The Duke nke Alba: biography

Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke nke Alba, onye biography agwa a otutu akpali eziokwu banyere ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ, a mụrụ na 1507. Ọ bụ a maara nke ọma Spanish general, nakwa dị ka a na-ewu ewu statesman. N'ihi ya obi ọjọọ e utu aha "Iron Duke".

Nwata na-eto eto nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu ọbara Duke

Fernando De Toledo a mụrụ October 29, 1508 na otu nke kasị ochie na ọtụtụ na-akwanyere ùgwù magburu onwe ezinụlọ nke Spain. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe Alvarez de Toledo ka-eto eto afọ, mgbe ahụ, ọ zụlitere a siri nna nna. O mere mgbalị nile na-eto eto si a, nwata nwoke a-agụsi Catholic, kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi na-ejere eze, na a dọọ aka ná ntị agha. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isi Duke nke Alba jeworo ozi dị ka onye uwe ojii nọ na mkpọsa nke Emperor Charles V megide French.

Ebe ọ bụ na 1531 Fernando keere a na-eduga ọrụ na arụmọrụ megide Turks. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-akwalite general mgbe afọ abụọ na-akwanyere ya ùgwù onwe ya mgbe a nọchibidoro Tunis na 1535. Mgbe ịgbachitere Perpignan si French agha na 1542-m, a họpụtara site Charles nke ise agha ndụmọdụ ya onye nọchiri ya, Philippe.

The kasị mma-mara agha nke ụbọchị

The Duke nke Alba nyere ndi agha, nke n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mee ka alaeze ukwu mmeri nke Mühlberg na 1547. Na mgbe afọ ise, Fernando Alvarez ada n'elu n'ozuzu iwu nke Spanish agha Italy. Ma, Duke ike gbochie mmeri nke alaeze ukwu ndị agha, dị ka a N'ihi ya nke a emeela ka abdication nke eze ukwu na 1556.

Philip II, ghọrọ Eze nke Spain, Fernando de Toledo, họpụtara gọvanọ Milan, nakwa dị ka ọchịagha nke ndị agha Italy. N'ebe ahụ Duke nke Alba na-alụ ọgụ a agha megide papal agha Paul nke anọ, bụ onye mmekorita nke French, na isi nke iri na abụọ na puku Spanish agha. Izere a na-anwa Rome, na ọ dịghị ugboro ugboro nke na 1527.

Nke atọ nke Pope, ma ọ bụ nke zuru ezu mmeri nke Fernando

Papa m asị na-agba ume ka ndị na-emegide ka a truce, na-enwe olileanya na a ga-enwetaghị na-French agha, ma ndị Spaniards jide ha na meriri na Agha nke San Quentin. Na-enweghị ihe nkwado nke na-atụ anya agha popu agha, e meriri. Fernando Alvarez mere ka Pope na-anabata na ụwa 1557, nke nyere ndị Spanish achị na Italy n'ihi na ihe karịrị otu narị afọ.

N'otu afọ n'etiti eze nke Spain na France a truce e banyere Cateau-Cambrésis. Mgbe ahụ were a nkwekọrịta, ndị Italian dịịrị banye na mmiri bụ na a ruo ogologo oge ikwu ike. Na-esote ịrịba ogbo na biography nke ama Fernando - a mkpọsa nke Duke nke Alba na 1567 na ya ụdi ọchịchị na Netherlands, nke hapụrụ a miri emi akara ke akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na nke obi ọjọọ na ọbara ihe.

Ọbara omume nke ama Duke

Na August 1566 na Netherlands bụ Iconoclastic nnupụisi, n'oge nke e zuuru ma ọ bụ ọbụna bibie bụghị nanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe obibi, ma chọọchị dị iche iche na Catholic awụ. Iji dozie nsogbu nke obodo na okpukpe mbipụta Korol Filipp II zitere Fernando duru a họrọ agha na Netherlands. N'ebe ahụ Duke nke Alba, onye biography kọwakwuru oge a, ekpe a kasị ọbara-echeta.

Fernando banyere ókèala ndị Brussels August 22, 1567 na a họpụtara ọchịchị. Na a ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, ọ tọrọ ntọala "Blood Council" na-ebelata heresy na nnupụisi. Nke a Council na-arụ ọrụ na aka ike austerity. Ọbụna abụọ n'ime ihe ndị kasị mkpa ma ama ma ama nke mba, grafụ, isi nke Flemish ama, Egmont na Horn, e jidere na-ekpe ya ikpe. ha na-ekemende gburu.

