The Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ntụziaka nke Trans-akụkọ ụlọ

The Trans-Siberia Railway, bụ nke e mere n'oge gara aga a na-akpọ Great Siberia Railway, taa karịa niile n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo edoghi n'ala. Ọ e wuru si 1891 na 1916, na fọrọ nke nta ka a nkeji iri na ise na narị afọ. Ihe karịrị 10 000 km nke ogologo ya. Road direction - si Moscow na Vladivostok. Nke a bụ nke mbụ a na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ya okporo ígwè. Nke ahụ bụ ná mmalite nke Trans-Siberia Railway - Moscow, na ọgwụgwụ - Vladivostok. Kwesịrị ịdị, na ụgbọ oloko na-agba ọsọ ma na ntụziaka.

Gịnị mere o ji dị mkpa ka Mee Trans-Siberia Railway?

Nnukwu ebe nke Far East, Eastern na Western Siberia ná mmalite narị afọ nke 20, nọgidere ebipụ ndị ọzọ nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu. Ọ bụ ya mere na e nwere mkpa na ihe e kere eke nke ụzọ na nke a kacha nta na-eri nke oge na ego ga-esi n'ebe ahụ. Ọ dị mkpa ka ịnyagharịa site na Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè tracks. NN Muravyov-Amursky, Governor General nke niile Eastern Siberia, na 1857, na eze mara ọkwa na nke ndị na-ewu nke dị ná mpụga Siberia.

Onye kwụrụ ụgwọ oru ngo?

Naanị 80-nke afọ ndị ọchịchị kwere ndị na-ewu nke ụzọ. Na nke a, ọ kwetara ego ndị na-ewu nke ya, na-enweghị nkwado nke mba ọzọ donors. Nnukwu investments chọrọ na-ewu nke okporo ụzọ awara awara. Ya price, dị ka mbido mgbawa mere ndị na Kọmitii na-ewu nke Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè dịrị 350 nde gold rubles.

The mbụ ọrụ

Special njem, bụ nke mere A. I. Ursati, OP na NP Vyazemskij Mezheninov, e zitere ke 1887 ka a mata ezigbo ụzọ ọnọdụ maka Itie ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Ọtụtụ-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị na ngwa ngwa bụ nsogbu nke -arụ ọrụ ego mmepe. Ụzọ ọpụpụ direction ghọrọ "na-adịgide adịgide ọrụ idobere agha" n'ihi na amanyere bụ iwu nke ọrụ. Agha na ndị mkpọrọ mere ọtụtụ ndị na-ewu ụlọ. Ọnọdụ ibi ndụ nke ha na-arụ ọrụ, ndị unbearably arọ. Enịm ọrụ ruru unyi, mfafaha n'ogige ndị agha, nke bụ ọbụna mmekọahụ. Sanitary ọnọdụ, N'ezie, ekpe dị ka ọ chọrọ.

Dị ka okporo ụzọ na-arụ arụ?

Hand mere nile. Ọ bụ ihe kasị oge ochie ngwaọrụ - a shọvel, a hụrụ, anyu-ike, a wiilbaro na a ghota. N'agbanyeghị niile chefuo ahụhụ na-tọrọ onye ọ bụla n'afọ banyere 500-600 kilomita. Inwe na-agwụ ike kwa ụbọchị, na mgba na agha nke uwa, engineer na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ nagide nsọpụrụ ka ọrụ Ọdịdị na a mkpirikpi Great Siberia Way.

Ịmepụta Great Siberia Way

Fọrọ dechara site 90 nke afọ bu South Ussuriiskaya, Zabaikalskaya nke Middle na railroads. The Committee of Ozi ke 1891, na February, kpebiri na i nwere ike na-ama mmalite ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke Great Siberia Way.

The atọ ae kwuru na-ewu a okporo ụzọ. The mbụ - na-West Siberia ụzọ. Next - Trans-Baikal, si Mysovaya ka Sretensk. Na ndị ikpeazụ ogbo - na Circum-Baikal si Irkutsk na Khabarovsk.

Nke abụọ end-ihe n'otu oge na-ewu nke ụzọ malitere. Western alaka na 1898 ruru Irkutsk. Mgbe njem na-mkpa iji gbanwee ka uzuoku, merie ya 65 kilomita nke Lake Baikal. Mgbe ọ na-icebound icebreaker na-emeghe ụzọ na ugbo. Nke a vesivshaya 4267 tọn Mahina e mere England na iji. Nke nta nke nta anyị na-rails e tọrọ tinyere n'ebe ndịda n'ụsọ Lake Baikal, na mkpa maka ya.

