Ụkpụrụ nke laser edinam: atụmatụ nke laser radieshon

The mbụ ụkpụrụ nke ihe nke laser, nke dabeere na physics nke Planck si radieshon iwu, na ozizi, Einstein na 1917 n'onye ezi omume. Ọ kọwara absorption, n'amaghi ama ma kpaliri akpa radieshon iji puru ọnụọgụ (Einstein ọnụọgụ).

trailblazers

Teodor Meyman bụ ndị mbụ na-egosi na ụkpụrụ nke ihe nke a rubi laser, dabere na ngwa anya pumping iji a flash oriọna sịntetik rubi, site coherent radieshon na a wavelength nke 694 nm.

Na 1960, Iranian ọkà mmụta sayensị Jevan na Bennett kere mbụ gas lasers eji mixtures nke Ọ na Ne, haruru na a ruru nke 1:10.

Na 1962, R. N. Hall na-eme ka a mbụ diode laser mere nke gallium arsenide (GaAs), emitting na a wavelength nke 850 nm. Mgbe e mesịrị n'otu afọ, Nick Golonyak mepụtara mbụ okporo ọkụ kwantum generator nke anya ìhè.

Na ngwaọrụ na ụkpụrụ nke lasers

Onye ọ bụla laser usoro-agụnye ifịk ajụ optically enịm n'etiti a ụzọ nke yiri na ukwuu na-atụgharị uche enyo, otu onye nke bụ translucent, na a ike isi iyi maka pumping ya. Ka uru na-ajụ nwere ike na-eme ka a siri ike, mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ gas, nke nwere ikike ikowa njupụta nke ìhè-efegharị efegharị na-agafe ya internally na eletriki ma ọ bụ ngwa anya pumping radieshon. The umi-etinye n'etiti a ụzọ enyo ìhè ha wee na-egosi na ha na onye ọ bụla oge na-aga site na ya na, ebe ruru a dị ịrịba ama mmụba, penetrates nkera mirror.

duplex gburugburu ebe obibi

Tụlee ụkpụrụ nke laser edinam na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ajụ onye atọm nwere nanị abụọ ike na ọkwa: E obi ụtọ E ₂ na isi _1. Ọ bụrụ na ndị atọm via ọ bụla pumping usoro (ngwa anya, electric agbapụta n'ahụ ugbu a ma ọ bụ transmittance elektrọn bombardment) nwere oké obi ụtọ na a na steeti E _2, na a ole na ole nanoseconds ha laghachi isi ọnọdụ, radiating ume photons hν = E ₂ - E _1. Dị ka Einstein na ozizi, na emission na-emepụta na abụọ dị iche iche: ma ọ na-akpata site a photon, ma ọ bụ ya emee spontaneously. Na mbụ ikpe, kpaliri emission emee na nke abụọ - n'amaghi. Na thermal ịha, ihe gbasara nke puru nke kpaliri emission bụ ọtụtụ ala karịa n'amaghi (1:10 ^33), ya mere na ọtụtụ ot incoherent ìhè na isi mmalite, na lasing bụ omume na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ karịa thermal ịha.

Ọbụna na a nnọọ ike pumping bi-larịị usoro nwere ike na-aha. Ya mere, iji nweta ndị bi inversion ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ngwa anya pumping usoro na-achọ a atọ- ma ọ bụ anọ na-larịị usoro.

multi-larịị usoro

Gịnị bụ ụkpụrụ nke atọ-larịị laser? The irradiation nke ufiop ìhè nke ugboro ν ₀₂ nfuli elu a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke atọm si kasị ala ume larịị E ₀ na E ₂ nke elu. Radiationless mgbanwe na atọm E ₂ to E ₁ akọwaputa a bi inversion n'etiti E ₁ na E _0, nke na omume bụ nanị kwe omume mgbe atọm ndị a ogologo oge a metastable ala E _1, na Transition si E ₁ E ₂ emee ngwa ngwa. The ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke a atọ-larịị laser bụ na ọnọdụ ndị a, nke mere na n'etiti E ₀ na E _1, ndị bi inversion a na-enweta na a na-adịkwu photon ike E ₁ -E ₀ kpaliri emission. Wider larịị E ₂ nwere ike dịkwuo absorption wavelength nso ka ọzọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma imipu, dapụtara na uto nke kpaliri emission.

