Ancient obodo oge ochie Russia: aha, agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe

Abụkarị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Eastern Europe, bụ nke e biri Slav, malite inyocha na ntọala nke Kievan rus. Dị ka ukara ozizi, nke a bụ obodo mbụ dị na ala ndị a, nke a maara na ụwa ya na ha na-ewere na-akwanyere ùgwù-achị achị. Otu mgbe ọzọ, e nwere n'oge ochie obodo oge ochie Russia, na nke a usoro a na-kwụsịrị nanị na mbuso agha nke Mongol. Na mbuso agha nke ìgwè na-aga n'ime nchefu, na steeti ya, ezughi ezu n'etiti ọtụtụ ụmụ nke-isi. Ma, anyị ga-ekwu banyere ya heyday, ga-agwa ihe ndị obodo oge ochie nke Russia.

A ntakịrị banyere mba

Okwu ahụ bụ "Ancient Russia" na-emekarị kwuru na dị ka a na steeti n'otu gburugburu Kiev, nke adị si itoolu ruo n'etiti iri na atọ na narị afọ. N'eziokwu, ọ bụ njikọ nke-isi, na ndị bi na nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Slav, subordinated na Grand Duke. na Union ẹkenịmde nnukwu ókèala, nwere ya agha (na squad), ike ọchịchị nke iwu.

Mgbe obodo oge ochie na oge ochie rus na Christianity, malitere ifịk ewu nke nkume wuo. The ọhụrụ okpukpe n'ihu ike ike nke onye-isi nke Kiev na facilitated mba ọzọ amụma mmekọahụ na mba Europe, mmepe nke omenala mmekọahụ Byzantium na ndị ọzọ ukwuu mepụtara mba.

Gardarika

Ntoputa nke obodo oge ochie Russia bụ nke a oké agwa. Abụghị n'efu n'ihe ndị mere n'ụbọchị Western Gardarika a na-akpọ, ya bụ, mba obodo. Site dere na isi mmalite na-akpa si IX-X ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọ na-mara na 24 isi obodo-ya, ma anyị nwere ike iche na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Aha ndị a niile bụ ndị a na Slavic. Ka ihe atụ, Novgorod, Vyshgorod, Beloozero, Przemysl. Site na njedebe nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ, ọrụ nke obodo oge ochie Russia bụ n'ezie bara oké uru: e nwere ndị na-ama 238, ha na-ọma e wusiri ike, bụ ebe a na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ahia, agụmakwụkwọ na omenala.

Ọdịdị na àgwà nke ógbè mgbe ochie

City oge ochie Russia - a mmezi, n'ihi na nke nlezianya họrọ ọnọdụ. The n'ókèala kwesịrị inwe ntụsara na okwu nke na-azara ọnụ. N'ugwu, dị ka a na-achị, na ngalaba nke osimiri ahụ, e wuru e wusiri ike nke (Kremlin). Ịdị na-eche ụlọ dị nso n'osimiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ na ndị dị larịị, e kwuru, na hem. N'ihi ya, obodo mbụ nke oge ochie Russia gụnyere akụkụ - na citadel, ọma-echebe, na ndị ọzọ ga-adaba adaba, ma na-erughị ala ahia na craft iberibe. A obere ka e mesịrị na na ógbè ime ita-nri ma ọ bụ di ala ala.

Ancient obodo oge ochie Russia wuru bụghị nkume, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị niile na Western Europe n'oge ahụ, na mere nke osisi. N'ihi ya bịara ngwaa "bee" obodo kama iru. Ike nke ihe mgbochi kpụrụ a mgbanaka nke osisi log cabins jupụtara ụwa. Nweta n'ime ya bụ nanị kwe omume site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá.

Ọ ga-kwuru na oge ochie rus akpọ obodo bụghị nanị bi, ma nsu, e wusiri ike, ebe e wusiri ike. Na mgbakwunye na citadel, nke ụlọ isi ụlọ (Cathedral Square,-edebe akụ, ọbá akwụkwọ), na ahia na handicraft nkeji iri na ise na-bụchaghị ahia ebe na ụlọ akwụkwọ.

