIV narị afọ, a na-akpọ eke.

2. XV - na Asaa narị afọ - mmalite nke mmepe ma ọ bụ iatrochemistry My Chemical Romance.

3. Century XVIII - XIX - dominance nke ozizi vitalism.

4. XIX - XX narị afọ - kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe, na nkà mmụta sayensị ogbo.

Malite ma ọ bụ eke na-adọ nke mmepe nke organic onwu

Nke a na-adọ ndị mejupụtara nnọọ ntoputa nke echiche nke chemical malite. Na mmalite gaa laa azụ na Rom oge ochie na Egypt, nke dị nnọọ ike bi na-eme ka e ji esiji ákwà maka agba? Akpọkwa na uwe si eke ngwaọrụ - epupụta na ị ga nke osisi. Ndị a bụ ndị indigo, inye miri-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba, na alizorin staining n'ụzọ nkịtị niile kemmiri na mma shades nke oroma na-acha uhie uhie. Oké nimble bi mba dị iche iche n'otu oge mụtakwara otú ọ ga-mmanya, na-eme mmụọ si sucrose na starch-nwere bekee nke osisi si malite.

Ọ maara na a nnọọ nkịtị nri na ngwa nke a mere mgbe ndị anụmanụ abụba, akwukwo nri mmanụ na resins na-eji site chefs na-agwọ ọrịa. Na-na-adị kwa ụbọchị ndụ nke dị iche iche na nsị ndị tightly dị ka isi agha vnutriusobnyh mmekọahụ. All a bekee bụ ngwaahịa nke organic onwu.

Ma, dị mwute ikwu, dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, echiche nke "onwu" adịghị adị, na-amụ kpọmkwem bekee iji dokwuo anya na Njirimara na mejupụtara mesoghị. Ya mere, oge a na-akpọ n'amaghi. All nchoputa bụ random, unfocused ọdịdị nke n'ji ụkpụrụ. Nke a na-ruo mgbe ọzọ na narị afọ.

iatrochemistry oge - a ekwe mmalite mmepe

N'ezie, ọ bụ na XVI - na Asaa narị afọ malitere iputa kpọmkwem ihe oyiyi nke onwu ka a sayensị. Site na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị oge ụfọdụ e nwetara organic bekee mepụtakwara mfe ngwa maka distillation na sublimation nke bekee eji a pụrụ iche chemical arịa maka ndinuak bekee ka nkewa nke eke ngwaahịa Efrata.

Isi na-elekwasị anya nke oge bụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ. Ọchịchọ inwe ndị dị mkpa ọgwụ emewo ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na osisi guzo mkpa mmanụ na ndị ọzọ na raw Efrata. N'ihi ya, Karl Scheele e nwetara ọtụtụ organic asịd si akwukwo nri ngwaọrụ:

• malic;
• lemon;
• gallic;
• mmiri ara ehi;
• oxalic.

On ọmụmụ nke osisi na oke nke a asịd ọkà mmụta sayensị were 16 afọ (1769 ka 1785). Nke a bụ mmalite nke mmepe, tọrọ ntọala organic onwu, nke bụ kpọmkwem dị ka a n'alaka ụlọ ọrụ nke onwu e kwuru na aha ya bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge XVIII narị afọ).

Na n'otu oge ahụ Middle gf pụta ìhè Rueil kristal nke uric acid si urea. Ọzọ chemists succinic acid bụ enwetara site na amba, tartaric acid. Na nkịtị were na-agụnye a na usoro nke akọrọ distillation osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ ihe, site na nke a nwetara acetic acid, diethyl ether, osisi mmanya.

Si otú malitere na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe nke organic chemical ụlọ ọrụ na-eme n'ọdịnihu.

Vis vitalis, ma ọ bụ "ike ndụ"

XVIII - XIX narị afọ maka organic onwu bụ nnọọ abụọ-n'ogige atụrụ: n'otu aka, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị e gwupụtara na nwere ezigbo uru. Na ndị ọzọ, a ogologo oge, uto na ìgwè mkpa ihe ọmụma na ezi echiche iji gbochie ha ịkpa na-achị ozizi vitalism.