Atọ-larịị usoro na-achọ a nnọọ elu pumping ike ebe ọ bụ na ala dị larịị, na-aka na emana, ọ bụ a isi. Na nke a, iji bi inversion mere na ala E ₁ na-pumped ihe karịrị ọkara nke ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm. Na nke a, na ike na-egbughị. Mgbapụta ike ike ukwuu belata ma ọ bụrụ na ala lasing larịị bụghị isi, nke na-achọ dịkarịa ala a anọ-larịị usoro.

Dabere na ọdịdị nke nọ n'ọrụ umi, na lasers na-nkewa n'ime ihe atọ bụ isi na edemede, ya bụ siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. Ebe ọ bụ na 1958, mgbe nke mbụ ọgbọ chọpụtara na a rubi crystal, ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme nchọpụta na-amụ a dịgasị iche iche nke ihe na onye ọ bụla udi.

siri ike-ala laser

The ọrụ dabere na ojiji nke na-arụsi ọrụ na-ajụ nke a kpụrụ site na-agbakwụnye ihe-egbochi ihe crystal lattice mgbanwe metal (edebata ^+3, ČR ^+3, V ^+2, Co ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, na na. D.) , obere ụwa ion (Ce ^+3, Ilu ^+3, nd ^+3, Pm ^+3, SM ^+2, EU ^{+ 2, + 3,} TB ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, Ea ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , et al.), na actinides dị ka U ^+3. The ike na ọkwa nke na-ion eme naanị maka ọgbọ. Physical Njirimara nke isi ihe onwunwe, dị ka thermal conductivity na thermal mgbasa dị mkpa ka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma ọrụ nke laser. Location lattice nke atọm gburugburu a doped ion na-agbanwe ya ike na ọkwa. Dị iche iche ogologo-efegharị efegharị ọgbọ ifịk-ajụ na-enweta site na doping dị iche iche ihe na-otu ion.

Holmium laser

Otu ihe atụ nke a siri ike-ala laser bụ a kwantum generator, nke holmium atọm anọchi isi ihe onwunwe nke crystal lattice. Ho: YAG bụ onye nke kasị mma lasing ihe. The ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke holmium laser bụ na yttrium aluminum garnet doped na holmium ion, optically pumped site flash oriọna ma ewepụtarịrị na a wavelength nke 2097 nm na infrared nso na-ọma etinye obi gị dum site na arọ. Jiri a laser maka arụmọrụ na nkwonkwo, eze ọgwụgwọ, ka gbazee cancer mkpụrụ ndụ, akụrụ na gallstones.

A okporo ọkụ kwantum generator

Kwantum ọma lasers bụ ọnụ, ekwe uka mmepụta na-adị mfe scalable. The na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ nke na okporo ọkụ laser dabere na ojiji nke pn-diode nkwụsị, nke na-amịpụta ìhè nke a na-wavelength site recombination nke ụgbọelu na a mma echiche ọjọọ, dị ka LEDs. Ikanam emit spontaneously na laser diodes - compulsively. Iji mezuo ọnọdụ bi inversion, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a ga-gafere a mbata. N'ọrụ ajụ na a okporo ọkụ diode nwere a na-ele nke njikọ nke ebe abụọ akụkụ n'ígwé.

Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke ụdị laser bụ na ịnọgide na-enwe oscillations dịghị mpụga mirror a chọrọ. The reflective ike, kere n'ihi na Refractive index n'ígwé na esịtidem ngosipụta nke nọ n'ọrụ na-ajụ, bụ zuru ezu n'ihi nzube a. Ọgwụgwụ na-ebupụta rapara n'aru diodes na-enye ukem egbukepụ ebupụta.

The compound kpụrụ akpụ site na okporo ọkụ ihe onwunwe nke otu ụdị a na-akpọ a homojunction, dị ka ike site na njikọ abụọ dị iche iche - heterojunction.

Semiconductors nke p na n ụdị na a elu njupụta nke na-ebu na-etolite a p-n-nkwụsị na a nnọọ mkpa (≈1 mm) depleted oyi akwa.

gas laser

Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe na-eji ụdị laser na-eme ka o kwe omume na-ike ngwaọrụ nke nta ka ọ bụla ikike (site milliwatts ka megawatts) na wavelengths (site na ultraviolet ka infrared) na ike na-arụ ọrụ na pulsed na-aga n'ihu ụdịdị. Dabere na ọdịdị nke nọ n'ọrụ media, e nwere atọ ụdị nke gas lasers, ya bụ atọm, ionic na molekụla.

