The kasị hypersonic ụgbọelu na ụwa. Russian hypersonic ugbo elu

Nkịtị njem ụgbọelu na-efe efe na a ọsọ nke 900 km / h. Jet agha fighter nwere ike iru banyere ugboro atọ na-agba. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a na injinia si Russia na mba ndị ọzọ na-ifịk ifịk na-emepe emepe ọzọ elu-ọsọ igwe - hypersonic ugbo elu. Gịnị bụ kpọmkwem nke echiche?

Ibiere hypersonic ugbo elu

Gịnị bụ a hypersonic ụgbọelu? N'okpuru ndị na-ghọtara dị ka a igwe ike nke na-efe efe na gbapụrụ ọsọ ọtụtụ ugboro elu karịa nke ụda. Abịaru nso ka nnyocha ụfọdụ kpọmkwem egosi na ọ dị iche iche. Ekesa ụkpụrụ nke ugbo elu ga-ahuta ka a hypersonic, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ a multiple ukwuu karịa ndị kasị ọsọ na arụmọrụ nke oge a supersonic ngwaọrụ. Nke bụ ihe 3-4 puku. Km / h. Nke ahụ bụ, a hypersonic ugbo elu, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eso nke a ụkpụrụ, kwesịrị iru a ọsọ nke 6 puku. Km / h.

Unmanned na ejikwara ugbo ala

Na-eru nso na-eme nnyocha ike ịdị iche iche na-na akụkụ nke ịchọpụta na ibiere Nsonye nke ihe ngwa maka ụgbọelu. E nwere a version na ndị ziri ezi na-akpata nchegbu na ndị igwe na-achịkwa onye. E nwere a echiche, dị ka nke ugbo elu nwekwara ike-atụle na unmanned. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha were ígwè ọrụ nke ụdị ndị bụ isiokwu mmadụ akara na ndị na-arụ ọrụ autonomously. Ndị dị otú ahụ a nkewa nwere ike zie ezi n'ihi na drones nwere ike a ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ egwu oru e ji mara, n'ihi na ihe atụ, na okwu nke na-agba na accelerations.

Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha tụlee hypersonic ugbo elu dị ka a otu echiche, n'ihi na nke a bụ isi na-egosi - ọsọ. Ma na njikwa nke igwe a onye na-anọdụ ma ọ bụ igwe-achịkwa robot - isi ihe na ugbo elu bụ zuru ezu ngwa ngwa.

Bilie - naanị ma ọ bụ na-enyemaka nke ndị ọzọ?

Ekesa nhazi ọkwa hypersonic ugbo elu, nke dabeere - ịgụnye ha na udi nke ndị na-enwe ike gbapụ na ha onwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị na-achọ ulo maka a ọzọ dị ike ụgbọala - a rọketi ma ọ bụ a ibu ụgbọelu. E nwere a na-ekwu na nke na apparatuses nke ụdị legitimately ekewet tumadi ndị na-enwe ike gbapụ na ya ma ọ bụ na di ntakiri aka nke ndị ọzọ na ụdị ngwá. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme nnyocha ndị kwere na isi criterion e ji mara ndị a hypersonic ugbo elu - ọsọ, kwesịrị paramount ọ bụla nhazi ọkwa. Ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke na ngwaọrụ na ihe unmanned, na-achịkwa, ike gbapụ na ya ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na ụgbọala - ma ọ bụrụ na ndị kwekọrọ ekwekọ egosi esịmde ụkpụrụ nke dị n'elu, ọ pụtara na anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere a hypersonic ugbo elu.

Isi nsogbu nke hypersonic ngwọta

Concepts of hypersonic ngwọta - maka ọtụtụ iri afọ. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke mmepe nke kwesịrị ekwesị ụdị ngwaọrụ ụwa injinia saa a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịrịba nsogbu, anya igbochi etinye nke "hypersonic" mmiri iyi - ka nzukọ nke mmepụta nke turboprop ugbo elu.

