Van Allen radieshon belt

Earth radieshon belt (RPGs), Van Allena belt, ma ọ bụ - a region ohere ezigbo gburugburu uwa, na-enwe ọdịdị nke yiri mgbaaka, nke bụ ibu iyi nke electrons na protons. Earth esetịpụ ha site n'ọnụ ndị dipole ndọta.

chọpụtara

EBL chọpụtara na 1957-58. Ọkà mmụta sayensị si United States na Soviet Union. "Explorer 1" (nọchiri n'okpuru), akpa US ohere Satellites, mwepụta nke nke weere ọnọdụ na 1958, nyere nnọọ mkpa data. N'ihi Americans onboard nwere na ụwa elu (n'ebe ịdị elu nke banyere 1000 km), chọtara radieshon mpaghara (n'ime). Mgbe e mesịrị, nke abụọ dị otú ahụ ebe a hụrụ n'ebe ịdị elu nke ihe dị ka 20,000 km. E nweghị doro anya ókè-ala n'etiti na n'ime na elu eriri - mbụ nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ime nke abụọ. The abụọ redioaktivu zones dị iche na ogo nke elekọta ndị ahụ na ha mejupụtara.

Ebe ndị a bịara mara dị ka Van Allena eriri. Dzheyms Van Allen - a physics, nnwale nke nyeere ha aka ịchọpụta. Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtawo na ndị a na eriri na-mere elu nke anyanwụ ifufe na ebubo ahụ nke w ụzarị, nke na-dọtara na-Earth nke ya ndọta. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ha Nleta a torus gburugburu uwa (a ọgụgụ nke a na-emere dika a donut).

Na ohere, ebe ọ bụ na oge e nwere ọtụtụ nwere. Ha na-ekwe ka inyocha isi atụmatụ na Njirimara nke RPGs. Ọ bụghị nanị na anyị na mbara ala, e nwere radieshon eriri. Ha dị ndị ọzọ dị na mbara igwe, nke nwere ihe ikuku na a ndọta. Radieshon belt Van Allen chọpụtara ekele na US interplanetary mmiri Mars. Ke adianade do, America hụrụ ya na Saturn na Jupiter.

Dipole ndọta

Na mbara ala anyị nwere abụghị naanị Van Allena belt, ma dipole ndọta. Ọ bụ a set nke magnetik shells kpara akwụ onye ọzọ. Ọdịdị nke ubi yiri a kabeeji ma ọ bụ yabasị. Magnetik shei nwere ike chere dị ka kpara nke magnetik edoghi nke ike mechiri emechi n'elu. The nso ka center nke dipole bụ shei, nke ukwuu ndọta ike. Ọzọkwa, na usu na a chọrọ maka a ebubo urughuru penetrable n'èzí, na-enwekwu.

N'ihi ya, N-m envelopu nwere ọkụ ahụ P _n. N'ihe ebe mbụ ọkụ nke urughuru bụ ihe na-erughị P _n, ọ na-egosipụta ndọta. Urughuru mgbe laghachi ohere. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eme na ọ na-enyo na N-nke shei. Na nke a, ọ bụ agaghịkwa enwe ike ịhapụ. Urughuru ga-weghaara na ọnyà dị ka ogologo dị ka ọ na-adịghị dissipate, ma ọ bụ ihu na ihe mmapụta ikuku gaghị ida ike.

The ndọta nke mbara ala anyị bụ otu ihe ahụ shei dị na iche iche anya si Earth ala dị iche iche longitudes. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mismatch nke ndọta na axis nke adiana nke planet axle. Nke a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, a hụrụ kacha mma na Brazil magnetik anomaly. Na mpaghara a na ndọta edoghi na-omitted, na entrained ahụ na-akpụ akpụ na ha, nwere ike ịbụ n'okpuru 100 km elu na ya mere ada na mbara ikuku.

mejupụtara RPGs

Inside na radieshon belt mkpumkpu nkesa protons na electrons. First dị na n'ime akụkụ nke ya, na nke abụọ - na elu. Ya mere, n'oge n'oge ogbo nke na-amụ ihe, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kweere na e nwere mpụga (e) na obi iru (proton) Ụwa radieshon eriri. Ugbu a, a na uche bụ adịghị mkpa.

The kasị mkpa usoro nke ọgbọ nke Van Allena echebe dịanyā ahụ bụ ire ere nke albedo neutrons. Ọ ga-kwuru na neutrons na-kere mgbe ikuku interacts na w radieshon. Eruba nke ahụ na-akpụ akpụ na ntụziaka si planet (neutrons albedo), na-aga site na Ụwa ndọta unu kpamkpam. Otú ọ dị, ha na-ejighị n'aka na ngwa ngwa-amalite irekasị n'ime electrons, protons na elektrọn antineutrino. Redioaktivu albedo isi na-enwe elu ike, na-amalite irekasị n'ime adịgide mpaghara. Ọ bụ otú ahụ Van Allena belt na-replenished positrons na electrons.

