The softest metal na ụwa

Ọla - ụdị ihe eji nwoke kemgbe oge ochie. Otu a nke bekee dị nnọọ ọtụtụ, ma ha niile ịkọrọ nkịtị ahụ dị nke na-akpọ dara Njirimara. The ekweghị ekwe nke ha - na-emekarị, ma ọ bụghị akọwapụta. Ndị ọzọ na-ọzọ ụfọdụ, na nke nwere softest metal. A Njirimara na-kpebisiri ike site peculiarities nke ha mebere atumatu na molekụla larịị.

Njirimara nke ọla

Iron na ya alloys (ígwè, igba ígwè), ọla kọpa, aluminum, ... Iji ndị a ihe akara jerks na nkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ọganihu dị iche iche nkebi nke mmepe nke mepere anya. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a ọla nwere àgwà ndị na-enye ya a pụrụ iche bara uru. Common atụmatụ maka ha bụ akwa kwes na ọkụ conductivity, plasticity - ike ịnọgide na-enwe ntụkwasị deformation, dara luster.

Damask agụba egbupu ígwè agha, na ọtụtụ adụ metal na nke e nwere metụtara nke nwetụrụ mmetụta, nwere yiri esịtidem owuwu. Na ya siruru - crystalline lattice, nke ọnụ - atọm nti ụgwọ na-anọpụ iche, n'etiti nke "electronic gas" - ahụ hapụrụ elu shells nke atọm n'ihi anam idem emem n'ihi na isi. Special dara nkekọ dị n'etiti mma ion emi odude ke crystal lattice, na-rụrụ site na-agha nke ike ndọda, n'ihi na "elektrọn gas". Ekweghị ekwe, njupụta, metal agbaze okpomọkụ na-adabere na ịta nke "gas".

The ibiere nwale

Azịza nke ajụjụ banyere ụdị metal bụ nnọọ nro, na a ga-enwe mgbe nile a isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na anaghị ekweta na ihe ibiere maka nyocha ma kọwaa echiche nke ịdị nwayọọ ya. Nzaghachi banyere nke a akparamagwa nke ihe ga-adị iche ọkachamara na dị iche iche ọrụ. Metallurgist nwere ike ghọtara dị ka a softness ukwuu ductility agbasaghị aghọta deformation nke abrasive ihe onwunwe, na na. D.

N'ihi na ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mkpa na-enwe ike anya tụnyere ihe e ji mara nke dị iche iche ihe. Softness ga-nwere nkịtị nwale ibiere. The softest metal na ụwa kwesịrị ịghọta na egosi egosi ya "ndekọ" arụmọrụ. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro nke nzube ya bụ iji tụọ softness nke dị iche iche ihe.

ụzọ ịtụ

Kasị gbaara ekweghị ekwe n'ihe ụzọ dabeere na n'ihe na nkenke ngwaọrụ kọntaktị mmetụta na ule ihe ọmụma si na a siri ike ahu, na-akpọ indenter. Dabere ụdị nke indenter na na ụzọ nke n'ihe ọtụtụ isi ụzọ:

- Brinell usoro. Kpebisiri indentation n'obosara metal bọl doo indentation n'ime elu nke ule umi.

- Rockwell. Hà indentation omimi nke diamond elu nke bọl ma ọ bụ cone.

- Vickers. Kpebisie ebipụta ebe, na-ahapụ diamond anọ kwadoro pyramid.

- Shore ekweghị ekwe. Ọ nwere ya ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ike na nnọọ nro ihe - tụrụ omimi nke nmikpu a pụrụ iche agịga ma ọ bụ elu nke rebound n'elu a pụrụ iche pin.

Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ekweghị ekwe

Nke a ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ikpebi ikwu ekweghị ekwe nke mineral na ọla e chọrọ na mmalite nke XIX narị afọ German Fridrihom Moosom. Ọ dabeere na usoro nke scratching mgbe a siri ike sample doo a akara na softer, na dị nnọọ adaba iji chọpụta - ihe metal bụ softest. Na ikwu na akwụkwọ 10 minerals, nke na e kenyere a nhazi ọtụtụ nke ekweghị ekwe, ule umi kpebisiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na space index. Ọmụmaatụ softest ịnweta - talc. Ọ nwere a Mohs ekweghị ekwe - 1, na kasị siri ike, na diamond - 10.

Evaluation nke ekweghị ekwe na Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ emee on a "softer - bụ ike." Kpebisie ike kpọmkwem otú ọtụtụ ugboro, e.g., aluminum enwe a Mohs index 2,75, softer tungsten (6.0) na-enwe naanị n'ihe na-arụpụta dabeere na ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ma chọpụta softest metal na oge table nke table bụ ezuru.

Kasị soft - alkali ọla

Site mineralogical Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-egosi na softest bụ bekee nke na alkali ọla. Ọbụna mercury, maara ọtụtụ na mmiri mmiri nke temometa, nwere a ekweghị ekwe uru nke 1.5. Softer ya multiple bekee na-enwe yiri physico-chemical na n'ibu Njirimara: lithium (0.6 Mohs 'ọnụ ọgụgụ), sodium (0,5), potassium (0.4), rubidium (0.3). Kasị soft metal - bụ cesium, na-enwe a ekweghị ekwe na Mohs ọnụ ọgụgụ index 0,2.

Anụ ahụ na chemical Njirimara nke alkali ọla na-kọwaa ha elektrọn nhazi. Ọ bụ nanị ubé dị iche iche si Ọdịdị nke inert, haruru. Electrons dị na elu ume larịị nwere na agagharị, nke na-ekpebi ndị dị elu chemical ọrụ. The softest ọla ji akpan akpan volatility, ha bụ ndị siri na-emepụta ma na-enwe na-agbanweghi agbanwe. Ha na-ji eme ihe ike chemical mmeghachi omume na ikuku, mmiri, oxygen.

Mmewere 55 №

The aha "CS" si Latin caesius - "igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" na ụdịdị dị iche iche enwupụta dị ọkụ umi ke infrared egosi abụọ na-egbuke egbuke-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọnyá. Ya dị ọcha ụdị ọ bụ ezi echiche nke ìhè, dị ka a na-egbuke egbuke gold na a silver - odo. Cesium - juu metal na ụwa, ekweghị ekwe nke Brinell index - 0,15 MN / ^m2 (0,015 kgf / cm ^2). Agbaze uche: + 28,5 ° C, otú ahụ n'okpuru nkịtị ọnọdụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ cesium bụ na semiliquid ala.

Ọ bụ obere, dị oké ọnụ na ukwuu reactive metal. Na ngwá electronic, eletriki injinịa na chemical ụlọ ọrụ cesium elu technology na ya alloys na-achọta na-amụba ojiji na ina ya na-amụba nọgidere. Ọ na-achọ ya chemical ọrụ, ike na-etolite a compound na kasị elu conductivity. Cesium - otu ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa nke na mmepụta nke pụrụ iche ngwa anya ngwá, ọkụ na pụrụ iche Njirimara na ndị ọzọ na-elu-tech ngwaahịa. Na nke a, na softness - ọ bụghị ndị kasị chọọ-mgbe mma.