Isi ike na imewe nke hypersonic ugbo elu - iji nye engine ike ịbụ zuru ezu ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Nsogbu ọzọ - itinye n'ọnọdụ nke chọrọ thermal nchedo ngwaọrụ. The eziokwu na ndị na-agba nke hypersonic ugbo elu na ụkpụrụ na anyị tụlere n'elu, na-atụ aro a ike kpo oku nke ahụ n'ihi na esemokwu nke ikuku.

Taa, anyị na-ele anya na a ole na ole samples of ọma prototypes nke ugbo elu nke kwesịrị ekwesị ụdị, nke mmepe nwere ike budata ịga n'ihu na okwu nke ọma ngwọta nke kwuru nsogbu. Anyị ugbu a na-amụ ihe ndị kasị ama mmepeanya banyere ihe e kere eke nke hypersonic ugbo elu nke ụdị.

The kasị ugbo elu site Boeing

The kasị hypersonic ụgbọelu na ụwa, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara, nke a bụ ihe American Boeing X-43A. Ihe atụ, n'oge ule nke ngwaọrụ ọ na e dekọrọ na o ruru a ọsọ na ngafe nke 11 puku. Km / h. Nke ahụ bụ ihe dị ka 9.6 ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa ndị na-agba nke ụda.

Gịnị dị ịrịba ama karịsịa hypersonic ugbo elu X-43A? Atụmatụ nke ugbo elu dị ka ndị a:

- ọsọ kacha dere na ule, - 11 230 km / h;

- wingspan - 1.5 m;

- ahu ihe ogologo - 3.6 m;

- Engine - cocurrent, Supersonic combustion Ramjet;

- mmanụ ụgbọala - ikuku oxygen, hydrogen.

Ọ nwere ike na-ahụ kwuru na isiokwu ígwè bụ n'etiti ndị kasị environmentally friendly. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ ụgbọala na-eji ihe fọrọ nke na-agụnye guzobere of combustion ngwaahịa.

Hypersonic ugbo elu X-43A e mepụtara jikotara aka wee site NASA injinia, nakwa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Orbical Science Corporation na Minocraft. The ụgbọelu e kere banyere 10 afọ. Ya mmepe e nyekwara banyere 250 mln. Dollars. Ntụpụta elo ọhụrụ atụle ugbo elu na e mere ya na-anwale ọhụrụ technology iji hụ ọrụ nke moto nzube.

Development si orbital Science

The ụlọ ọrụ orbital Science, nke, dị ka anyị kwuru na mbụ, na-ekere òkè ihe e kere eke nke ngwaọrụ X-43A, na-jisiri ike ya hypersonic ugbo elu - X-34.

Ya top ọsọ - karịrị 12 puku km / h .. Otú ọ dị, ndị dị irè ule ya na a na-enweta - n'ezie, ọ na-emeghị nweta lekwasịrị, dị ka e gosiri site ụgbọelu X43-A. E lee ya anya ụgbọelu accelerated site ekokwasị agba "Pegasus", na-arụ ọrụ na ihe siri ike mmanụ ụgbọala. Machine X-34 mbụ anwale ke 2001. E lee ya anya ụgbọelu budata ibu unit si Boeing - na a ogologo 17,78 mita, wingspan - 8,85 m Oke elu hypersonic igwe si Orbical Science -. 75 kilomita.

The ụgbọelu si North American

Ọzọ maara nke ọma hypersonic ugbo elu - X-15, nyere site North American ụlọ ọrụ. Nke a unit nnyocha na-ekwu na ibuo.