Nke a Ozizi chepụtara na depụtara isi Jens Jakobs Berzelius, onye n'otu oge, ya onwe ya nyere, na definition nke organic onwu (kpọmkwem afọ bụ amaghi, ma ọ bụ 1807 ma ọ bụ na 1808). Dị ka ndokwa nke a Ozizi, na organic bekee pụrụ kpụrụ naanị na ndụ ntule (osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ mmadụ), dị ka nanị dị ndụ nwere a pụrụ iche "ike ndụ" na-enye ohere a bekee emepụta. Mgbe inorganic bekee na-organic nnọọ ekwe omume, ebe ha na-na ngwaahịa na-adịghị ndụ, na-abụghị flammable, na-enweghị ị chọrọ vitalis.

Otu ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ nhazi ọkwa nke niile mara na oge nke ogige na inorganic (na-abụghị ndị dị ndụ, ihe niile bekee dị ka mmiri na nnu) na organic (ndụ, ndị na dị ka olive mmanụ na sugar) e chọrọ. Ọzọkwa Berzelius mbụ ẹkedọhọde kpọmkwem na ndị dị otú organic onwu. Mkpebi Siri Ike bụ: a ngalaba nke onwu na-amụrụ bekee ewepụtara ndu eme ntule.

N'oge a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-adị mfe emejuputa akakabarede nke organic ogige n'ime inorganic, e.g., site combustion. Otú ọ dị, ohere nke reconversion nke ihe ọ bụla na-amaghị ma.

Fate ga nwere ya, na ọ bụ na-amụrụ Jens Berzelius Fridrih Veler mee ka mmalite nke ida nke ozizi onye nkụzi ya.

German ọkà mmụta sayensị arụ ọrụ na cyanide ogige ma na otu nke nwere mụụrụ nweta kristal ejisie Yiri uric acid. N'ihi ya, a ọzọ ọma ọmụmụ ọ hụrụ na n'ezie jisiri organic okwu inorganic, enweghị ihe ọ bụla ị chọrọ vitalis. N'agbanyeghị otú obi abụọ Berzelius, a manyere ya ekweta nke a doro eziokwu. N'ihi ya, e si mesoo mbụ igbu ka vitalistic echiche. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke organic onwu malitere nweta ọkụ.

Ọtụtụ nchoputa, gburu vitalism

Wohler ịga nke ọma sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ chemists nke XVIII narị afọ, ya mere, malitere nile ule na nnwale iji nweta organic okwu vitro. Dị otú ahụ syntheses na ndị oké egwu na nke kasị mkpa ndidi ọtụtụ.

1. 1845 G. - Adolf Kolbe nke bụ nwa akwụkwọ Wohler, ejisie mfe inorganics C, H _2, O ₂ multistage ngụkọta njikọ iji nweta acetic acid, nke bụ ihe organic ihe onwunwe.
2. 1812, Konstantinom Kirhgofom emejuputa glucose njikọ si starch na acid.
3. 1820 Anri Brakonno denatured protein acid na mgbe emeso ya na nitric acid na ngwakọta enwetara site na mbụ 20 amino asịd synthesized mesịrị - glycine.
4. 1809 Michel Chevreul amụ mejupụtara nke abụba, na-agbalị kewaa ha n'ime ya constituent mmiri. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ natara ọdụdụ asịd na glycerol. 1854, Zhan Bertlo iso ọrụ Chevrel glycerol na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na stearic acid. N'ihi - abụba, kpọmkwem akuko Ọdịdị nke eke ogige. Mgbe e mesịrị, o jisiri ike na-na abụba ndị ọzọ na mmanụ, bụ ndị na ubé dị iche iche na molekụla Ọdịdị si eke analogues. Nke a na-egosipụta na o inweta ọhụrụ organic ogige nke dị oké mkpa na laabu.
5. J. Berthelot synthesized methane si hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S) na carbon disulfide (CS _2).
6. 1842 Zinin ike synthesize na aniline si nitrobenzene e ji esiji ákwà. E mesịa, ọ jisiri a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aniline dyes.
7. A. Flo Rida feat emepụta ya laabu, nke anọwo ọrụ na-aga nke ọma njikọ nke organic dyes, yiri eke: alizarin, indigoid, antrohinonovye, xanthene.
8. 1846 njikọ nke nitroglycerin ọkà mmụta sayensị Sobrero. Ọ na-mepụtara a Ozizi ụdị, nke na-ekwu na bekee yiri ụfọdụ nke inorganic na ike a ga-akwadebe site na dochie hydrogen atọm na Ọdịdị.
9. 1861 A. M. Butlerov synthesized sweetener nke formalin. Ha na-chepụtara ndokwa nke ozizi chemical Ọdịdị nke organic ogige mkpa ugbu a.

