The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Russian FSB

FSB ma ọ bụ Russian Federal Security Service, bụ otu n'ime ndị na-anọchi nke USSR State Kọmitii Nchebe (KGB), nzukọ mara maka ya iyi ọha egwu na ọgụgụ isi eme ihe, nke ejikwara na Soviet Union na XX narị afọ.

Uwe ojii nzuzo - na Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

History nke Federal Security Service nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe ya aha na reorganization mgbe mgbanwe ke Russia na 1917 Eze, o yi aha KGB maka afọ 46, site na 1954 ruo 1991. Repressive òtù ogologo kemgbe akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ọdịdị nke Russia. The ọrụ nke òtù ndị a emewo a budata gbasaa tụnyere ọrụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị uwe ojii, na-egwuri site uwe ojii nzuzo n'oge ọchịchị Tsar Nicholas II.

Na 1917, Vladimir Lenin si remnants nke Tsarist uwe ojii nzuzo kere Cheka. Nke a ọhụrụ, nke mechara ghọọ ndị KGB, e aku a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe aga-eme, gụnyere ịbụ ndị nledo, counter-sabo na Soviet Union na-akpa iche si Western ngwaahịa, ozi ọma na echiche. Na 1991, ndị Soviet Union dara, a na-eduga na fragmentation nke na Kọmitii maka a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke òtù, ndị kasị ibu nke bụ FSB.

History nke Russian Federal Security Service

Na 1880, Tsar Alexander II kpụrụ Branch nche ọha nchekwa na iji, mara dị ka "uwe ojii nzuzo." Nke a nzukọ ke mbubreyo XIX - n'oge XX narị afọ. mkpọrọgwụ iche iche buu iche iche na Russia - surveillance nke ndị òtù ha na mmejuputa ha na neutralizing ha. Na ndị òtù ndị uwe ojii nzuzo na management nke dị iche iche revolutionary iche iche, ndị eze mgbe niile ruo ụbọchị na ike mfe gbochie ọ bụla nwere agha. Ka ihe atụ, n'agbata 1908 na 1909, 4 nke 5 òtù nke St. Petersburg Committee nke Bolshevik Party ndị òtù nke Okhrana. Nicholas II ahụ ji nnọọ n'aka nke ike ya ihe ndị a dị iche iche, nke na November 1916 leghaara ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ihe emeriri mgbanwe.

Mgbe February Democratic mgbanwe, Lenin na ya Bolshevik Party nzuzo haziri ike na nke abụọ na-anwa a kuu. Lenin bụ ezigbo onye supporter nke oké ụjọ na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ndị na-Jacobins, ndị kasị oké French okpuru na 1790 ọ họpụtara Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo onyeisi oche nke Ndị mmadụ Commissariat maka esịtidem Affairs (NKVD), isi nzube nke nke bụ na-alụ ọgụ megide ndị iro nke ndị ọchịchị na mgbochi nke sabotaji na mba ahụ. History nke Cheka (FSB) malitere na ya e kere eke 20 December 1917 mma arụmọrụ nke ọrụ nke NKVD. Extraordinary Commission bụ ihe ndabere maka mesịrị KGB. Ya onyeisi oche, Lenin họpụtara Dzerzhinsky, a Polish nobleman, bụ onye nọworo 11 mkpọrọ afọ-eyi ọha egwu na-eme megide eze.

The red ụjọ

N'oge na-adịghị Zheleznyy Feliks malitere ime mgbanwe ndị na-Cheka. History nke Federal Security Service na December 1920 ji nyefe nke ụlọ ọrụ n'isi ụlọ ọrụ si St. Petersburg na mbụ ụlọ ọrụ nke All-Russian Insurance Company, ebe ọ na-anọgide na a ụbọchị. Cheka onwe ya mụụrụ nchoputa ya onwe ya na-eme ka njide, ekpe ikpe na ya, dị na n'ogige ịta ahụhụ ma gbuo ya.

History nke KGB-FSB mejupụtara a na-egbu ihe karịrị 500 000 ndị na oge ebe ọ bụ na ya inception na 1917 ka renaming ke 1922. A na-emekarị bụ "Red ụjọ." Onye ọ bụla obodo nche ọrụ were 20-30 ndị mmadụ njigide na ẹkenịmde ha dị ka ogologo dị ka ndị nkịtị na-enye ihe niile nke ha nri mee. Ọ bụrụ na nke a anaghị eme eme, gbaa edoro na mbe. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro a irè nọgide na-enwe Lenin si akụziri, mma aku idina ndị West, ndị KGB e disbanded na-anọchi a ọ na-erughị obi ọjọọ nzukọ - na State Political Directorate (GPU).