EBL ígwé na oké ifufe

Mgbe malite ike magnetik oké ifufe, ndị a ahụ adịghị nnọọ mee ngwangwa, ha na-ahapụ redioaktivu Van Allen belt, nsị n'ime ya. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na ọ bụrụ na ndọta nhazi na-gbanwere, ndị mirror mgbe nwere ike mikpuru na ikuku. Na nke a, ndị ahụ ida ume (ionization losses, chụsasịrị) ịgbanwe pitch akụkụ, na mgbe ahụ na-anwụ na-eru elu n'ígwé magnetosphere.

RPGs na n'ebe ugwu ọkụ

Van Allen radieshon belt gbara a plasma oyi akwa, emejupụta weghaara iyi nke protons (ion) na electrons. Otu ihe mere a onu ka ugwu (pola) na-egbukepụ egbukepụ - bụ na ahụ na-wụsara si plasma oyi akwa, na obere si mpụga RPG. Borealis anọchi anya ikuku radieshon atọm nke nwere oké obi ụtọ n'ihi na nkukota nke ahụ precipitating nke belt.

The ọmụmụ RPGs

Fọrọ nke nta niile isi ihe nnyocha nke ndị dị otú formations ka ụzarị ọkụ eriri, nke e nwetara na banyere 1960-70-ies. Adịbeghị anya kwuru na ihe orbital ụgbọ, interplanetary ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọhụrụ na nkà mmụta sayensị na ngwá ekwe ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepụta a dị nnọọ ịrịba ọhụrụ. Van Allen eriri gburugburu Earth na-na-na-amụ na oge anyị. Nkenke akọwa ihe ndị kasị mkpa rụzuru na mpaghara ebe a.

The data enwetara site na "Salyut-6"

Researchers si Moscow Engineering Physics Institute na n'oge 80-ies nyochaworo na elektrọn eruba na a elu larịị nke ike na ozugbo visiniti nke ụwa anyị. Iji mee nke a, ha na-eji ngwá ọrụ, nke bụ na orbital ebe "Salyut-6". Ọ na-ekwe ọkà mmụta sayensị ka nnọọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma ikewapụ iyi nke positrons na electrons na ume dị ukwuu karịa 40 MeV. Agba ojii (nchepụta nke 52 Celsius, nke idi-elu nke banyere 350-400 km) na-agba ka ukwuu n'ime n'okpuru radieshon eriri nke mbara ala. Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-metụrụ n'ime akụkụ nke Brazil magnetik anomaly. Mgbe agafe ebe anyịnya aga ahuru, esịnede nke elu-ike electrons. The RPG naanị electrons onye ike bụ ihe na-erughị 5 MeV e dere tupu nnwale.

wuru satellite data usoro "meteor-3"

Researchers si Moscow Engineering Physics Institute rụrụ n'ihu nha on wuru Satellites nke mbara ala usoro "meteor-3", nke na-elu nke okirikiri orbit nke 800 km na 1200. N'oge a, ndị unit emewo mgbọrọgwụ n'ime miri emi nke ukwuu RPGs. Ọ enen ya pụta na e nwetara na mbụ na ebe "Salut-6". The na-eme nnyocha mgbe nwetara ọzọ dị mkpa N'ihi ya, ka ojiji nke ebe "Mir" na "Salyut-7" magnetik spectrometers. Ọ pụtara na mụ na mpaghara mbụ hụrụ mejupụtara nanị nke electrons (positrons dịghị), na ike nke a dị nnọọ elu (ruo 200 MeV).

Emepe anyịnya CNO nuclei belt

A ìgwè nke na-eme nnyocha si MSU NIYAF ke mbubreyo 80 na n'oge 90-ies rụrụ nnwale iji na-amụ nuclei, nke na-emi odude ke nso ohere. Ndị a nha e rụrụ iji proportional ụlọ na nuclear emulsions. Ha na-rụrụ na satellite "cosmos" usoro. Ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtawo na ọnụnọ nke nuclei iyi N, O na Ne na ohere, na nke keakamere satellite orbit (nchepụta nke 52 Celsius, odika 400-500 km elu) intersects Brazil anomaly.

Analysis egosiwo na ndị a nuclei, ume esịmde ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri MeV / nucleon abụghị galactic, albedo ma ọ bụ anyanwụ si malite, ebe ha apughi nnọọ ike banye n'ime miri n'ime magnetosphere nke mbara ala anyị. Ya mere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara anomalous akụrụngwa nke w ụzarị tọrọ atọ site ndọta.