All nchọpụta ndị a mata isiokwu nke organic onwu - carbon na ya ogige. Ọzọkwa nchọpụta lekwasịrị anya usoro nke chemical Jeremaya mere na organic onwu, ka ọdịdị nke electronic interactions, na Ọdịdị nke ahụ ogige.

The ọkara nke abụọ nke XIX na XX narị afọ - a oge nke zuru ụwa ọnụ chemical nchoputa

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke organic onwu karịrị oge agbanweela niile nnukwu mgbanwe. Arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na usoro nke esịtidem Filiks ụmụ irighiri ihe, Jeremaya mere na usoro ka amịghịkwa-amị mkpụrụ na-arụpụta. Ya mere, na 1857, Friedrich Kekule mepụtara ozizi valence. Ọ na-bụ nke oké n'uru - nchọpụta nke Ọdịdị nke ahụ ụmụ irighiri nke aromatic hydrocarbon benzene. N'otu oge A. M. Butlerov chepụtara ozizi nke ihe owuwu ọnọdụ nke ogige ke nke na-arụtụ na carbon tetravalence na onu nke ịdị adị nke isomers, na isomers.

VV Markovnikov na A. M. Zaytsev amụ n'ime ọmụmụ nke mmeghachi omume usoro organic okwu na ichepụta a set nke iwu na-akọwa ndị a usoro na gosiri. Na 1873 - 1875 afọ. I. Wislicenus, Van't Hoff na Le Bel-amụ gbasara ohere ndokwa nke atọm na ụmụ irighiri ihe, na-ekpughe ịdị adị nke stereo-isomers, na ndị nna nna nke dum sayensị - stereochemistry. A otutu dị iche iche ndị mmadụ aka na ndị e kere eke nke ubi nke organic onwu, nke anyị nwere taa. Ya mere, organic onwu, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ịrịba ama.

The njedebe nke XIX na XX narị afọ - a oge nke zuru ụwa ọnụ chọpụtara na ọgwụ ụlọ ọrụ, agba ụlọ ọrụ, kwantum onwu. Tụlee oghere, iji hụ na kacha uru nke organic onwu.

1. 1881 Conrad M. na M. Gudtseyt synthesized ọgwụ na-akụnwụ, veronal na salicylic acid.
2. 1883 L. Knorr natara antipyrine.
3. 1884 F. Stoll ọkọdọ pyramidon.
4. 1869 Hyatt ụmụnna merie ndị mbụ mmadụ mere eriri.
5. 1884 D. Eastman synthesized celluloid film.
6. 1890 natara cuprammonium eriri L. Depassi.
7. 1891 Charles Cross na ibe ya ọkọdọ rayon.
8. 1897 F. Miescher na Buchner tọrọ ntọala ozizi ndu ọxịdashọn (cell-free gbaa ụka chọpụtara na enzymes ka biocatalysts).
9. 1897 F. Miescher chọpụtara nucleic asịd.
10. Mmalite nke XX narị afọ - ọhụrụ onwu nke organometallic ogige.
11. 1917 Lewis meghere electronic ọdịdị nke chemical nkekọ na ụmụ irighiri.
12. 1931 Hückel - nchoputa nke kwantum usoro na onwu.
13. Of 1931-1933. Laymus Pauling di na resonance Ozizi, na mgbe e mesịrị ya ngalaba-ọrụ na-ekpughe ọdịdị zuru oke nke na ọnọdụ na-chemical Jeremaya mere.
14. 1936 naịlọn synthesized.
15. Of 1930-1940. Æ Arbuzov enye ịrị elu mmepe Organophosphorus ogige nke bụ ihe ndabere maka mmepụta nke plastik, pharmaceuticals, na ụmụ ahụhụ.
16. 1960 Academician Nesmeyanov na ụmụ akwụkwọ kere mbụ sịntetik nri na laabu.
17. 1963 Du Vinho anata insulin, nke bụ nnukwu nzọụkwụ n'ihu na nkà mmụta ọgwụ.
18. 1968 Indian HG kor'an jisiri a dị mfe site n'usoro na nyeere aka chọpụtachaa ihe e deburu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa koodu.