Ná mmalite, ndị GPU bụ n'okpuru ikike nke NKVD na nwere obere ike karịa Cheka. Na nkwado nke Lenin Dzerzhinsky nọgidere onyeisi oche na-emecha nwetaghachiri mbụ ya ike. Na USSR oruru e kuchiri na July 1923, ndị GPU e renamed na OGPU, ma ọ bụ site na United State Political Administration.

ụnwụ

Na 1924, Lenin nwụrụ, na ihe ịga nke ọma Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, ndị na-akwado ya na agha ike, nọgidere na-post. Mgbe ọnwụ nke Iron Felix ke 1926 ghọrọ onyeisi nke OGPU Menzhinsky. Otu n'ime isi ihe nke nzukọ n'oge ahụ nke iji nke support n'etiti Soviet ụmụ amaala, mgbe Stalin tụgharịa 14 nde oru ugbo ugbo n'ime mkpokọta ugbo. The ọbara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB mejupụtara ndị na-esonụ bụ eziokwu. Izute mba ọzọ mgbanwe mkpa nke ndị OGPU amanye isiizi ọka na ọka n'ihi na mbupụ ahịa ya, na-eke agụụ, n'ihi na nke gburu ihe karịrị nde mmadụ ise.

Si tomato na Yezhov

Na 1934 Menzhinsky nwụrụ n'okpuru omimi ọnọdụ na dochie Henry Berry, a ọgwụ site ọzụzụ. N'okpuru idu ndú ya, na OGPU malitere imezu research na ubi nke ndu na chemical ngwá agha. Berry hụrụ n'anya na-ebu nwere na mkpọrọ onwe. Ọ gbara n'okpuru Stalin mgbe ekwupụta na igbu ọchụ Menzhinsky-edu OGPU.

N'oge na ochichi nke Nikolai Yezhov 's nọchiri Tomato, ụjọ na USSR ruru ya elu. History nke Federal Security Service na-agụnye ndị na-esonụ bụ eziokwu: n'etiti 1936 na 1938. naanị ọrụ OGPU puku atọ ndị gbara. Na-atụ egwu-eto eto ime Yezhov, Stalin gbalịrị gbara ya na 1938.

Afọ 15 Beria

Mgbe Yezhov dị ka isi nke NKVD arọ iri na ise ẹkenịmde Lavrenty Beria. Ọ gbasaa nzukọ ndị dị otú ahụ ruo n'ókè nke na 1941 nche ọrụ ghọrọ a iche iche nzukọ. NKGB ahụ maka esịtidem security, counter-ọgụgụ isi, ókè-ala nche, n'ogige ọrụ mmanye, nakwa dị ka okpuru na nzuzo mgba megide Germany n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. The isi nke NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov e achịkwa Beria. Na 1950, ọ na-anọchi Viktor Abakumov, bụ ndị nọ na isi nke NKVD ahụ abụghị ìsì. N'ihi ya, Stalin, Beria mekwara ka ima ya ikpe izu ọjọọ megide onye ndú nke ndị niile. Na 1951 Abakumov otop.

Mgbe Stalin nwụsịrị na 1953, Beria nọ na-agbalị ile ya akaike nke USSR. Ma ọtụtụ isi ndị ndú nke Soviet Army bụ site Nikita Khrushchev, Beria e me ka ikpe ma gbuo ya na 1953. Na March 1954, e nwere KGB, nke na-ahụ maka akara nke ndị uwe ojii, na-eduzi nzuzo arụmọrụ, ókè-ala nche na esịtidem nche.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

State Kọmitii Nchebe e guzobere March 13, 1954 Ya mbụ onyeisi oche bụ Ivan Serov. The mbụ ọrụ nke otu bụ a "dị ọcha" ọchịchị nke ndị mmadụ Beria, onye na-agbalị ijide akara nke Soviet Union mgbe Stalin ọnwụ.

Malite na nke mbụ na 1958, na oru Aleksandra Shelepina dị ka ọhụrụ onyeisi oche nke KGB (Serov gawa site na General Intelligence Department), Khrushchev me ụfọdụ mgbanwe arụmọrụ ọrụ nke Kọmitii. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụ ka ịlaghachi na Soviet Union, na KGB, na karịsịa, na a N'ezie yiri Cheka Dzerzhinsky mmalite nke 1920s. Western mba e aha ya bụ isi "ndị iro" nke USSR, gụnyere US, UK na Japan. Ha kwesịrị kwụsị iguzosi na imeda. N'ihi ya, n'oge na-Khrushchev oge hụrụ na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na igbu ọchụ na iyi ọha egwu nkwado site na Soviet Union.