Kasị gas lasers pumped site electric agbapụta n'ahụ. The electrons na-agbapụta n'ahụ tube na-accelerated site electric ubi n'etiti electrodes. Ha ikukota na atọm, ion ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nke na-arụsi ọrụ ọkara na eji ntughari ka elu ike na ọkwa iji nweta a ala nke bi inversion na kpaliri emission.

molekụla laser

Ụkpụrụ nke laser edinam dabeere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na, n'adịghị ka ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ atọm na ion na atọm na ion lasers ụmụ irighiri nwere n'uju ike na ìgwè ndị agha nke pụrụ iche ike na ọkwa. Ke adianade do, onye ọ bụla elektrọn ume larịị nwere a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọma jijiji na-etoju, na ndị nọ n'aka - a ole na ole rotational.

The ike n'etiti elektrọn ike na ọkwa bụ na UV na anya n'ógbè nke ụdịdị dị iche iche, mgbe n'etiti ọma jijiji na-rotational etoju - na anya na nso infrared mpaghara. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị molekụla lasers na-arụ ọrụ a dị anya ma ọ bụ na nso-infrared mpaghara.

excimer lasers

Excimers ndị dị otú ahụ molekul ka ArF, KrF, XeCl, nke na-ekewa mụ n'ala ala na mbụ larịị. Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe nke laser esote. A, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ala ala nke ụmụ irighiri bụ obere, otú ahụ kpọmkwem pumping si n'ala ala bụ ekwe omume. The ụmụ irighiri kpụrụ ke akpa obi ụtọ electronic ala site a compound enwe a elu ume halides na inert, haruru. The bi inversion a na-enweta na-adị mfe ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri na a isi larịị dị oke obere, jiri ya tụnyere ihe obi ụtọ. Ụkpụrụ nke laser edinam, na obere, bụ aga site a agbụ obi ụtọ electronic ala ka a n'ala ala dissociative. The bi n'ala ala bụ mgbe niile a ala ozo, n'ihi na n'ebe a molekul dissociate n'ime atọm.

The ngwa na lasers ụkpụrụ mejupụtara na na-agbapụta n'ahụ tube jupụtara a ngwakọta nke halide (F ₂₎ na obere gas (Ar). The electrons na ya dissociate na ionize na halide ụmụ irighiri na ike na-adịghị mma ion. Positive ion Ar ⁺ na-adịghị mma F ^- eme ma na-emepụta ArF ụmụ irighiri ke akpa obi ụtọ kwuo metụtara na ụdi ntughari ka isi obodo na-asọ oyi na ọgbọ nke coherent radieshon. Excimer laser, ụkpụrụ nke edinam na ojiji nke nke anyị na-ugbu a na-ewere, ike ga-eji maka pumping nke nọ n'ọrụ na-ajụ nke e ji esiji ákwà.

mmiri mmiri laser

E jiri ya tụnyere solids, mmiri bụ ihe homogeneous na nwere a elu njupụta nke nọ n'ọrụ atọm, tụnyere, haruru. Tụkwasị na nke a, ha na-adịghị ike na-emepụta, ekwe mfe okpomọkụ dissipation na pụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe dochie anya. Ụkpụrụ nke ihe nke laser eji dị ka uru na-ajụ nke organic e ji esiji ákwà, dị ka DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p- dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, na dị ka. D ., etisasịwo ke kwesịrị ekwesị mgbaze. A ngwọta nke e ji esiji ákwà ụmụ irighiri bụ ụtọ site radieshon onye wavelength nwere ezi absorption ọnụọgụ. Ụkpụrụ nke laser edinam, na obere, bụ n'ịwa na a aba wavelength, a na-akpọ fluorescence. Ihe dị iche n'etiti ike etinye obi gị dum na-enwupụta photons eji nonradiative ike ikwu n'ụzọ na heats usoro.

Nabatara umu gbalaga fluorescence mmiri mmiri lasers nwere a pụrụ iche mma - wavelength n'iji ya gee ntị. Ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe na-eji ụdị dị ka a tunable laser na coherent ìhè isi, na-aghọ esiwanye dị mkpa na spectroscopy, holography, na Biomedical ngwa.

Nso nso, lasers e ji dai maka isotope nkewa. Na nke a, na laser bibiri ejikere otu n'ime ha, apostle amalite a chemical mmeghachi omume.