Ọ na-onwem na rọketi engines, nke na-enye ịrị elu ka ndị ọkachamara ụfọdụ na-adịghị na-ekwu na ọ na, n'eziokwu, na klas nke ugbo elu. Otú ọ dị, ọnụnọ rọketi engine enyere igwe, akpan akpan na-eme ka suborbital flights. Ihe atụ, n'oge otu n'ime ule na a mode nwalere ụgbọelu. ngwa Purpose X-15 - amụ kpọmkwem nke hypersonic ụgbọ elu nwale nke dị iche iche imewe ngwọta, ihe ọhụrụ ndị na atụmatụ dị ka igwe na-achịkwa iche iche n'ígwé nke ikuku. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na echiche nke oru ngo e mma na 1954. X-15 efe na a ọsọ nke karịa 7 puku. Km / h. The iche iche nke ya elu - karịrị 500 km, ịdị elu dị ukwuu karịa 100 km.

The kasị mmepụta ugbo elu

Anyị mụrụ n'elu hypersonic ugbo ala n'ezie iso na udi nke nnyocha. Ọ ga-abụ bara uru ka tụlee ụfọdụ mmepụta ụdị nke ugbo elu, nso e ji mara hypersonic, ma ọ bụ na-(na mgbanwe usoro) ha.

N'etiti igwe ndị a - the American mmepe nke SR-71. The ugbo elu, ụfọdụ na-eme nnyocha na-ezo aka hypersonic, ebe ya n'elu-agba bụ banyere 3.7 puku. Km / h. N'etiti ya kasị pụtara ìhè e ji mara - anya uka nke ukwuu 77 tọn. ụgbọala ogologo - karịa 23 mita, wingspan - karịrị 13 m.

Ọ na-atụle otu n'ime Russian mig-25, ndị kasị agha ugbo elu. The ngwaọrụ nwere ike iru gbapụrụ ọsọ nke ihe karịrị 3.3 puku. Km / h. Oke-ahụ-anya arọ nke Russian ụgbọelu - 41 ton.

N'ihi ya, ahịa mmepụta mkpebi, nso e ji mara hypersonic, Russian Federation - otu n'ime ndị ndú. Ma, gịnị banyere ndị na na Russian akụkụ nke "kpochapụwo" hypersonic ugbo elu? Bụ injinia si Russian Federation ike a ngwọta, a asọmpi ụgbọala si Boeing na orbital Scence?

Russian hypersonic ugbo ala

N'oge, Russian supersonic ugbo elu bụ n'okpuru mmepe. Ma ọ bụ nnọọ ike. Anyị na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe ụgbọelu Judia-71. Ya mbụ ule, dị ka akụkọ na ndị media, e nwere na February 2015 na Orenburg.

Ọ na-atụ anya na ugbo elu ga-eji maka agha na nzube. Ya mere, hypersonic ngwaọrụ nwere ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, iji napụta ngwá agha agha karịrị anya, nyochaa ebe, ma a na-aka dị ka ihe mmewere nke agha ugbo elu. Ụfọdụ ndị nchọpụta kweere na na 2020-2025 afọ. SMF abata na ihe 20 iche ụdị ụgbọelu.

Na media na e nwere akụkọ na Russia na-ewere hypersonic ugbo elu ga-etinye na ballistic agba "Sarmat", nke a na-emi odude ke imewe ogbo. Ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha na kwere na-emepe emepe a hypersonic igwe Judia-71 - ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla dị ka warhead, nke ga-iche si ballistic agba ke akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ụgbọ elu, na mgbe ahụ, ruru akwa e ji mara nke ugbo elu maneuverability imeri agha agbachitere usoro.

"Ajax" oru ngo

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama oru metụtara mmepe nke hypersonic ugbo elu - "Ajax". Anyị ga-amụ ya na zuru ezu. Hypersonic ụgbọelu "Ajax" - na Ntụpụta elo mmepe nke Soviet injinia. Na nkà mmụta sayensị na obodo banyere ya mkparịta ụka malitere na 80s. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama e ji mara - ọnụnọ nke a kwes nchedo usoro na e mere iji chebe ụlọ si ekpo oke ọkụ. N'ihi ya, mmepe nke "Ajax" ngwaọrụ ga-enye a ngwọta otu n'ime "hypersonic" nsogbu depụtara n'elu anyị.