Nne nke Russian obodo

Ọ na-na a epithet e ọdịda a isi akụkọ ihe mere eme n'eto ala. The isi obodo nke oge ochie Russia bụ obodo Kiev - a mara mma ma na nnọọ adaba na okwu nke obodo ebe. People biri n'ógbè a na-ama 15-20 puku. Afọ gara aga. The kpara Prince Kyi, nchoputa nke obodo, eleghị anya, biri ndụ n'oge Chernyakhov omenala. "Veles Book" na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwa afọ nke South Baltic biri Olee ihe enyemaka dị n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ. Ma ntọala nke nnukwu ụlọ ụbọchị laghachi isi iyi nke Sitia oge na overlaps na ozi Herodotus cobble ọnụ. Ikekwe Polyansky Prince meghi obodo, na na o sie ike ma mee akwụkwọ. Academician Rybakov kwuru na Kiev e tọrọ ntọala mgbe e mesịrị, na 5-6 narị afọ, mgbe ndị Slav ifịk ifịk bi ebe na Dnieper na Danube, ịka na Balkan Peninsula.

Ntoputa nke obodo oge ochie Russia mgbe Kiev bụ ebumpụta ụwa, ebe maka e wusiri ike mgbidi ndị mmadụ na-eche mma. Ma mgbe chi ọbụbọ nke ala isi obodo ubi tinye Khazar Khanate. Ke adianade do, McDermott zutere na Byzantine eze ukwu, presumably na Anastasia. Banyere onye na-achị akụ mmiri ígwé mgbe ya nchoputa ọnwụ amaghị. History kwuru banyere naanị aha abụọ ikpeazụ isi tupu mbata nke Vikings. Amụma Oleg enweghị ọbara jide Kiev, mee ya isi, kewapụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị, gwepịara Khazar Khanate wee na iwe megide Constantinople.

Golden oge nke Kiev

Movies Oleg na ya nọchiri, Igor na Svyatoslav na Nwere Obi Ike adịghị mee ka mmepe nke obodo. Ókè ya na-adịghị gbasaa kemgbe Kia, ma ọ guzo n'obí, e wuru na-ekpere arụsị na Kraịst ụka. Maka mmezi ndokwa meghere Prince Vladimir, na mgbe baptism nke rus 'ọ na-eto nkume okpukpe Shinto mounds ochie chi bibiri n'ala. N'okpuru Yaroslav wuru St. Sophia Katidral na Golden Gate, na Kiev n'ókèala na ndị bi na ya amụbawo ọtụtụ ugboro. Ngwa ngwa na-emepe emepe crafts, ebipụta, agụmakwụkwọ. Obodo na Ancient Russia na-aghọ ihe na ọzọ, ma ọṅụ n'eto Kyi bụ ka na-elekọta. Taa, na akụkụ bụ isi nke Ukraine isi obodo nwere ike ịhụ ụlọ wuru na heyday nke ala.

Nkiri nke Ukraine isi obodo

Ancient obodo oge ochie Russia ndị mara mma nke ukwuu. Na N'ezie, isi obodo na-adịghị ma e wezụga. Taa, ụkpụrụ ụlọ ncheta nke na oge nye ohere na-ewetara ịma mma nke Kiev. The kasị pụta ìhè nlegharị anya - Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, tọrọ ntọala site na a mọnk Anthony na 1051. The mgbagwoju mejupụtara nkume n'ụlọ nsọ mma na murals, mkpụrụ ndụ, ala abaitiat, ụlọ elu. Golden Gate wuru n'okpuru Yaroslav Amamihe - a pụrụ iche na-echetara nke nzere ije. Taa e nwere a ngosi nka n'ime na gburugburu ụlọ kewara Square, ebe na-anọchi a ncheta nke onyeisi. Ọ bụ uru na-eleta ama St. Sophia Cathedral (1037), St. Michael Katidral Vydubychi Obibi (XI -. XII narị afọ), Cyril, Trinity Gate Church, Church nke Onye Nzọpụta na Berestove (niile XII narị afọ.).

Veliky Novgorod

Isi Obodo nke Ancient Russia - bụghị naanị Stolny Kiev. Ọ bụ mara mma na Novgorod, nke e chekwara ruo taa, n'ihi na ọ na-akpali ndị Mongol. Gasịrị, iji mesie ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, ukara aha ndị ọchịchị kwukwara na nganiihu "Great".