Isi ike n'oge na-ewu nke okporo ụzọ

Ihu igwe siri ike na eke ọnọdụ, na-ewu nke okporo ụzọ mere. The track na-meghere fọrọ nke nta ya nile na obodo a ma ọ bụ ebikebeghị ebe, agaghi aga apịtị. Gafere Trans-Siberia Railway ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri, ike osimiri nke Siberia, permafrost na ụba waterlogging. N'ihi na-ewu ụlọ nke ahụkebe isi ike na-emi odude gburugburu Lake Baikal ala. Iji kpuchie ụzọ ebe a, anyị nwere na-otiti elu nkume, dị ka nke ọma dị ka Mee wuru ihe owuwu.

Ọ bụghị na-eme ka ndị na-ewu nke ndị dị otú a oke ihe dị ka Trans-Siberia Railway, eke ọnọdụ. Na ebe nke ya ụlọ ọrụ abụọ okpomọkụ ya ama esịn si 90% nke kwa afọ ọdịda. Brooks Gbanwere na a awa ole na ole na-asa ahụ dị ike mmiri aga. Large ubi nke ohere jupụtara na mmiri na ebe ndị Trans-Siberia Railway. Natural ọnọdụ ukwuu gbochie ya ewu. Iju Mmiri ahụ amaliteghị na mmiri na na August ma ọ bụ July. 10-12 arọ ebuli mmiri ime okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ e mere na oyi, mgbe na -50 degrees ntu oyi ruru. People ụtọ n'ụlọikwuu. Kwesịrị ịdị, ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa.

Na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ke ufọt ufọt 50s na ọ tọrọ a alaka ọhụrụ - si Abakan ka Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Ọ na-emi odude tinyere isi magitstrali. Nke a akara bụ maka usoro ihe bụ n'ime ime ebe ugwu, ọma n'ebe ndị na-Chinese ókè.

Iju Mmiri 1897

Kpata ajọ idei mmiri mere na 1897. Karịrị 200 afọ bụghị ka ya. Ike eruba elu karịa 3 mita mụụrụ wuru mkpọmkpọ. Bibiri a iju mmiri Dorodinsk obodo, nke e hiwere na mmalite narị afọ nke 18. N'ihi nke a, o nwere budata kpatụ mbụ oru ngo na nke ewu nke Trans-Siberia Railway e rụrụ: egwu were a nyefe ọhụrụ ebe, iru chebe onwe, bulie mounds, na-ewusi ala mkpọda. Builders na-ebe a maka oge mbụ zutere permafrost.

Na 1900 ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ Trans-Baikal Railway. A ebe Mozgon na 1907 e wuru na permafrost na ụwa mbụ ụlọ, nke ka dị taa. Na Greenland, Canada na Alaska na nakweere a ọhụrụ usoro maka owuwu nke ụlọ ọrụ na permafrost.

Road, obodo Trans-Siberia Railway

Ụzọ nke ọzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Trans-Siberia Railway. The ụzọ ndị a na-aga site na Moscow na Vladivostok. Si isi obodo zitere ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ obe na Volga, na mgbe ahụ atụgharịa n'akụkụ nke Urals n'ebe ndịda-n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ebe ihe dị ka 1,800 km si Moscow bụ ókè n'agbata Asia na Europe. Site Yekaterinburg, emi odude ke Urals nnukwu ulo oru center, ọ bụ ụzọ Novosibirsk na Omsk. Gafee Ob, otu n'ime ndị kasị dị ike osimiri na Siberia na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ igodo, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ na-aga ime ebe emi odude ke Yenisei Krasnoyarsk. Mgbe ahụ, Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-na Irkutsk, na n'ebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Baikal merie ndị riiji. Bipu onye n'akụkụ nke Gobi desert gabiga Khabarovsk, ụgbọ okporo ígwè doo na ebe - Vladivostok. Nke a bụ ntụziaka nke Trans-Siberia Railway.

