The photoelectric mmetụta - na physics nke onu

Na 1887, German ọkà mmụta sayensị Hertz chọpụtara na mmetụta nke ìhè na eletriki agbapụta n'ahụ. Amụ ihe ji agbapụta n'ahụ Hertz chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na ndị na-adịghị mma electrode ọkụ na ultraviolet ụzarị, na-agbapụta n'ahụ pụtara na a ala voltaji na electrodes.

Kọwakwuru ya chọpụtara na mgbe ọ gụrụ ìhè nke ihe electric aak ezighị ebubo metal efere jikọọ na electroscope akụ electroscope dara. Nke a gosiri na ìhè aak ihe e dere ede na-efunari ya ọjọọ ụgwọ. The mma ndebe nke metal efere na ìhè anaghị ida.

Loss nke metal ozu ìhè site enwupụta ìhè nke na-adịghị mma eletriki ụgwọ a na-akpọ a photoelectric mmetụta ma ọ bụ photoelectric mmetụta.

The physics nke a onu, a mụwo kemgbe 1888 ma ama Russian ọkà mmụta sayensị A. G. Stoletovym.

The ọmụmụ nke photoelectric irè ọtụtụ narị afọ e mere site na echichi esịnede abụọ obere discs. Siri ike zinc efere na a mkpa ntupu enịm ekwesị megide onye ọ bụla ọzọ, na-akpụ a capacitor. Ya efere ejikọrọ na okporo osisi nke ugbu a iyi, na mgbe ahụ na ìhè na ìhè nke na-electric aak.

Light kpam site na ntupu n'elu a siri ike zinc diski.

STOLETOV chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na a zinc efere nke capacitor ejikọrọ na-ezighị ezi osisi nke voltaji isi iyi (a cathode), na galvanometer jikọọ na circuit egosi ugbu a. Ọ bụrụ na ndị cathode bụ a ntupu, mgbe ahụ, ọ dịghị ugbu a. Ya mere, ìhè zinc efere ewepụtarịrị ezighị ebubo ahụ, nke na-ahụ maka nke ugbu a adị n'etiti ya na net.

Stoletov amụ photoelectric mmetụta, na physics nke na e mebeghị ya mara, were ya nwere wheel nke ọla na ígwè kpụọ: aluminum, ọla kọpa, zinc, silver, nickel. Attaching ha ka ha na-adịghị mma osisi nke voltaji iyi, ọ na-hụrụ otú n'okpuru ihe nke aak sekit nke a pilot osisi ya ihe eletrik. Nke a ugbu a na-akpọ photocurrent.

Site na-amụba voltaji n'etiti capacitor efere photocurrent na-ụba, na-eru a na-voltaji na ya kacha uru akpọ saturation photocurrent.

Ikpọ photoelectric mmetụta, na physics nke na-njikọ chiri anya na na nduzi nke saturation nke photocurrent uru nke luminous agbanwe oge merenụ na cathode efere STOLETOV guzosie ike ndị na-esonụ iwu: na saturation uru nke photocurrent, ga-ra nrata ka ihe ahụ merenụ ìhè agbanwe oge e dere ede.

A kpọrọ iwu a Stoletov.

E mesịa, a chọpụtara na photocurrent - eruba n'ime electrons adọwa si ìhè metal.

Ozizi nke photoelectric mmetụta hụrụ dum uru ngwa. N'ihi ya, ọ e guzobere ngwaọrụ, nke dabeere na a onu. Ha na-akpọ anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

The photosensitive oyi akwa - cathode - ekpuchi fọrọ nke nta dum n'ime elu nke a iko bọlbụ ma e wezụga n'ihi a obere obere window maka ohere nke ìhè. The anode bụkwa a waya mgbanaka, mesikwuru n'ime akpa. The akpa - a agụụ.

Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-jikọọ mgbanaka ha mma osisi nke batrị na photosensitive oyi akwa nke metal site galvanometer na ya na-ezighị ezi osisi, mgbe ahụ, mgbe ekpuchi oyi akwa kwesịrịnụ ìhè isi ugbu a na-egosi na circuit.

Ị nwere ike gbanyụọ batrị mgbe nile, ma mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-ahụ ugbu a, naanị a ukwuu na-adịghị ike, ebe ọ bụ nanị a obere akụkụ nke ìhè ejected electrons ga-ada na waya mgbanaka - na anode. Aka na mmetụta dị mkpa voltaji na iji nke 80-100.

Photoelectric mmetụta, na physics nke na-eji na ndị dị otú ahụ ihe nwere ike hụrụ eji ihe ọ bụla metal. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha, dị ka ọla kọpa, ígwè, platinum, tungsten, naanị chebaara ultraviolet ụzarị. Mere alkaline ọla - potassium, sodium na cesium, karịsịa - na chebaara anya ụzarị. Ha na-na-eji maka imewe nke anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ cathodes.