N'otu oge ndị KGB na-agbalị ịgbanwe repressive image kere site Stalinist ọchịchị aka ike. Kere edemede ọrụ ito dike onyinye ichebe ndị KGB nke Soviet Union, na agbala maka ozi stampụ na onyinyo nke Dzerzhinsky.

Na December 1961, o dochie Vladimir Shelepina okpukpu asaa.

The oge nke Andropov

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB mgbe nkwatu Khrushchev si October 11, 1964 na-abịa na ike Leonida Brezhneva na-eme ka a n'aka: okpukpu asaa e asuan si post of onyeisi oche nke KGB. Na May 1967 ọ nọ na-anọchi Yuri Andropov, isi nke ngalaba maka mmekọahụ Socialist mba. Ọ ghọrọ Chairman- "Ekliziastis", jide ruo mgbe May 1982.

The ọhụrụ isi nke KGB wee nhazigharị malitere site Khrushchev na Shelepin na 1960. O guzogidere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, mba na okpukpe na-emegide; gbasaa usoro nke n'ogige ọrụ mmanye , na njikọ; eji na ọrịa uche obibi jụrụ okwukwe. Ke adianade do, ọ na ụba ya collection of na nkà mmụta sayensị na teknuzu ọgụgụ isi, na-enyere ike otu nzukọ akụrụngwa maka ego ma na-achịkwa nke agha, agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ na ụgbọelu. N'okpuru nduzi nke KGB Andropov aku ghaara ya ụgha, falsification nke akwụkwọ nke Western ọgụgụ isi ụlọ ọrụ, kwụrụ ụgwọ mkpọsa na Western pịa, nakwa dị ka gbasaa netwọk nke mmadụ esenidụt. Na May 1982, Andropov ghọrọ onye ndú nke Communist Party, na-edu ndú n'elu Committee ebe Vitaly Fedorchuk, bụbu onyeisi oche nke mpaghara KGB na Ukraine.

Ọnwa asaa ghọrọ ikpeazụ Minister nke Interior. Na December 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, mbụ osote onye. Fedorchuk, were ohere iputa ebe. Na October 1988 enye ihe ịga nke ọma Vladimir Kryuchkov, isi nke mbụ Chief Directorate nke KGB.

Nko jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke KGB ruo August 18, 1991, mgbe ọ na-na-asa na ndị ọzọ na igodo òtù nke Soviet ọchịchị ulo oru a na-emezughị kuu mgbalị megide Mikhail Gorbachev, ndú nke Communist Party si 1985 ruo na mgbasa nke party December 25, 1991

The nzukọ na-eme nke KGB

Na 1954 malitere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke KGB-FSB, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị uwe ojii nke Soviet Union, nke ghọrọ eze maara dị ka ndị State Kọmitii Nchebe na hụrụ ya isi nzukọ Ọdịdị.

Mgbe ahụ, e nwere a ịrịba gụnyere ya ná ya status si Ministry na kọmitii. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nke a, KGB nọ ọzọ obodo kwụụrụ karịa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Soviet ọchịchị ngalaba, ma onwe ha nke Council nke Ozi ikike inye ndị ọzọ ọrụ ike na USSR. Dị ka State Committee nke KGB chie ebutere ka Council nke Ozi n'okpuru Charter. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB akụkụ nọchiri eziokwu na Kọmitii si n'akwụkwọ iwu dịghị mgbe e bipụtara, na iche na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Soviet iwu. Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nzukọ, Otú ọ dị, e bipụtara na akwụkwọ na ụfọdụ nke ngosi nke ala nzuzo.

KGB nwere nche anwụ Ọdịdị, nke gụnyere a yiri kọmitii nke ọ bụla n'ime 14 Soviet na-ekwu. Na RSFSR Otú ọ dị, na mpaghara nzukọ bụ. ọha nchekwa kọmitii ofụri Russia ozugbo ebutere ka Central ikike Moscow.

KGB na-edu ndú gosipụtara site na President, mma site Supreme Council nke Political Bureau nke ngosi. Ọ bụ nke mbụ 1-2 na 4-6 nnọọ nọ n'ọnọdụ. Ha, tinyere ndị isi nke ụfọdụ ngalaba, kpụrụ a board - a ahụ na-eme ka mkpebi ndị dị mkpa banyere nzukọ eme.

The isi ihe aga-eme nke KGB ekpuchi 4 ebe: ala-echebe site nledo mba ọzọ na mmadụ, nchọpụta na nchoputa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na aku na uba na mpụ, nchedo nke ala ala na ala nzuzo. Iji mezuo ndị a aga-eme na isii isi ngalaba jere ozi site na 390 na 700 puku. Man.