Amazing Castle, kewara osimiri Volkhov dị, ọ e hiwere na 859. Ma, nke a bụ ụbọchị mgbe mmezi mbụ e kwuru na e dere isi mmalite. Chronicle kwuru na na 859 nwụrụ Novgorod Voevoda Gostomysl na Ya mere Novgorod bilie n'isi-ututu, ogologo oge tupu akpọ Rurik na ihe gbasara onye isi. Archaeological gwupụtara gosiri na n'ala ndị a ndị mmadụ biri na narị afọ nke ise. Ke n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ emere n'ubọchi nke narị afọ nke iri na-ezo dị ka-Slaviya (Otuto, sala), otu n'ime omenala ógbè ndị rus. Site na nke a pụtara na obodo Novgorod na ya ụzọ - ochie obodo Ilmen Slav. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-chọpụtara na Scandinavian Holmgard, isi obodo Gardariki.

Akụkụ nke bụ isi obodo nke Novgorod Republic

Dị ka ihe niile nnukwu obodo oge ochie Russia, Novgorod e kewara akụkụ. E nwere ndị agbata craft-Guild aga, residential ebe enweghị n'okporo ámá, e wusiri ike. Detinets a kpụrụ dị ka n'oge dị 1044. E wezụga ya, ruo taa nọgidere aro na White (Alekseevskaya) elu. Na afọ 1045-1050 n'obodo ewu nke St. Sophia Cathedral, a obere ka e mesịrị - Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, St George na Ọmụmụ nke Virgin.

Mgbe ọ na-kpụrụ Veche Republic, obodo blooms ije (e Novgorod akwụkwọ nke ije). Riches enwekwaghị nri ewu ụka, ma, na ọ na-arụsi ụmụ amaala, ndị ahịa na patrons. N'ụlọ ndị mmadụ, dị ka a na-achị, e mere nke osisi, na nke nkume wuru naanị ebe ofufe. Ọ dị mma ịmara na n'oge ahụ na Novgorod arụ ọrụ osisi akwedokt, na n'okporo ámá e meghere na nkume blocks.

ebube Chernihiv

Site n'ịmụ isi obodo nke oge ochie Russia, tinyekwara Chernigov. Na gburugburu nke oge a mmezi nke ndị bi na 4th narị afọ iri BC. Ma, dị ka akụ mmiri ígwé Ọ mbụ e kwuru banyere dere na isi mmalite nke afọ 907. Mgbe Agha nke hardwood na 1024 Mstislav nwanne Yaroslava Mudrogo, Chernihiv na-eme ka isi obodo ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anọwo na-emepe emepe, na-eto ma na-ewu. Ebe a wuru Ilyinsky na Eletskii monasteries, nke ruo ogologo oge na-abụ ime mmụọ na etiti nke ihe gbasara onye isi, nke ókèala prostilalas ka Murom na Kolomna Tmutarakani.

Na mbuso agha nke Tatars kwụsịrị udo mmepe nke obodo, bụ nke e ọkụ site ndị agha Chingizid Mongke na October 1239. Na isi ugboro n'oge a ruru ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ masterpieces, na onye, na-amalite ileputa obodo site njem nleta. Nke a-nzọpụta Cathedral (XI pasent.), St. Elias Church, Sts na Cathedral nke mwere, Yelets Uspensky Obibi (niile - XII c.), St. Friday Church. Paraskeva (nke Iri na Atọ c.). Ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama Anthony Cave (XI-XIX c.) Ndien Black Shiol mounds, promenades na Nameless.

Staraya Ryazan

E nwere ihe ọzọ na nnukwu ụlọ, nke na-egwuri a dị oké mkpa ọrụ. Obodo oge ochie Russia dị ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụghị ha niile bụ ebe nke ihe gbasara onye isi. Ryazan, n'iyi kpamkpam Batu Khan, ọ bụghị di ndu. Na 1778, Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, nke bụ anya site ochie isi niile na 50 km, e nyere a aha ọhụrụ - Ryazan, kama iji ya na nganiihu "New". Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke oge ochie nnukwu ụlọ taa bụ nke oké mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọkà mmụta ihe ochie. Naanị foduru nke e wusiri ike ogide ihe karịrị iri isii hectare. Na ihe ochie na idobere na-agụnye mkpọmkpọ ebe nke nche outposts, New Ebe e wusiri ike Olga, onye ya ndò nso All-Russian rodnovercheskoe nsọ.

