Unicellular algae: bughi atụmatụ. Anọchitekwa anya nke unicellular algae

The mmiri n'okpuru osimiri ụwa mgbe dọtara a onye nke ya mgbukepụ, na-enwetụbeghị ụdị mma, di iche iche na unexplored omimi. Amazing Animals, pụtara osisi nke dị iche iche nha - niile nke ndị a pụrụ iche ntule anaghị ahapụ onye ọ bụla indifferent. Na mgbakwunye na-ahụ anya anya nke isi umu osisi, e nwekwara obere, foreseeable naanị n'okpuru a microscope, ma nke ahụ adịghị ida mkpa ya na pụtara na ngụkọta biomass nke oké osimiri. Nke a otu-celled algae. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-ngụkọta mmepụta nke organic okwu site mmiri n'okpuru osimiri osisi ndị na-amị ọtụtụ n'ime ya bụ na ha, ndị a na obere ihe na-eju e kere eke.

Algae: general e ji mara

Ke ofụri ofụri, algae - a Subkingdom Lower osisi. Ha bụ nke otu na ahịhịa na ha ahụ na-adịghị ọdịiche dị akụkụ, na-anọchi anya a na-aga n'ihu (mgbe ụfọdụ dissected) thallus ma ọ bụ thallus. Kama nke ahụ, na-akpata usoro ha nwere ndokwa maka nkekọ mkpụrụ n'ụdị rhizoids.

Otu a nke ntule dị ọtụtụ nke ukwuu, iche iche na ụdị na Ọdịdị, ụzọ ndụ na ebe. E nwere ndị na-esonụ na ngalaba nke ezinụlọ a:

• red;
• aja aja;
• green;
• ọla-edo;
• diatoms;
• cryptophytae;
• odo-green;
• euglenophytes;
• dinoflagellate.

Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị a ngalaba nwere ike ekewet nke otu-celled algae na ndị nnọchiteanya si multicellular thallus. Ihe na-esonụ iche nke ntule na-hụrụ:

• colonial;
• filamentous;
• The kpamkpam;
• mmasị na ndị ọzọ.

Ịrịba ama maka nhazi ọkwa i nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ndị na. Otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa determinants dị irè okwu - a ụzọ banye ike. Representatives green unicellular algae niile autotrophs, ọtụtụ multicellular ntule nke otu klas na-ebu photosynthesis. Otú ọ dị, e nwere heterotrophic, mixotrophic na ọbụna parasitic iche-iche.

Anyị ga-amụ na ndị ọzọ zuru ezu na ihe owuwu, Livelihoods na mmeputakwa nke Representatives e celled ntule nke dị iche iche algae klaasị. Inwale ọrụ ha na ọdịdị na ndụ mmadụ.

Structural atụmatụ nke unicellular algae

Gịnị bụ kpọmkwem atụmatụ na-ekwe ndị a obere ntule adị? Firstly, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere naanị otu cell, ma ọ rụrụ ihe niile dị oké mkpa na ọrụ nke dum organism:

• ibu;
• development;
• oriri na-edozi;
• iku ume;
• amụba;
• ngagharị;
• oke.

Ọzọkwa, ndị a otu-celled ntule pụta ụwa mma nke mgbakasị.

Na ya esịtidem Ọdịdị atụmatụ otu-celled algae, nwere ike iju ndị na-eme nnyocha aka nwere bụghị. Otu Ọdịdị na organelles na na mkpụrụ ndụ na ihe ukwuu mepụtara ntule. The cell casing nwere ike banye na gburugburu mmiri mmiri, otú a, ahụ nwere ike submerged. Nke a na-enye ohere algae dozie ọzọ ọtụtụ ebe, ọ bụghị naanị na n'oké osimiri nile, oké osimiri na ndị ọzọ na mmiri ozu, kamakwa ala.

na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe nke ntọala nile bụ ndị òtù, ma e wezụga n'ihi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green algae, nke bụ prokaryotic ntule. -Esịne ke ọkọlọtọ cell organelles na-achọrọ:

• mitochondria;
• cytoplasm;
• endoplasmic reticulum;
• Golgi ngwa;
• lysosomes;
• ribosomes;
• cell center.

Mma bụ ọnụnọ nke plastid nwere a akpan akpan ink (chlorophyll, xanthophyll, phycoerythrin, wdg). Na-akpali bụ eziokwu na-alụbeghị di-celled algae pụrụ ịkpali kpam kpam n'ime mmiri kọlụm site otu ma ọ bụ karịa flagella. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe niile iche. A na-mmasị ka mkpụrụ udi.

Nkesa na ebe obibi

N'ihi na obere size na ụfọdụ bughi atụmatụ, otu-celled algae na-enwe ike na-agbasa gburugburu ụwa. Ha biri:

• ọhụrụ mmiri;
• na oké osimiri na oké osimiri;
• apiti;
• n'elu nkume, osisi, nkume;
• pola larịị kpuchie na snow na ice;
• aquariums.