N'ihi ya, mkpa nke organic onwu na ndụ ndị mmadụ nanị colossal. Plastics, Polymers, emep uta eri, akọwa na varnishes, roba, roba, ịkwanyere ihe, polypropylene na polyethylene, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke oge bekee, enweghị nke taa bụ nanị agaghị ekwe omume ndụ, mgbagwoju ụzọ ya chọpụtara. Ọtụtụ narị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere ha afọ nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike, ya mere, a n'ozuzu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke organic onwu.

The oge a usoro nke organic ogige

Ebe mere a nnukwu na-esiri ụzọ na mmepe nke organic onwu, na ugbu a anaghị guzo. E nwere ihe karịrị 10 Mill. Connections, na a ọnụ ọgụgụ na-amụba kwa afọ. Ya mere, e a Ịhazi ndokwa Ọdịdị nke bekee na-enye anyị organic onwu. Nhazi ọkwa nke organic ogige na-adade ke table.

Ndị klas nke ogige	bughi atụmatụ	The n'ozuzu usoro
Hydrocarbons (mejupụtara naanị carbon na hydrogen atọm)	jupụta (naanị sigma adịgide adịgide.); unsaturated (sigma na pi nkwurịta okwu.); acyclic; cyclic.	Alkanes C n H 2n + 2; Alkenes, cycloalkanes C n H 2n; Alkynes, alkadienes, C n H 2n-2; Arena C 6 H 2n-6.
Bekee nwere dị iche iche hetero atọm na isi otu	halogens; OH otu (alcohols na phenols); nkụzị ROR (ethers).	R-Hal; R-OH; ROR.
carbonyl ogige	aldehydes; ketones; quinones.	RC (H) = O
Ogige nwere a carboxyl otu	carboxylic acid; esters.	R-COOH; R-COOR.
Ogige nwere sọlfọ, nitrogen ma ọ bụ site na molekul	Nwere ike ịbụ cyclic ma ọ bụ acyclic	-
organometallic ogige	Carbon bonded ozugbo na ndị ọzọ mmewere, ma ọ bụghị hydrogen	C-E
organometallic ogige	Carbon o sie na metal	Na-Me
heterocyclic ogige	Na Ọdịdị dabeere okirikiri na ndị òtù nke heteroatoms	-
eke bekee	Large polima ụmụ irighiri ihe na-eme ka elu eke ogige	ndi na-edozi, nucleic asịd, amino asịd, alkaloids na dị ka. d.
Polymers	Bekee na-enwe a elu molekụla arọ, nke dabeere monomeric nkeji	n (-RRR-)

The ọmụmụ nke dum dịgasị iche iche nke bekee na Jeremaya mere na nke ha na-abanye, na bụ isiokwu nke organic onwu taa.

Types of chemical nkekọ na organic bekee

N'ihi na ọ bụla ogige ji elektronnostaticheskie interactions n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe, nke na-egosipụta na ọnụnọ nke organics covalent pola na-abụghị pola covalent agbụ. The organometallic ogige nwere ike na-etolite na-adịghị ike ionic mmekọrịta.

Covalent nonpolar nkwukọrịta ime n'etiti C-C site omume niile organic ụmụ irighiri. Covalent pola interactions e ji mara maka dị iche iche-nonmetal atọm na molekul. Dị ka ihe atụ, C-Hal, Kra, CO, CN, CP, CS. Nke a bụ niile ruru ka organic onwu, nke adị nke e guzobere ogige.

Ọdịiche na ogige nke formulas organics

Kacha nkịtị formulas maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị òtù nke a compound akpọ ahụrụ anya. Dị otú ahụ formulas adị maka onye ọ bụla nke inorganic umi. Ma mgbe ọ bịara na-eru elu formulas na organic onwu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere na ihu ọtụtụ nsogbu. Firstly, arọ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ọtụtụ narị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ puku. Ọ bụ ike ikpebi na ahụrụ anya usoro dị otú ahụ a buru ibu umi. Ya mere, na oge e nwere a nkebi nke organic onwu dị ka organic analysis. Ya founders atụle-eme nnyocha Liebig, Wohler, Gay-Lussac na Berzelius. Ha, ọnụ na ọrụ A. M. Butlerova, mata ịdị adị nke isomers - ogige na nwere otu qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara, ma dị iche na Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke molekul. Ọ bụ ya mere na Ọdịdị nke organic ogige owụt taa abụghị ahụrụ anya na bughi zuru ezu ma ọ bụ condensed bughi usoro.

