The anyanwụ corona: a nkọwa, atụmatụ, nchapụta na-akpali eziokwu

Sun - na ọ bụ nnukwu nọ nke na-ekpo ọkụ, haruru na-amị ezigbo ike na ìhè na-eme ka ndụ na Earth-ekwe omume.

Eluigwe a bụ ebe nnukwu ọtụtụ oke nke usoro mbara igwe. Site Earth ya site n'ebe dị anya nke 150 nde kilomita. Iji ruo anyị okpomọkụ na ìhè anyanwụ na-ewe ihe asatọ nkeji. Nke a anya a na-ezo dị ka asatọ ìhè-nkeji.

Star, Okpomoku ụwa anyị mejupụtara ọtụtụ elu n'ígwé, dị ka photosphere, na chromosphere na corona. The elu n'ígwé nke ikuku anyanwụ ike ike a n'elu nke na-asụpụta nke viscera na-ahụ kpakpando, na-kọwaa dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.

Constituent vneshenego Sun oyi akwa

The oyi akwa anyị na-ahụ, a na-akpọ photosphere, ma ọ bụ a nọ nke ìhè. Photosphere akara na-egbuke egbuke plasma esi nsogbu dị iche iche na darker oyi sunspots, nke-eme mgbe anyanwụ magnetik n'ubi inwere site na n'elu. Tụrụ-egosi ma na-akpali gafee anyanwụ disk. Ikiri nke a ije, enyocha mbara igwe na ya ikwubi na anyị kpakpando odomo ya axis. Ebe ọ bụ na anyanwụ na-enweghị nkwado siri ike, dị iche iche na ebe bugharia na dị iche iche gbapụrụ ọsọ. The ụwa na-abịa zuru gburugburu na banyere 24 ụbọchị, mgbe pola adiana nwere ike iri ihe karịrị ụbọchị 30 (na-eme a mgbanwe).

Gịnị bụ photosphere?

The photosphere bụkwa a isi iyi nke anyanwụ na-ewetụ: akpalikarị na gbatịa ọtụtụ narị puku kilomita n'elu anyanwụ n'elu. Solar ewetụ emepụta-achịkwaghị achịkwa nke X-ray, ultraviolet, akpa radieshon na radio ebili mmiri. The isi iyi nke X-ray na radio emission bụ ozugbo anyanwụ corona.

Gịnị bụ chromosphere?

Area gburugburu photosphere, nke bụ ná mpụta shei nke Sun, na-akpọ chromosphere. Warara ebe ekewapụ okpueze si chromosphere. The okpomọkụ adahade sharply na ntughari region, si a puku ole na ole degrees na chromosphere ka ihe karịrị otu nde degrees na corona. Chromosphere ewepụtarịrị ọbara ọbara luminescence bụ enwu site combustion nke hydrogen. Ma red rim nwere ike hụrụ naanị n'oge eklips. N'oge ndị ọzọ, ìhè si chromosphere, na-abụkarị ike na-adịghị ahụ ya megide ndabere nke na-egbuke egbuke photosphere. na plasma njupụta dara ngwa ngwa site na ntughari region na-akpụ akpụ si chromosphere na corona.

Gịnị bụ anyanwụ corona? nkọwa

-Enyocha mbara igwe na-mgbe niile rụrụ research ilu jụrụ site a anyanwụ corona. Gịnị ka ọ na-anọchi anya?

Nke a anyanwụ ikuku ma ọ bụ mpụta oyi akwa. Nke a aha e nyere ya n'ihi nke ya anya na-aghọ ìhè mgbe e nwere a ngụkọta anyanwụ eklips. The ahụ si corona erukwa n'ebe dị n'ime oghere na, n'eziokwu, iru Ụwa orbit. The ụdị na tumadi kpebisiri ike site ndọta. The free electrons na corona aga tinyere ubi edoghi nke magnetik n'ubi -etolite dị iche iche owuwu. Iche-iche, nke na-hụrụ na corona n'elu sunspots emekarị nwere a akpukponu inyinya udi, nke ọzọ na-egosi na ha na-agbaso edoghi nke ndọta. Site n'elu nke ndị a "arches" ogologo streamers nwere ike a ga-ekesa na a anya anyanwụ n'obosara ma ọ bụ ọbụna karị ma ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ usoro achikọta ihe si n'elu ulo-nbata na ohere. Nke a gụnyere ndị anyanwụ ifufe, nke dara n'èzí site usoro mbara igwe anyị. -Enyocha mbara igwe na-akpọ ndị dị otú ahụ phenomena "okpu agha streamers" n'ihi na ha na oyiyi ahụ gia okpu agha na-eyi site knights na-eji ụfọdụ n'ime German agha ruo mgbe 1918

Gịnị bụ a okpueze?

