The hydrogen bọmbụ RDS-37: àgwà, akụkọ ihe mere eme

The afọ iri mbụ mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ (WWII) ka tọrọ ala a ibu arọ n'ubu nke Soviet ndị mmadụ. Mweghachi nke ụlọ ọrụ, na ugbo, mgbanwe site a ala nke agha azụ izugbe obodo-eme n'okpuru nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba mmegbu nke ogwe aka agbụrụ na nkịtị see okwu n'etiti ukwu abụọ superpowers nke oge: na Soviet Union na United States.

Engineering ọgụgụ nke mba abụọ kwa afọ zụlite ma mejuputa na metal ọzọ na ndị ọzọ egwu ngwá agha ọgwụrụ. Na nke a chilling agbụrụ ndị Soviet Union mebiri n'ime na-edu ndú ọbụna n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na ga-ekwe ka ha ọnọdụ ruo mgbe a na-akpọ "Cuban agha nsogbu". Ọ bụ oge mbụ na mba anyị gosi ụwa abụọ na-ogbo ite hydrogen bọmbụ ike nke ihe karịrị 1 Mt, ya bụ RDS-37.

ọhụrụ na ngwá agha

Engineering nnyocha maka a ọhụrụ hydrogen bọmbụ nwekwara amamihe malitere na Soviet Union na 1952 na a top-nzuzo ma na-emechi na imewe Bureau KB-11. Otú ọ dị, a isi na-amụ n'ọnụ ọmụmụ na ịme ngosi uwe arụmọrụ malitere naanị afọ abụọ mgbe e mesịrị.

N'otu 1954 ikpe jikọọ na kasị ukwuu uche ndị na-oge: Ya. B. Zeldovich na A. D. Saharov. RDS-37 - H-bọmbụ nke a ọgbọ ọhụrụ - nwere ikwu kpam kpam ọhụrụ okwu ndị agha na idi-ike nke Soviet Union. Na May 31, 1955 na Minister nke Ọkara Machine Building na Deputy onyeisi oche nke USSR Council nke Ozi Zavenyaginym A. P. kpebiri inabata na chọrọ CB-11 pilot atụmatụ nke ọhụrụ ngwá agha.

RDS-37, chọpụtachaa ihe e deburu ndebiri nke, dị ka dị iche iche na isi mmalite, ọ na-ada ka: "Russia na-eme onwe ya" ma ọ bụ "Stalin si Kaiser Engine", ma n'ezie na ọ bụ "a pụrụ iche ugboelu engine", wee ya ná ndụ.

imewe

Ghọrọ usoro si RDS-3, ọhụrụ technology were isi n'ọnụ echiche nke implosion, a na-akpọ mgbawa n'ime ndọda ida. Part nke mgbawa e biiri tinyere na RDS-6s, yiri superbomb mepụtara, Otú ọ dị, a otu-ogbo ụdị, nke e ọma na-anwale na August 1953 na ule na saịtị na Semipalatinsk.

N'ihi na a ndabere nke RDS-37 a họọrọ dị ụkpụrụ nke a abụọ-ogbo hydrodynamic implosion ụgwọ. Kpomkwem gbakọọ zipụta ha n'usoro mmeghachi omume usoro siiri n'oge. Engineering na Mgbakọ ike n'oge fifties ike iji tụnyere ẹdude kọmputa technology. Ịme anwansị mode mkpakọ abụọ unit nso spherically symmetric mode (implosion, si English implosion -. "Implosion") e rụrụ na anụ ụlọ "supercomputer" n'oge - na electronic kọmputa "Strela".

Iche RDS-37

Atụmatụ ọhụrụ na ngwá agha ikwesị ntụkwasị obi na-ezo ezo nkịtị. Ọbụna taa, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-esi ike ịchọta pụrụ ịdabere na-ezuru nke ya kwa. Ọ maara na isi ihe dị iche bụ ojiji nke a ọhụrụ bọmbụ nuklia uranium-238 isotope. The ụgwọ e mere nke lithium-6 deuterium, nnọọ anụ umi, precluding n'amaghi detonation.