Low-ike atọm na interstellar okwu, na-enwe ike iru n'ime ndị heliosphere. Mgbe ahụ, ultraviolet radieshon anyanwụ ionizes mono- ma ọ bụ disubstituted. Ihe ebubo ahụ na-accelerated na asakde iso ese nke anyanwụ ifufe, na-eru ọtụtụ iri puku kwuru iri MeV / u. Ha na-ahụ banye n'ime n'ime magnetosphere, nke na-weghaara na n'ụzọ zuru ezu ionized.

Azọrọ-anyịnya belt protons na electrons

On Sun March 22, 1991, e nwere a dị ike flash na-eso ntọhapụ nke a nnukwu uka nke anyanwụ ihe onwunwe. Ọ ruru magnetosphere site 24 March na agbanweela elu mpaghara. The anyanwụ ifufe magnetosphere wupu ahụ nwere ume karị. Ha ruru ebe ahụ bụ CRESS, ihe American satellite. Ngwaọrụ n'ịnyịnya ya dere a nkọ na-abawanye na proton ume iche iche site 20 ruo 110 MeV ma dị ike elektrọn (banyere 15 MeV). Nke a na-ìhè site ntoputa nke a ọhụrụ belt. Akpa, a na-azọrọ-anyịnya belt hụrụ na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ugboelu. Otú ọ dị, naanị n'ime "Mir" ọdụ, ọ na-amụ maka oge nke ndụ bụ banyere afọ abụọ.

Itunanya bu na, na 60s nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ dị ka a n'ihi nke eziokwu na na cosmos gbawara nuclear ngwaọrụ, enwere a na-azọrọ-anyịnya belt, esịnede electrons na obere ume. Ọ ka e kee maka banyere 10 afọ. Redioaktivu fission iberibe rekasịrị, na nke a bụ isi iyi nke ebubo ahụ.

Ọ bụ n'ebe a RPG na Ọnwa

Na satellite nke mbara ala anyị na e nweghị Van Allen radieshon belt. Ke adianade do, o nweghị na-echebe ikuku. The elu nke Ọnwa meghere anyanwụ ifufe. A siri ike anyanwụ dị ọkụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mere n'oge na-amị n'ọnwa ozi ga-incinerated na astronauts na Capsule, dị ka a ga-adachi nnukwu radieshon agbanwe oge, nke bụ na-egbu egbu.

Ọ ga-ekwe omume na-echebe megide w radieshon

Ajụjụ a nwere mmasị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị maka ọtụtụ afọ. Na obere doses nke radieshon, dị ka a maara, nwere fọrọ nke nta enweghị mmetụta na ike anyị. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nchebe nanị mgbe ha na-adịghị gafere a ụfọdụ mbata. Ị maara ihe larịị nke radieshon n'èzí Van Allen belt, n'elu ụwa anyị a? A, na ọdịnaya nke radon na thorium ahụ erughị 100 Bq kwa 1 m ^3. Inside, RPGs, ndị a na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.

N'ezie, Van Allen radieshon eriri nke Earth dị nnọọ ize ndụ ụmụ mmadụ. Ha mmetụta na organism amụ ọtụtụ na-eme nnyocha. Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị na 1963 kwuru Bernard Lovell, ama British-enyocha mbara igwe, nke pụtara na ha amaghị onye na-echebe site na mmetụta nke radieshon na ohere. Nke a pụtara na ọ nwere ike na-adịghị ọbụna aka oké shei nke Soviet ngwa. Oleezi eji na capsules Americans ọkasị mma metal, fọrọ nke nta ka a foil, nwere ike na-echebe astronauts?

Dị ka na-emesi obi nke NASA, ọ zitere astronauts na ọnwa naanị mgbe outbreaks na-adịghị anya na nzukọ bụ ike nke na ịkọ. Ọ bụ omume na iwelata radieshon odachi. Ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ nanị Olee ihe enyemaka na-ekwu na ụbọchị nke elu radieshon.

Van Allen belt na ofufe na ọnwa

Leonov, Soviet cosmonaut, na 1966 ka pụta na-emeghe ohere. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-yi uwe na-a ibu-arọ ụzọ uwe. Ma mgbe afọ 3, astronauts si United States malie na-amị n'ọnwa elu, na o doro anya na oké suut. Ikekwe ndị ọkachamara si NASA karịrị afọ jisiri ike ịhụ ultra-ìhè ihe na echebe astronauts si radieshon? Moonshot ka akpọlite ọtụtụ ajụjụ. Otu n'ime ndị isi na arụmụka nke ndị kwere na ndị America na-enweta na ya - nke ịdị adị nke radieshon eriri.