ịtụnanya Smolensk

Na elu esịmde nke Dnieper bụ oge ochie na mara mma nke ukwuu obodo. Placename Smolensk aga azụ aha Smolnya osimiri ma ọ bụ na aha nke ebo Smolyan. Ọ bụkwa o yiri na nnukwu ụlọ na aha ya bụ na nsọpụrụ nke eziokwu ahụ bụ na o dina na-aga si Vikings ndị Gris, na bụ ebe a na ebe ndị njem tarred ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ mbụ e kwuru banyere "The Akụkọ nke gara Years" na 862 na-ezo dị ka etiti nke agbụrụ otu Krivichy. Na nkuzi megide Constantinople Askold na dir gaa gburugburu Smolensk party n'ihi na ọ kpamkpam e wusiri ike. Na 882 nnukwu ụlọ weghaara Amụma Oleg na ghọrọ akụkụ nke ya ike.

Na 1127, ndị obodo na-a ọtụtụ Rostislav Mstislavovitch, onye na 1146 iwu ka ha rụọ a Church of SS Pita na Pọl, Smolensk, Church of Ioanna Bogoslova. Tupu Mongol mbuso agha Smolensk esịmde ya kasị elu elu. O we chiri ihe 115 hectare, na e nwere a bi bi 40 puku. Ndị mmadụ na puku mmadụ asatọ na ebe obibi. Horde mwakpo bụghị metụrụ akụ mmiri ígwé, nke kwere ka ya chebe ọtụtụ ncheta. Ma ebe ọ bụ na ọ tụfuru ya uru, da n'okpuru dependency nke ọzọ isi.

obodo ndị ọzọ

Dị ka ị pụrụ ịhụ, elu mepere emepe mmepe nke oge ochie Russia ka ha nwee ike ọ bụghị nanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị center nke obodo, ma guzosie mba ọzọ mmekọahụ ná mba ndị ọzọ. Ka ihe atụ, Smolensk nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti Riga na Novgorod ahia mmekọahụ n'ozuzu bụ kpara. Olee ihe ndị ọzọ niile dị na Russia?

• Polotsk, emi odude a tributary nke ndị Western Dvina. Taa, ọ bụ na ókèala Belarus na hụrụ n'anya njem nleta. About isi oge ya yiri St. Sophia Cathedral (narị afọ nke 11, ebibi ma wughachi na narị afọ nke 18) na ndị kasị ochie nkume ụlọ na mba - nnwogha Church (narị afọ nke 12).
• Pskov (903 afọ).
• Rostov (862).
• Suzdal (862).
• Vladimir (990 afọ). The obodo a gụnyere ke Golden Ring of Russia, ama Uspensky na Dmitrievsky Cathedral, Golden Gate.
• Moore (862), ọkụ ala n'oge Mongol mbuso agha, wughachi nke iri na anọ na narị afọ.
• Yaroslavl - obodo na Volga, tọrọ ntọala site Yaroslav ndị maara ihe na-na n'oge narị afọ nke iri.
• Terebovlya (Galicia-Volyn ihe gbasara onye isi), e kwuru banyere obodo ụbọchị laghachi 1097 afọ.
• Galich (Galicia-Volyn ihe gbasara onye isi), mbụ e dere aha ya ụbọchị laghachi 1140 afọ. Otú ọ dị, na epics nke Duke Stepanovich ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ mma karịa Kiev n'oge ndụ nke ma ọ bụ Muromtsa, na natara baptism ogologo oge tupu 988 afọ.
• Vyshgorod (946 afọ). Nnukwu ụlọ bụ ọtụtụ Princess Olga na ndị kasị amasị ya ebe. Ọ bụ ebe a na biri narị ndị iko atọ, Prince Vladimir tupu ya baptism. Site Old Russian oge na-adị ndụ a otu ụlọ.
• Pereyaslavl (taa Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky). Na 907 ọ mbụ e kwuru banyere dere isi mmalite. Taa ke obodo, ị pụrụ ịhụ remnants nke e wusiri ike 10-11 ọtụtụ narị afọ.

kama ihe akụkụ ikpeazụ

N'ezie, anyị adịghị depụtara obodo nile nke dị ebube oge nke ndị Eastern Slav n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na karịsịa bụghị ike na-akọwa ha n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị ka ha kwesịrị, n'ihi na mmachi size anyị isiokwu. Ma, anyị nwere olileanya na kpọtere mmasị na-amụ nke gara aga.