Ndị a owuwu - e ji mara na akụkụ pụrụ iche nke bụ organic onwu. The formulas na-e dere iji dashes, bụ a chemical nkekọ. e.g., butane condensed bughi usoro ga-enwe ụdị Kra ₃ - Kra ₂ - Kra ₂ - Kra _3. Full bughi usoro na-egosi niile chemical agbụ ugbu ke molekul.

Ọzọkwa, e nwere a usoro nke Ndekọ molekụla formulas nke organic ogige. Ọ na-ele ndị ahụ dị ka ahụrụ anya si inorganic. N'ihi butane ka ihe atụ, ọ ga-abụ: C ₄ H _10. Nke ahụ bụ, molekụla usoro enye ihe echiche naanị banyere qualitative na quantitative mejupụtara nke compound. Structural mara na nkekọ na molekul, ya mere ha nwere ike iji na-ekwu ga-eme n'ọdịnihu omume na chemical Njirimara nke umi. Ndị a bụ atụmatụ nwere organic onwu. Formulas na-e dere n'ụdị ọ bụla, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ eziokwu.

Ụdị ndị Jeremaya mere na organic onwu

E nwere ụfọdụ nhazi ọkwa nke ụdị organic onwu Jeremaya mere na-ewere ọnọdụ. Na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a classifications, na dị iche iche ihe mgbakwasị. Tụlee ndị bụ isi.

Usoro nke chemical Jeremaya mere na ụzọ nke na-agbasa na nkekọ na guzobere:

• ma ọ bụ homolytic buu;
• heterolytic ma ọ bụ ionic.

The Jeremaya mere, nke ụdị nke mgbanwe:

• yinye buu;
• nucleophilic aliphatic nnọchi;
• nucleophilic aromatic nnọchi;
• mkpochapu mmeghachi omume;
• electrophilic adianade;
• odide;
• cyclization;
• electrophilic nnọchi;
• mmegharị mmeghachi omume.

Site n'ụzọ nke na-agba ọsọ mmeghachi omume (nnabata) na na kinetic ka nke mmeghachi omume a na-mgbe ụfọdụ categorized. Ndị a bụ ndị isi na atụmatụ nke ndị Jeremaya mere nke nwere organic onwu. Ozizi a na-akọwa nkọwa nke ọ bụla N'ezie nke a chemical mmeghachi omume, e meghere na n'etiti XX narị afọ, na enen gbakwunyere ka na bụla ọhụrụ chọpụtara na njikọ.

Ọ ga-kwuru na general organic onwu Jeremaya mere n'ihu n'okpuru ọzọ tiri ọnọdụ ka na inorganic onwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ukwuu stabilization nke organic ụmụ irighiri ruru ka guzobere n'ime ma sie ike intermolecular linkages. Ya mere, ọ dịghị mmeghachi omume bụ ezu na-enweghị azụ na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, nrụgide ma ọ bụ ngwa nke mkpali.

The oge a definition nke Organic Chemistry

Ke ofụri ofụri, mmepe nke organic onwu na-aga na ọzụzụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ọ na-akwakọba a nnukwu ego nke ihe ọmụma banyere bekee, ha owuwu na Jeremaya mere na nke ha nwere ike iso. Synthesized ọtụtụ nde nke bara uru na nanị mkpa ngwaọrụ eji na dịgasị iche iche nke sayensị, nkà na ụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ. Echiche nke organic onwu taa na-aghọta ka ihe ebube na nnukwu, ọtụtụ na mgbagwoju, iche iche ma dị ịrịba.

N'oge ahụ, ndị mbụ definition nke uku a ngalaba nke onwu bu ihe nyere Berzelius: ọ bụ onwu na-amụrụ bekee kewapụrụ ntule. Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ oge gafere, ọtụtụ nchoputa, na ghọtara na mara a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke usoro vnutrihimicheskih usoro. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, taa na e nwere a dị iche iche echiche nke ihe na-organic onwu. Mkpebi Siri Ike na ọ bụ nyere: na carbon onwu na nke ya ogige, na ụzọ ha si njikọ.