Ebe ha na-nnọọ ike ịchọta! N'ihi ya, nostokovye unicellular algae, ihe atụ nke-acha anụnụ anụnụ-green ma ọ bụ cyanobacteria - bi permafrost Antarctica. N'ihi na mejupụtara nke dị iche iche pigments, ndị a ntule na-ebube mma na a snowy odida obodo. Ọ Stains na snow na pink, odo odo, green, odo odo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba, nke, N'ezie, anya dị mma nke ukwuu.

Green unicellular algae, nke nwere ike ime otú ahụ: chlorella trentepohlia, chlorococcum, pleurococcus - ndụ n'elu osisi, ekpuchi ha n'ụgbụgbọ green mkpuchi. Ha na-eme ka zuo otu agba nke elu nke nkume, top oyi akwa nke mmiri, ala, ọnụ ọnụ ugwu na n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Ha bụ ndị nke ìgwè nke ala ma ọ bụ efe n'elu algae.

Ke ofụri ofụri, ndị nnọchiteanya nke unicellular algae niile dị ya gburugburu anyị, dị nnọọ na-achọpụta ha-ekwe omume nanị na a mikroskopu. Na mmiri, ikuku, n'elu, ụwa, osisi na ụmụ anụmanụ na-ebi na-acha uhie uhie, green na ọlaedo algae, na cyanobacteria.

Amụba na ndụ

Banyere ụzọ ndụ nke a ahịhịa mmiri ga-asị na nke ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahọrọ na-ise n'elu kpam kpam n'ime mmiri, akpụ phytobenthos. Ndị ọzọ ụdị anụmanụ enịm n'ime ahụ, na-ekere òkè na ha na a symbiotic mmekọrịta. Ma, ndị ọzọ nanị mmasị ka mkpụrụ na ụdị chịrị na filaments.

Ma multiplication nke unicellular algae - a usoro yiri niile nnochite anya. Nke a bụ a nkịtị vegetative nkewa abụọ, mitosis. The mmekọahụ usoro bụ nnọọ obere na-nanị n'okpuru oghom ọnọdụ nke ịdị adị.

Asexual mmeputakwa na-ebelata ka ọzọ ogbo.

1. Preparatory. The cell na-etolite ma na-amalite, accumulates nri.
2. Mbenata organelle ije (flagella).
3. The DNA imepụtaghachi amalite na n'otu oge guzobe nke transverse constriction.
4. Centromere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe onwunwe na-agbatị aka dị iche iche okporo osisi ya.
5. Padding emechi, na cell-ekewa abụọ.
6. Cytokinesis emee n'out oge na a niile Filiks.

N'ihi - a ọhụrụ nwa mkpụrụ ndụ yiri ka nne na nna. Ha gụsịa-ewu efu akụkụ ahụ na-amalite otu nọọrọ onwe ha ndụ, na mmepe. N'ihi ya, unicellular ụdị ndụ okirikiri-amalite na-agwụ na nkerisi ha nke ọma.

Structural atụmatụ nke green unicellular algae

The isi mma - a ọgaranya green agba, nke bụ a cell. Ọ kọwara na dị ka akụkụ nke plastid ink chlorophyll okpon akan. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị a ntule nwere ike photosynthesis, na-amị organic okwu maka onwe ya naanị. Nke a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-akọ ka ha na ala ka elu nke osisi.

Ọzọkwa, bughi atụmatụ nke green unicellular algae na-na-eso nke izugbe iwu.

1. Mapụtara potassium - starch.
2. Nke a organelle ka a chloroplast gbara a abụọ akpụkpọ ahụ a na-achọta na elu osisi.
3. Ka ibugharịa iji flagella, aji ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. E nwere ike ịbụ na otu ruo 6-8.

O doro anya na ihe owuwu nke green unicellular algae na-eme ka ha pụrụ iche na nso ka ukwuu haziri nnọchiteanya nke terrestrial umu.

Onye bụ nke a ngalaba? The kasị ama nnọchiteanya:

• chlamydomonas;
• Volvox;
• chlorella;
• pleurococcus;
• euglena green;
• akrosifoniya na ndị ọzọ.

Ka anyị tụlee ole na ole n'ime ndị a ntule.

chlamydomonas

Nke a na-ezo aka nnọchiteanya nke a ngalaba, dị ka a green otu-celled algae. Chlamydomonas - bụ ukwuu n'ime freshwater organism enwe ụfọdụ ndị dị na Ọdịdị. Ọ e ji mma phototaxis (ije n'ebe ìhè isi), n'ihi ọnụnọ na n'ihu ọgwụgwụ nke photosensitive mkpụrụ ndụ eyelet.

The ndu ọrụ nke Chlamydomonas bụ na ọ bụ a na-emeputa nke oxygen n'oge photosynthesis, a bara uru nri isi maka anụ ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, nke a bụ alga akpata "blooming" mmiri ozu. Sel ọ na-adị mfe na-emezu na wuru ọnọdụ, otú họrọ Chlamydomonas Jenetik dị ka ihe nke nnyocha na laabu nwere.

chlorella

Unicellular algae Chlorella nwekwara akọ a green ngalaba. Ya isi ihe dị iche site na ndị ọzọ niile na o bi naanị na ọhụrụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ nke na-enweghị cell flagella. Photosynthetic ike na-enye ohere iji chlorella dị ka isi iyi nke oxygen na ohere (na ụgbọ mmiri, akụ ụta).