Nhazi Ọdịdị

1st Chief Directorate na-ahụ maka ihe niile mba ọzọ arụmọrụ na ọgụgụ isi-nzukọ. Ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ nkewa, onye na-akọrọ ma arụmọrụ rụrụ (razvedpodgotovka, collection na analysis) na site biri nke ụwa. Specificity ọrụ chọrọ họrọ kacha etozu si ngalaba nile; Isonye nwere ezi agụmakwụkwọ ndekọ, mara otu ma ọ bụ karịa asụsụ, na kwenyesiri ike na Communist echiche ndị Nazi.

2nd State inye esịtidem na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị akara nke Soviet ụmụ amaala na ndị mba ọzọ bi na Soviet Union. Nke a akara-egbochi kọntaktị nke mba ọzọ na-ekwuchitere mba na bi mba; Ọ na-ikpọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba mpụ na-ebu a na netwọk nke informers; ekwu site njem nleta na ndị mba ọzọ ụmụ akwụkwọ.

Nke atọ State aku agha counterintelligence na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elekọta nke ndị agha. Ọ gụnyere 12 nkewa, elekọta ndị agha ndị dị na paramilitary agha.

5th Ntuziaka Nne na Nna ọnụ na 2nd esịtidem nchekwa aku. Kere na 1969 obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dissent, ọ bụ maka nchọpụta na neutralization mmegide n'etiti òtù okpukpe, mba dum na na ọgụgụ isi J.Randall (na Vol. H. Of edemede na nkà obodo).

8th State maka ọchịchị nkwukọrịta. Karịsịa ọ mụụrụ nlekota nke mba ọzọ na nkwukọrịta, kere ciphers eji nkeji nke KGB, na-ekesa ozi mmadụ ná mba ọzọ, ịzụlite ala nkwukọrịta ngwá.

State Border agha aku ekpemede ókè-ala na ala na oké osimiri. Ọ na-e kewara 9 ókè-ala ebe, nke kpuchie 67 puku. Km nke ala nke USSR. Isi ọrụ nke ndị agha bụ ndị a echiche nke nwere nke agha; n'igbochi illegal metụ gafee ókè nke ndị mmadụ, ngwá agha, na-agbawa agbawa, ahia iwu na-emeghasị akwụkwọ; nlekota nke Soviet na mba ọzọ na ụgbọ mmiri.

Na mgbakwunye na isii State ọ dịkarịa ala ole na ole ọzọ ngalaba, nta na-aba na akporo:

• 7th aku surveillance ma na-enye ọrụ na oru ngwá nyochaa omume nke mba ọzọ na-enyo anyị enyo nke Soviet ụmụ amaala.
• 9 ana achi achi nchebe nke isi party ndú na ndị ezinụlọ ha na Kremlin na ọchịchị ọzọ ụlọ ọrụ na mba ahụ.
• 16 nyere ekwentị na radio njikọ ji site ọchịchị.

Dị ka a buru ibu ma na mgbagwoju nzukọ, ndị KGB, na mgbakwunye na ndị a ọrụ, nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngwa enye kwa ụbọchị ịrụ ọrụ nke nzukọ. Ọ bụ Ọrụ Nchịkwa ngalaba, Isi, oru nkwado mkpara, ego ngalaba, Ọbá akwụkwọ, nhazi ngalaba, dị ka nke ọma dị ka ndị ọzọ na nzukọ.

The ojuju nke KGB

August 18, 1991 Mihaila Gorbacheva ndú nke USSR na a ọchịchị dacha na Black Sea na Crimea ahụ bịara leta ya ọtụtụ nkekọta, na Vol. H. Lieutenant-General Yuri Plekhanov, ndị isi nke president nche ọrụ, na Valery Boldin, isi nke Gorbachev ochichi, bụ ndị chere na ndị ọzọ ọ bụ n'ihe ize ndụ. Ha jụrụ ya ma arụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ ịhapụ president ike na ihu ọma nke Vice President Gennady Yanayev. Mgbe odida nke Gorbachev nche gbara gburugburu ụlọ ya, na-ekwe ka ọ na-ahapụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwurịta okwu na n'èzí ụwa.