87 obodo na-emi odude ke Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè. ha bi bụ 300 puku. ruo 15 nde. mmadụ. Ụlọ Ọrụ nke RF-achị na-14 n'obodo, site na nke Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Na ógbè ya na-eje ozi wepụ coal na ego nke ihe karịrị 65% nke ngụkọta-emepụta Russia, na-ebu ihe dị 20% nke nnụcha na 25% na mmepụta nke ulo oru osisi. Ebe a bụ banyere 80% nke nkwụnye ego nke eke ego, gụnyere osisi, coal, gas, mmanụ, na ores nke nonferrous na ferrous ọla.

Site n'ókè-ala ebe Naushki, Zabaykalsk, Grodekovo Hassan na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-enye ohere ka ụzọ netwọk na Mongolia, China na North Korea, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, site n'ókè-ala crossings na mbụ mba nke USSR na Russian ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri - na mba Europe.

Atụmatụ nke Trans-Siberia

Abụọ n'akụkụ nke ụwa (Asia na Europe) kegide ndị fọdụrụ n'ezinụlọ na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ala. Sochie ebe a, dị ka na ihe niile ndị ọzọ ụzọ nke mba anyị na wider Europe. Ọ bụ 1.5 mita.

Ọ na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ akụkụ Trans-Siberia Railway:

- Amur n'uzọ;

- Circum-Baikal;

- Manchu;

- Trans-Baikal;

- Mid-Siberia;

- West-Siberia;

- Ussuriysk.

Description of ụzọ ngalaba

Ussuri ụzọ, nke ogologo bụ 769 km, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ya ụzọ - 39, na-adịgide adịgide ọrụ banye na November 1897. Ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị Far East ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Na 1892, na June, ọ malitere iwu nke West-Siberia. Ọ na-agba nakwa na Watershed n'etiti Irtysh na Ishim, na ewepụghị chakoo. Naanị nso àkwà mmiri n'elu isi osimiri ya adahade. The ụzọ deviates si ogologo naanị uzo ndagwurugwu, ponds, ịgafe mmiri.

Na 1898, na January, wee malite iwu Mid-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Na ya nile bụ àkwà mmiri n'elu Kiya osimiri Uda, Oia, Tom. LD Proskuryakov e mere a pụrụ iche akwa gafee Yenisei.

Trans-Baikal bụ akụkụ nke Great Siberia Railway. Ọ na-amalite na ọdọ mmiri, ọdụ mkputamkpu, na-agwụ na Amur River, nso marina Sretensk. Nzọ ụkwụ agafere n'ụsọ Lake Baikal, na ije-ya na e nwere ọtụtụ ugwu osimiri. Na 1895 ọ malitere iwu nke ụzọ n'okpuru nduzi nke AN Pushechnikova engineer.

Mgbe aka n'ime nkwekọrịta n'etiti China na Russia e wee na mmepe nke Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-ewu nke ọzọ ụzọ, Manchurian ejikọta Vladivostok Trans-Siberia Railway. Site na okporo ụzọ si Chelyabinsk ka Vladivostok ga-emeghe nke a ụzọ, nke ogologo bụ 6503 km.

Ihe ikpeazụ wee malite iwu Circum-Baikal mpaghara (na 1900), n'ihi na ọ bụ ndị kasị oké ọnụ na-esi ike ebe. Engineer Liverovskii mere ndị na-ewu ihe kasị dị mgbagwoju nke ogologo ya n'etiti capes na Sharazhangaem Aslomovym. Na ogologo nke pipeline - 18 nke akụkụ nke ngụkọta ogologo nke dum ụgbọ okporo ígwè. The anọ nke ngụkọta-akwụ ụgwọ chọrọ ya ewu. Site 12 tunnels na veranda 4 ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-aga site na nke a ụzọ.

Amur ụzọ malitere wuru na 1906. Ọ na-ekewa ndị East na North-Amur Amur akara.

pụtara Trans

The oké nweta nke anyị na ndị mmadụ bụ ihe e kere eke nke Trans-Siberia. Construction nke Trans-Siberia ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-aga ihere, ọbara na ọkpụkpụ, ma ọrụ a ka na-agwụ agwụ a oké ọrụ. A nnukwu ego nke ngwaahịa na njem na-ekwe ka na-ebu na mba dị otú a. N'enweghị onye bi na Siberia n'ókèala e biri ruru ya ewu. Ntụziaka nke Trans-Siberia Railway so mee ka ha mmepe.