Inside na cell nwere a pụrụ iche set nke nri na vitamin na-eme ka a alga na-akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu dị ka a nri maka anụ ụlọ. Ọbụna a onye na-eri ya na-eri ya ga-abụ nnọọ uru, n'ihi na 50% nke protein ya mejupụtara elu na ike uru nke ọtụtụ ubi. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ihe oriri maka ndị mmadụ, ọ ka na-adịghị jidere na.

Ma chlorella e ji mee nke ọma ruo ndu mmiri ọcha. Ekiri ihe a na organism nwere ike ịbụ na a iko akpa na agaghinihu mmiri. Na mgbidi kpụrụ a na-amị amị mkpuchi nke green. Nke a bụ chlorella.

euglena green

Unicellular algae bụ euglena green, nke bụ nke na-ngalaba euglenophytes. Ọhụrụ, elongated na a kapịrị ọnụ na njedebe nke ahu udi-eme ka ọ dị iche iche site n'aka ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-nwere a ìhè-chebaara anya flagella maka ifịk ije. Ihe na-akpali bụ eziokwu bụ na euglena - mixotrophy. Ọ nwere ike na kwadoro heterogeneous, ma ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-eburu ndị na-usoro nke photosynthesis.

N'ihi na a ogologo oge e nwere ndị esemokwu banyere ihe ndị na-ekpe nke organism ọ bụla alaeze. Dị ka n'ihu atụmatụ ihe anụmanụ, na ndị ọzọ - a osisi. Ọ bi na metọrọ emetọ mmiri organic residues.

pleurococcus

Nke a mechie akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-ebi n'oké nkume, ụwa, na nkume, na nke osisi. Etolite a bluish-green patina na-ebupụta. Ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ Hetoforovye green algae Division.

Na pleurococcus nwere ike ịnyagharịa na n'ọhịa, dị ka ọ na emen naanị n'ebe ugwu nke osisi.

diatoms

Algae bụ unicellular diatom umu na niile metụtara ya. Ha na-etolite na diatoms, nke dị iche iche na-akpali mma. On top nke cell kpuchie a mara mma patterned shei, na nke a ụkpụrụ nke a eke salts sịlịkọn na ya oxide. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị a ihe nakawa etu esi na-ịrịba na ya yiri ka ọ bụrụ na nke a bụ ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ Ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya osise nke onye na-ese.

N'ime oge ahụ, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ diatoms mejupụtara ihe bara uru ego nke nkume, nke na-eji mmadụ. Dị ka a akụkụ nke cell na-adịkwaghị xanthophylls, otú ahụ agba ndị a ọlaedo algae. Ha na-a bara uru oriri na mmiri na ụmụ anụmanụ, n'ihi na ha na-etolite a ịrịba akụkụ nke plankton.

red algae

Ọ bụ ndị a na ụdị, agba nke dịgasị iche n'ebe ìhè red ka oroma na maroon. Dị ka a akụkụ nke cell na-adịkwaghị ọzọ pigments na inhibit chlorophyll. Anyị nwere mmasị na-acha uhie uhie algae, unicellular iche-iche.

Iji otu a bụ nke klas bangievyh algae, nke ihe mejupụtara banyere 100 umu. N'ime ndị a, a ịrịba akụkụ mejupụtara otu-celled. Isi ihe dị iche bụ predominance nke carotenes na xanthophylls, phycobilins nke chlorophyll. Nke a na-akọwa ihe osise ngalaba na-anọchite anya. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị kasị nkịtị ntule n'etiti unicellular red algae:

• porfiridium.
• hrootetse.
• geotrihum.
• asterotsitis.

Isi ebe obibi - oké osimiri na mmiri mmiri na ọnọdụ latitudes. Na ogbe, dị nnọọ ụkọ.

Porfiridium

Watch bi unicellular algae nke umu, na onye ọ bụla nwere ike. Ha na-etolite na ọbara-acha ọbara ọbara film na ala, mgbidi na ndị ọzọ mmiri na-ebupụta. Naanị ihe e kere eke na-adịkarịghị, ukwuu n'ime-ezukọ na chịrị gbara gburugburu imi.

Man eji na-amụ Filiks dị ka photosynthesis na unicellular na guzobe polysaccharide ụmụ irighiri n'ime ntule.

Hrootetse

Nke a alga bụkwa unicellular na bụ nke Department of red, klas bangievyh. Ya isi distinguishing mma - bụ guzobere mucous "ụkwụ" ka ịgbakwunye ka mkpụrụ. -Akpali mmasị, nke a "ụkwụ" nke ahụ nwere ike gafere na size nke fọrọ nke nta 50 ugboro. Imi na-emepụta site na cell onwe ya na usoro nke ndụ.

Emen idem emi on Ona-etolite a anya red mkpuchi, na-amị amị na aka.