N'otu oge ahụ na Moscow "Alpha" ìgwè nke 7 nke KGB e nyere ya iwu imegide ụlọ nke Russian nzuko omeiwu, na-achị ya. Nkewa bụ kụziere nzuzo nyoputa onyeiro nke ụlọ on August 19 na mgbe banye ma weghara ya 20 nke na August 21 nke. N'adịghị ka ihe atụ anya nke ndị òtù nke Emergency Committee, a otu gawa site Mikhail Golovatova kpebiri na ha agaghị ebu ndị ọrụ. Ha yigharịrị ya ruo mmegide ndị agha edu Boris Yeltsin abịaghị iji chebe ụlọ.

Mgbe nkekọta chọpụtara na kuu agụghị oké zubere na-agaghị aga nke ọma, ha gbalịrị kpakorita na Gorbachev, bụ onye ha mkpọrọ. The President jụrụ izute na ndị òtù nke Emergency Kọmitii. Ụfọdụ n'ime plotters e jidere, na kuu e-ewute ya.

The "òtù nke asatọ" ndị Vice-President, onyeisi oche nke KGB, na agbachitere ozi, praịm minista, a so na Defense Council, Supreme Council so, onyeisi oche nke ala-ekesịpde ụlọ ọrụ nke Association na Minister esịtidem Affairs. Seven nke ha e jidere na ikpe. Asatọ gbara onwe ya égbè n'isi n'ihu a na-ejide.

Mgbe kuu, Vladimir Kryuchkov, bụbu KGB onyeisi oche ruo afọ atọ, dochie Vadim Bakatin, na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Minister nke Interior si 1988 na 1990, nke ahụ na-akpọ maka dismantling nke State Kọmitii Nchebe. Nke a ọnọdụ ghọrọ ihe na-akpata ya echiche ọjọọ na ebe kama Borisa Pugo, ekemende akwado kuu.

Na October 24, 1991 KGB e eze etisasịwo.

Olee banyere anyị taa

Ọ bụ ezie na chie ndị KGB kwụsịrị ịdị adị na 1991, e kewara akụkụ, nke ọnụ na-arụ otu ọrụ dị ka ndị Kọmitii.

Foreign Intelligence Service, e guzobere October 1991, o gburu ihe karịrị ọrụ nke 1st State kụziere esenidụt arụmọrụ, collection na analysis nke ọgụgụ isi.

Federal Agency for Government Communications na Ozi e hiwere na ndabere nke 8th State na 16 Management na bụ maka na nche nke nkwurịta okwu na nnyefe nke ọgụgụ isi.

8-9 puku. Agha onye otu ugboro mere usen 9 akara, na-mmasị ka Federal nche ọrụ na nche ọrụ nke president. Òtù ndị a na-ahụ maka nchebe nke ndị Kremlin na niile dị mkpa oru nke Russian Federation.

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB of Russia n'okpuru ya ugbu aha malitere mgbe na 1993 ndị Ministry of Security e disbanded. Ọ gụnyere 75.000 ndị mmadụ si abụọ, nke atọ na ise State. Maka esịtidem iru ala na Russian Federation.

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Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke oké ụjọ Soviet ụmụ amaala, onye mgbe niile na-atụ egwu obi ọjọọ ajụjụ ọnụ ndị KGB ma ọ bụ ikpe na-arụ ọrụ na aka ike ọnọdụ nke n'ogige ọrụ mmanye, na State Kọmitii Nchebe nke kwụsịrị ịdị adị n'okpuru ya mbụ aha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ka na-ebi na-atụ egwu nke a obi ọjọọ na repressive nzukọ. The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke FSB of Russia jupụtara egregious eziokwu. Dere onye ọrụ na-ghọtara site mgbochi Soviet na onye ahụtụbeghị ya akwụkwọ na-ebipụta, bụ ndị ahụ tara nke 5th State nke KGB. Ezinụlọ e tiwara, mgbe mmadụ nke na Kọmitii e jidere, gbalịrị na ikpe na ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na n'ogige ọrụ mmanye dị Siberia ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a mara ikpe na-emeghị ihe ọ bụla mpụ - ha tara nke ọnọdụ, na-na-ezighị ezi ebe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na a akpachapụghị kwuru mere n'ụlọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na e gburu nanị n'ihi na ọrụ KGB ndị soro oke, na ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ezughị nledo n'ime ha nāchi bia, ha nanị were aka ha dị ọcha na im ha ruo mgbe ha ruo mgbe ha ekwupụtaara mpụ-abụghị ha mere.

O yiri ka nke a nro na-ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ma akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cheka-KGB-FSB anaghị akwụsị ebe ahụ. Nso nso kwupụtara atụmatụ guzosie ike a Ministry of State Security na ndabere nke SVR na FSB na-echetara anyị nke Stalinist Ọdịdị nke otu aha, nke e bu n'obi iji chebe ọdịmma nke ndị na-achị achị party.