Traditional thermal nchedo circuit efe efe igwe na-agụnye a pụrụ isi chọta na ozu pụrụ iche ihe. "Ajax" Mmepe aro a dị iche iche echiche, dị ka nke na-azọrọ na e chebe igwe si mpụta kpo oku, na-ekweta okpomọkụ n'ime igwe, mgbe na-amụba ya ike isi iyi. Isi osompi nke Soviet igwe e weere a hypersonic ugbo elu, "Aurora", kere na United States. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị na-emepụta nke Soviet Union budata gbasaa nke ahụ, ohere nke echiche, a ọhụrụ mmepe e nyere na a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe aga-eme, dị ka nnyocha. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na "Ajax" - hypersonic multipurpose ugbo elu.

Ka anyị tụlee ihe nkowa nke nkà na ụzụ innovations awa site injinia si USSR.

N'ihi ya, Soviet na-emepụta "Ajax" chọrọ iji okpomọkụ eme ka a n'ihi nke airframe nke esemokwu nke ikuku, n'ịtụgharị n'ime bara uru ike. Nyochawa, a nwere ike na-enweta site na ịtụkwasị ngwaọrụ na ndị ọzọ shells. Dị ka a N'ihi ya, ọ kpụrụ ihe dị ka a abụọ ahụ. Ya oghere a kwesŽrŽ jupụta ụfọdụ nke mkpali, e.g., a ngwakọta nke combustible ihe na mmiri. The okpomọkụ-egbochi ihe oyi akwa mere nke a ike ihe onwunwe, "Ajax" ga-anọchi na mmiri mmiri, nke na otu aka, ga-echebe ndị engine, na ndị ọzọ na - ga-eme ka catalytic mmeghachi omume, nke Otú ọ dị, nwere ike na-esonyere ihe endothermic mmetụta - ije nke okpomọkụ si ná mpụta akụkụ n'ime ikpe. Theoretically, obi jụrụ ndị mpụta nke ngwaọrụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla. Ngafe okpomọkụ, n'aka nke ya, na-ẹkekerede iji melite arụmọrụ nke ụgbọelu engine. Ọzọkwa, a na nkà na ụzụ ga-ekwe ka mmanụ ụgbọala n'ịwa n'ihi mmeghachi omume na ụdị nke free hydrogen.

Ugbu dị ka ọha na eze ozi na n'ihu nke mmepe nke "Ajax" dị, ma na-eme nnyocha kwere iwebata a nnọọ Ná ekwe Soviet echiche eme.

Chinese hypersonic ugbo ala

Osompi nke US na Russia na ahịa nke hypersonic ngwọta na-aghọ China. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị ama aghụghọ injinia si China - ụgbọelu WU-14. Ọ bụ a na-achịkwa hypersonic ngwe na-etinye on a ballistic agha.

IDB malite ụgbọelu n'ime ohere, ebe ụgbọ ala n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama-efedata, na-emepe emepe a hypersonic ọsọ. Chinese unit nwere ike n'ịnyịnya na dị iche iche IDB enwe a nso nke 2 na 12 puku. Km. Ọ hụrụ na n'oge ule igwe WU-14 bụ ike iru gbapụrụ ọsọ karịa nke 12 puku. Km / h, na-aghọ ya na kasị hypersonic ugbo elu dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha.

Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha kweere na China mmepe abụghị nnọọ ziri ezi na-ezo aka na klas nke ugbo elu. N'ihi ya, ndị nkịtị version, nke ngwa bụ na-nkewa dị ka a warhead. Na nnọọ irè. N'oge elu ala na a nnọọ ọsọ ọbụna ndị kasị oge a na agha na-azara ọnụ usoro nwere ike ekwe nkwa interception kwesịrị ya.