The ihe onwunwe site na nke a na-kpụrụ anyanwụ corona, bụ nnọọ na-ekpo ọkụ, esịnede a tenuous plasma. The okpomọkụ n'ime okpueze karịrị otu nde degrees, ihe ijuanya, nnọọ elu karịa elu okpomọkụ nke Sun, nke bụ banyere 5500 Celsius C. Pressure na okpueze njupụta ukwuu ala karịa na ikuku.

Idebe ihe anya iche iche nke anyanwụ corona, na-egbuke egbuke emission edoghi na wavelengths a hụrụ na-adịghị-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi mara ihe. Na nke a, enyocha mbara igwe eche na ịdị adị nke a "okpueze" dị ka isi gas na corona. The ezi ọdịdị nke a onu nọgidere a omimi ruo mgbe ha hụrụ na coronal, haruru overheated n'elu 1.000.000 Celsius C. Na ọnụnọ nke ndị dị otú a elu okpomọkụ abụọ kasị ọcha - hydrogen na helium - nnọọ napụ ya electrons. Ọbụna obere ihe ndị dị ka carbon, oxygen na nitrogen yipụ na iferi nuclei. Naanị arọ mmiri (ígwè na calcium) na-enwe ike ịnọgide na ụfọdụ ha electrons n'okpuru nduzi nke okpomọkụ. Radieshon ndị a ukwuu ionized ọcha nke na-etolite spektral edoghi ruo mgbe na-adịbeghị anya nọgidere enigmatic n'oge-enyocha mbara igwe.

Ihie na-akpali eziokwu

Solar elu bụ kwa egbuke egbuke ma na, dị ka a na-achị, anyị ọhụụ bụ adịghị ya na anyanwụ ikuku, na corona nke anyanwụ na-adịghị anya ka ndị gba ọtọ anya. The mpụta oyi akwa nke ikuku bụ nnọọ mkpa na-adịghị ike, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike hụrụ naanị si Earth na a oge mgbe ihe eklips ma ọ bụ na a pụrụ iche teliskop-coronagraph na mimics akan, ekpuchi a na-egbuke egbuke anwụ na-acha disk. Ụfọdụ coronagraph eji n'ala dabeere telescopes, ebe ndị ọzọ na-arụ na Satellites.

The ìhè anyanwụ corona na X-ụzarị bụ ruru ya nnukwu okpomọkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị anyanwụ photosphere ewepụtarịrị obere X-ụzarị. Ọ na-enye ohere ị na-ele okpueze nke Sun na disk, mgbe anyị na-ahụ ya na X-ụzarị. Ọ na-eji pụrụ iche Gbasara Anya, nke-enye gị ohere ahụ X-ụzarị. Ná mmalite 70s mbụ US ohere ebe Skylab eji X-ray teliskop, na nke di doro anya na anya anyanwụ corona na anyanwụ tụrụ ma ọ bụ oghere mbụ. N'oge ikpeazụ afọ iri na ọ e nyere nnukwu ego nke ọmụma na oyiyi na Sun si corona. Site n'enyemaka nke satellite anyanwụ corona-aghọ ndị ọzọ inweta maka ọhụrụ na-akpali kwuru nke Sun, ya atụmatụ na ike okike.

okpomọkụ nke Sun

Ọ bụ ezie na n'ime Ọdịdị nke ahụ anyanwụ isi na-ezo site kpọmkwem chọpụtara, ọ nwere ike na a ga-kwubiri na ihe dị iche iche ụdị na kacha okpomọkụ n'ime anyị kpakpando bụ banyere 16 nde degrees (Celsius). The photosphere --ahụ anya elu nke anyanwụ - nwere okpomọkụ nke banyere 6000 degrees Celsius, ma ọ enwekwu nnọọ sharply si 6,000 degrees ka a ole na ole nde degrees na corona, nso 500 kilomita n'elu photosphere.

The anyanwụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime karịa n'èzí. Otú ọ dị, ná mpụta ikuku nke anyanwụ, okpueze n'ezie hotter karịa photosphere.

Ná ngwụsị nke zitere Grotrian (1939) na Edlen hụrụ na iju spektral edoghi hụrụ ụdịdị dị iche iche nke anyanwụ corona, na radiating ọcha, dị ka ígwè (Fe), calcium (Ca) na nickel (Ni) na nnọọ elu ionization nkebi. Ha kwubiri na coronal gas heats ka okpomọkụ n'elu 1 nde degrees.

Ajụjụ nke mere corona bụ otú na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ na-anọgide otu n'ime ndị kasị na-eri ahụ puzzle egwuregwu astronomy na n'oge gara aga afọ 60. The unequivocal azịza ajụjụ a bụ mba.

Ọ bụ ezie na anyanwụ corona ukwuu na-ekpo ọkụ, ọ na-nwere a nnọọ ala njupụta. N'ihi ya, naanị a obere nkezi nke ngụkọta anyanwụ radieshon chọrọ fanye corona. Ngụkọta ike nwetara site X-ray, bụ naanị banyere otu nde nke ngụkọta luminosity anyanwụ. The ajụjụ dị mkpa bụ otú ume gaa okpueze, na ihe usoro bụ maka na iga.

The usoro nke anyanwụ corona ike

ọtụtụ dị iche iche okpueze ọkọnọ usoro e chọrọ ihe karịrị afọ:

• Na mmiri na ebili mmiri.

• Fast na ngwa ngwa magneto-now na ebili mmiri Tel.

• Alfven mmiri na ebili mmiri ahụ.

• Onye na-adịghị na ngwa ngwa magneto-now n'elu mmiri na ebili mmiri.

• Ugbu (ma ọ bụ ndọta) - dissipation.

• The iyi nke ahụ na magnetik agbanwe oge.

Ndị a tuputa usoro e kwupụtara ma theoretically na experimentally, na ụbọchị, naanị now na ebili mmiri na-ekwe.

Mgbe na erubeghị a mụọ, nke na-agwụ na elu ịgba nke okpueze. Earth na mbara ala ndị ọzọ nke usoro mbara igwe dị n'ime okpueze. Optical radieshon nke corona a hụrụ na 10-20 anyanwụ radii (ọtụtụ iri nde kilomita) na-achọkwa na-onu nke zodiacal ìhè.

Magnetik kapet anyanwụ corona

Nso nso, na "magnetik kapet" e kwuwo na a mgbaghoju anya nke coronal kpo oku.

Observation na elu gbasara ohere mkpebi na-egosi na elu kpuchie anyanwụ na-adịghị ike magnetik n'ubi lekwasị na obere ebe na-abụghị polarity (magnet kapet). Ndị a magnetik ịta, na-ahụta ka isi ihe nke onye magnetik akpa ebu eletriki ugbu a.

Adịbeghị anya kwuru nke a "magnetik kapet" na-egosi ihe na-akpali na-emekarị: photospheric ndọta nọgidere na-akpali, emekọ ọ bụla ọzọ, na-agbasasịkwa maka a nnọọ obere oge. Magnetik reconnection n'etiti ndọta nke abụghị polarity ubi topology nwere ike ịgbanwe ma hapụ magnetik ike. reconnection usoro nwekwara ga-eduga dissipation nke electric okwukwo, nke tọghata eletriki ume okpomọkụ.

Nke a n'ozuzu echiche nke otú magnetik kapet nwere ike aka na coronal kpo oku. Otú ọ dị, ka na-ekwu na "magnetik kapet" n'ikpeazụ kpebie coronal kpo oku nsogbu nwere ike ịbụ, dị ka a quantitative nlereanya nke usoro erubeghị a chọrọ.

Nwere ike anyanwụ anyụ anyụ?

The anyanwụ usoro bụ otú mgbagwoju anya na unexplored na-akpali akpali okwu dị ka: "anyanwụ ga-adịghị anya pụọ," ma ọ bụ, na Kama nke ahụ, "ndị Sun okpomọkụ adahade na n'oge na-adịghị ndụ na Earth ga-ekwe omume" na-ada dịkarịa ala nzuzu. Ònye pụrụ ime ihe ndị ahụ n'amụma, n'amaghị ihe usoro underlie a dị omimi kpakpando?!