The ọhụrụ tax usoro

Ọzọkwa gburu ndị doro ihe karịrị otu puku ndị ikom niile n'ohu, na ọtụtụ ọsọ ná mba ọzọ maka nchekwa ihe. All ndị ikpe, gbuo June 5, 1568 na Town Ụlọ Nzukọ Square na Brussels. The Duke nke Alba na a siri ike agwa, ọ bụghị n'aka na Flemish ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ hụrụ na ọ dị ka a ọmịiko maka na-azara ọnụ. Ya mere, Fernando Alvarez họọrọ egbu mgbe ọtụtụ ndị àmà.

Mmezi nke agha na Flanders abuana ịrịba aku-akwụ ụgwọ. Na ọbara Duke nke Alba kpebiri ịme a ọhụrụ ụdị ụtụ isi na ndị Benelux mba, dabeere tumadi na Spanish tax usoro na a ọnụego nke iri pasent na onye ọ bụla nyefe nke ngwongwo. Ọtụtụ nke ógbè n'oge ahụ zụtara ụzọ ya na a otu oge ugwo, malitere nchegbu miri emi na nke a, na ọganihu nke ndị na Benelux mba na ọtụtụ ndị ghara ikwe.

Waiver nke ịkwụ ụgwọ ụtụ isi, ma ọ bụ nnupụisi nsogbu

Ụfọdụ ndị bi na-ajụ iji kwụọ "otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri" dị ka kpọrọ a tax, na malitere a ntịme ngwa ngwa gbasaa Netherlands. utu aha Prince of Orange, William na Silent kwara Huguenots na France, nke mere na ha na-enye ndị dị mkpa nkwado, na malitere akwado ndị nnupụisi. Ọ, tinyere agha si France m were a ọtụtụ ebe.

A nọchibidoro Haarlem e ji eme ihe ike na omume nke abụọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kwenye nke obodo ahụ na ọnwụ nke abụọ na puku ndị mmadụ. N'ihi na ogologo agha mkpọsa na obi ọjọọ ada nnupụisi ụmụ amaala na-nọrọ Duke nke Alba, Netherlands nwetara ya na aha otutu "Iron Duke".

Aha ya ka e ji mee ihe maka okwu nduhie n'etiti insurgents na n'ihu mmetụta na mgbochi Spanish mmetụta. Fernando nọgidere na-ewu ewu na Spanish agha, nke ọ laghị azụ otu nkeji, ike mgbe niile n'ụzọ ziri ezi maa ọnọdụ nke ndị mmadụ.

The laghachi Spain, ma ọ bụ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya

N'agbanyeghị nke-aga n'ihu agha, ọnọdụ na Netherlands bụghị na ihu ọma nke Spain. Mgbe ọtụtụ ada, nke e kere afọ ise, dị ka puku ise igbu na mgbe nile na-mkpesa Philip II kpebiri mfe ọnọdụ site n'ikwe Fernando de Toledo, laghachi Spain.

Duke ụgbọ mmiri si Holland, ka adọwa site nnupụisi, December 18, 1573. On ya laghachiri Spain, Fernando chọpụtara na ya na nke ihu ọma eze. Otú ọ dị, afọ asaa gasịrị, Philip II nyere mmeri nke Portugal ya.

Fernando Alvarez lụrụ na 1527 nwa nwanne ya bụ Maria Enrique de Toledo. Site na nke a alụmdi na nwunye, ọ hapụrụ anọ ndị nketa: Garcia, Fadrique, Diego na Beatriz. E nwekwara akwụkwọ na-egosi, na ndị mbụ a mụrụ nwa n'alụghị di, nke a mụrụ site na nwa nwaanyị nke a Miller.

The Duke nke Alba, a foto nke nke, N'ezie, anyị amaghị ihe onye nkịtị, ma maara ọ bụla ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere onye na-amụrụ biographies nke a ma ama na ndị mmadụ, akpa ke Lisbon na 11 December 1582. Fernando foduru e zigara Alba de Tormes, na e wee lie ya n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke San Leonardo.