Ọ nwere ike na-ahụ kwuru na mmepe nke hypersonic ugbo ala ji site ndị agha na nzube, na-ekerekwa Russia na United States. Ka ọ dịgodị, Russian echiche, nke na ọ na-zubere ike kwesịrị ekwesị ụdị igwe, budata dị iche iche, dị ka ọ pụtara ìhè site data ụfọdụ nke media, si na nkà na ụzụ ụkpụrụ emejuputa atumatu oru site na America na Chinese. Ya mere, na mmepe nke Russian Federation lekwasị mgbalị na ubi nke ugbo elu onwem na ramjet engine na ike na-agba ọsọ n'elu ala. Russia na-ezube na-arụkọ ọrụ na nke a direction na India. Hypersonic ugbo ala kere maka Russian echiche, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha nwere ala na-eri na wider ngwa.

N'otu oge Russia hypersonic ugbo elu, nke anyị kwuru n'elu (Na-71), na-eburu, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nnyocha na, ka oge na-etinye na ICBMs. Ọ bụrụ na okwu a bụ eziokwu, mgbe ahụ, anyị nwere ike ikwu banyere ihe ndị injinia si Russian Federation na-arụ ọrụ site na abụọ ewu ewu na ebe na Ntụpụta elo ewu nke hypersonic ugbo elu.

nchịkọta

Ya mere, ma eleghị anya ndị kasị hypersonic ụgbọelu na ụwa, na okwu nke ugbo elu, n'agbanyeghị na ha nhazi ọkwa, ọ bụ ka a Chinese igwe WU-14. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-aghọta na n'ezie ọmụma banyere ya, gụnyere ndị metụtara ndị ule, nwere ike nkewa. Nke a bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụkpụrụ nke Chinese mmepe, ndị na-emekarị ihe ọ bụla na-agbalị iji chebe ha agha technology na nzuzo. The ọsọ nke kasị hypersonic ugbo elu - karịrị 12 puku km / h .. Ọ "abịakwasị elu" na mmepe nke American X-43A - ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara kweere na ọ bụ ihe ndị kasị. Theoretically hypersonic ụgbọelu X-43A, na Chinese WU-14 nwere ike ịchụkwudo na mmepe Orbical Science, gbakọọ na ọnụego nke karịa 12 puku. Km / h.

Njirimara nke Russian ụgbọelu Na-71 bụghị ma e kpugheere ọha na eze. Ọ bụ omume na ha ga-ada nso ka afọ nke Chinese ugbo elu. Russian injinia na-eduga mmepe nke hypersonic ụgbọelu ike nke na-apụ na-dabeere ICBMs, na ha onwe ha.

Ugbu oru nke na-eme nnyocha si Russia, China na United States na otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ ejikọrọ na agha. Hypersonic ugbo elu, irrespective nke ha kwere omume nhazi ọkwa, na-atụle isi dị ka a na ngwá agha ụgbọelu, dịcha nuclear. Otú ọ dị, na-arụ ọrụ nke na-eme nnyocha si gburugburu ụwa zukoro adian na "hypersound" dị ka nuclear technology, o nwere ike ịbụ udo.

Ọ bụ ruo biakwa obibia nke ọnụ na a pụrụ ịdabere na ngwọta na-hazie uka mmepụta nke ụgbọala nke kwesịrị ekwesị ụdị. The ojiji nke ndị dị otú ahụ na ngwaọrụ bụ na o kwere omume na widest nso nke ndi nke mmepe. Onye kasị ukwuu ina hypersonic ugbo elu nwere ike ịhụ na ohere ụlọ ọrụ na-eme nnyocha.

Dị ka ndị na-eri na nwoke mmepụta igwe technology mmasị etinye na ndị dị otú ahụ oru ngo nwere ike ịmalite inwe ndị ụgbọ azụmahịa. Industrial corporations, enye nke dị iche iche ọrụ nwere ike na-amalite-atụle "hypersound" dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji melite competitiveness nke azụmahịa na okwu nke nzukọ nke mba na nkwukọrịta.