Ụzọ nke na-amụ ụmụ mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Naa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oké mkpa na nkà mmụta sayensị na ubi maka nnyocha. The kwalitere ya mmepe bụ maara nke ọma ozizi nke Charles Darwin na discreteness nke si n'aka ruo n'aka, eke nhọrọ ma mutation dị ka a n'ihi nke mgbanwe ndị na-nnyefe ụgbọelu genotype. Malitere ya mmepe na mmalite nke narị afọ gara aga, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, sayensị ruru a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, nnyocha ụzọ nke mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na oge bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ebe nke ọmụmụ dị ka ọdịdị mmadụ na anụ ọhịa niile.

Tụlee isi ụzọ na-amụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ugbu a mara.

Ụzọ usoro ọmụmụ research mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enyocha ma na-ekpebi ihe nlereanya owuwu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na inwe na pedigrees. The results na ozi na-eji maka mgbochi, prophylaxis na likelihood nke ịmata ihe na-amụ àgwà na ụmụ - butere n'aka ọrịa. Nketa nwere ike ịbụ autosomal (ngosipụta nke feature omume na hà puru na ma sexes) na tinyere mmekọahụ chromosome n'akụkụ ụgbọelu.

Autosomal usoro, n'aka nke ya, na-ekewa autosomal kasị nketa (kasị allele nwekwara ike ghọtara na homozygous na heterozygous) na autosomal recessive nketa (recessive allele nwere ike ọfiọk naanị na homozygous ala). Ke ụdị nketa nke ọrịa na-egosipụta site na ọtụtụ ọgbọ.

Mmekọahụ na-jikọrọ nketa e ji orunótu nke nwoke site n'usoro na homologous na nonhomologous òkè Y- ma ọ bụ X-chromosome. Dị ka genotypic ndabere, nke na-metụtara nanị akụkụ ụfọdụ na mmekọahụ chromosomes, chọpụta hetero- ma ọ bụ homozygous inyom, ma ndị ikom nwere nanị otu X-chromosome nọmba nwere ike ịbụ naanị hemizygous. Ka ihe atụ, heterozygous nwanyị nwere ike na-ebunye ọrịa na-ketara eketa na a nwa-ndinyom.

Biochemical ụzọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nnyocha e mere site na ọrịa e ketara eketa-ebute site ná ka a n'ihi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmụba. Ndị dị otú ahụ ụzọ mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọmụmụ ekpughe butere n'aka metabolic ntụpọ site n'ịchọpụta protein akụkụ, enzymes, carbohydrates na ndị ọzọ metabolic na ngwaahịa na-anọgide na extracellular ọmụmụ nke organism (ọbara, ọsụsọ, mmamịrị, asu, wdg).

Ejima research ụzọ mmadụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa chepụta butere n'aka ọrịa na-amụ àgwà. Ejima ndị yiri ibe (zuru ezu organism amalite site na abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa zygotes gburu akụkụ na n'oge ogbo nke ya mmepe) nwere ihe yiri genotype, nke nwere ike ịchọpụta iche ruru mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi mmetụta mmadụ phenotype. Fraternal ejima (abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ịmụpụta àkwá) na-metụtara onye ọ bụla ọzọ genotype mmadụ, nke na-enye ohere iji chọpụta ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ketara eketa na nke onye genotypic ndabere.

Cytogenetic usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa research-eji na-amụ morphology nke chromosomes na nkịtị karyotype, nke na-enye ohere nchọpụta nke genomic na chromosomal mmụba nchọpụta butere n'aka ọrịa na chromosomal larịị, na-ichoputa mutagenic edinam nke na, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, wdg Nke a na Usoro na ọtụtụ-eji na analysis na ụdi njirimara nke organism nke butere n'aka abnormalities tupu ọmụmụ nwa. Prenatal nchoputa na mmiri ọmụmụ a nchoputa ke akpa trimester nke afọ ime, nke na-eme ka o kwe omume na-a mkpebi na nchupu nke afọ ime.