Secondary ike nke gbawara, dabeere na hydrodynamic ụkpụrụ implosion, ekwesịghị-ala karịa ike nke mbụ gbawaranụ. Ekiri kwuru abụọ owu na ujo-efegharị efegharị odide a ụda yiri ike na-egbusi mgbape àmụmà. The ìhè emission osisi ike bụ ndị dị otú ahụ na a anya nke atọ kilomita site ebe oria a kachaa nke gbawara ntabi amụnyewo na ọkụ akwụkwọ.

ala

Iji nwalee ọhụrụ RDS-37 ite bọmbụ, na ike nke nke na-eme atụmatụ na ihe 3 Mt, họrọ 2nd State Central Test Site (2 GTSIP) emechi Kurchatov obodo, 130 km n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo nke Semipalatinsk (ókèala nke oge a na Kazakhstan) . Na ụfọdụ map na mwute ihe, obodo a na-ezo dị ka "Moscow-400", "Beach" (esote wee Irtysh River), "Semipalatinsk-21," "akwụsị" (na g / ojii aha), nakwa dị ka "Moldary" (obodo e webatara n'ime obodo Kurchatov). odori ike n'oge ule e kpebiri iji belata site ọkara, na banyere 1.6 Mt.

ọzụzụ

Iji belata radieshon ikpughe gburugburu akụrụngwa, e kpebiri iji rụọ ọrụ RDS-37 ụgwọ n'ebe ịdị elu nke 1500 mita n'elu ala ozo. Iji belata-emerụ mmetụta nke mgbawa na ugbo elu ụgbọelu emewo ihe iji dịkwuo nso na jikoro iji belata mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ya. The tu-16 a họọrọ dị ka ụgbọelu ugbo elu. Site na ala nke fuselage e saa ghọọ, gbara ọchịchịrị na-ebupụta na-ese na-acha ọcha na agba, akàrà dochie ihe ọkụ na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Samu bọmbụ manned parachute iji belata mmepụta ahụ bu n'obi elu nke gbawaranụ.

The Soviet Union na-nnọọ nlezianya kwadebere iji nwalee ọhụrụ bọmbụ RDS-37. Ule e ekenịmde ke a mechiri emechi ohere lotnom, ugbo elu-ụgbọelu nche mig-17, ụgbọ elu akara ngwa na eduziri VS iwu ihe.

Na-anakọta ikuku samples si mmetụta nke mgbawa na-edebe ije nke redioaktivu ígwé ojii e kpọmkwem ekenyela ọtụtụ IL-28. November 20, 1955, ke usenubọk, 9 awa na minit 30, ụgbọelu na pụrụ iche suspensions n'elu a bọmbụ ulo oru si ihe airfield Jean-Ezinụlọ. Otú ọ dị, ihe mere na-aga dị ka atụmatụ.

mberede ọnọdụ

N'ihi na a nchịkọta nke amụma ihu igwe na oge nke ule onye na-elekọta obodo isi meteorologist ek Fedorov. Day nwere-doo anya na anwụ na-acha. Otú ọ dị, na uwa nke a ụgwọ nwere atụmatụ. N'oge na-abaghị uru na-agba ọsọ na-elu-na ihu igwe tụgharịa ọjọọ, na elu-igwe ekochiela. E kpebiri iji mejuputa nduzi nke Rada echichi na osisi ugbo elu, ma ọ bụ iji. N'ihi na ihe niile na-arịọ dispatcher center eziga naanị otu iwu: "Chere."

E a oké njọ mberede ọnọdụ. Mgbe a rụrụ a manyere ọdịda ụgbọelu na a ite bọmbụ on board. Center atụle nhọrọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere orùrù nke RDS-37 n'ebe niile n'ugwu, na "ọ bụghị na a Bang", ie. E. enweghị akpali a nuclear warhead gbawaranụ. N'ihi na dị iche iche, ha niile na-jụrụ.

Mgbe mmanụ ụgbọala ama fọrọ nke nta na efu, ụgbọelu ọdịda e kwere. E mere nke a nanị mgbe Zel'dovich na Sakharov onwe aka a dere uche na nchekwa nke ọdịda na a hydrogen bọmbụ on board.

gbawara

Mgbe ụbọchị abụọ nke ule e ọma rụrụ. Na na ụgbọelu ugbo elu na ịdị elu nke 12 km ọma tọgharịa RDS-37, nke gbawara n'ebe ịdị elu nke 1550 mita. N'ịga na a ọsọ nke 870 km / h, tu-16, ọ bụ na a anya nke 15 km si gbawara, ma ujo ife ruru ya kpọmkwem 224 sekọnd. The-arụ ọrụ chere na a siri ike kwes utịp ke oghe ebe.

Mgbe 7 nkeji mgbe mgbawa RDS-37 n'obosara "ero" ruru 30 km, na ịdị elu ya bụ 14 km.