Austrian Alaeze Ukwu. The Austrian Alaeze Ukwu

The Austrian Empire a na-akpọsa dị ka a monarchic ala na 1804 na kere ruo 1867, na mgbe ahụ ghọọ Austria na Hungary. Ma, ọ na-akpọ ndị Habsburg Alaeze Ukwu, na aha ikpeazụ nke onye nke Habsburgs, France, nke, dị ka Napoleon, kwa, kpọsara na ya eze ukwu.

nketa

Austrian Alaeze Ukwu na narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụrụ na ị na-ele a map, ya anya ka a patchwork quilt. Anyị ozugbo ịhụ na nke a bụ a multiethnic ala. Ma, dịcha, ọ bụ, dị ka a na-ahụkarị, napụ kwụsie ike. Na-achọ site na peeji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, anyị pụrụ ịhụ na o mere n'ebe a. Obere acha specks anakọtara n'okpuru otu ókè - nke a bụ Hapsburg Austria. Map egosi karịsịa ọma otú ala ezughi ezu alaeze ukwu. Butere n'aka ojiji nke Habsburgs - obere mpaghara ebe, bi site kpamkpam dị iche iche ndị mmadụ. Austrian Empire kpụrụ banyere ndị dị otú ahụ.

• Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska rus).
• Transylvania, Croatia, Vojvodina (Banat).
• Galicia, Bukovina.
• Northern Italy (Lombardy, Venice).

Ọ bụghị nanị na ndị niile si malite iche iche, ma okpukpe mere ọ gaghị adaba. The iche iche nke Austrian Empire (iri atọ nde anọ), ọkara ndị Slav (Slovaks, Czechs, Croatia, okporo osisi, Ukrainians, Serbia. Magyar (Hungary) bụ banyere nde ise, banyere otu nọmba nke Ịtali.

Mgbe crossroads nke akụkọ ihe mere eme

Feudalism na oge bụghị ma na-agba ọsọ ya, ma ndị Austrian na Czech omenkà ama pụrụ akpọ onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na ebe ndị a na-ezi mepụtara na ikeketeorie.

Habsburgs na ha gbara ya gburugburu ama bụ ọchịchị kasị ike nke alaeze ukwu, ha were ihe nile nke kasị agadi ọnọdụ - ma agha na n'usoro iwu. Absolutism, na dominance nke arbitrariness - n'usoro iwu na ike na ihu nke ndị uwe ojii, dictates nke Catholic Church, ogaranya alụmdi na alaeze - niile a n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-emegbu emegbu obere mba, Igbere ka irreconcilable ọbụna igwekota mmanụ na mmiri.

Austrian Alaeze Ukwu na Iv nke mgbanwe

Czech Germanize ngwa ngwa, karịsịa bourgeoisie na oké ozu. Nwe ala si Hungary kpagbuo ọtụtụ nde Slavic nkịtị, ma, ha na-nnọọ dabere na gọọmenti na-Austrians. The Austrian Empire e ịpị ike na ya Italian anāchi achi. Siri ike ọbụna ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị nke mmegbu na ya bụ: mgba megide feudalism, ikeketeorie, ma ọ bụ nke kpere esemokwu mba na mba.

Metternich, praịm minista na nkwuwa okwu reactionary, orú arọ na iri machibidoro ọ bụla asụsụ ndị ọzọ karịa German niile oru, gụnyere n'ụlọikpe na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ndị bi na ama tumadi oru ugbo. Were dị ka free, ndị a ndị mmadụ na-kpam kpam dabere na landlords, na-aṅa dues, na-eme conscription yiri serfdom.

Ọ bụghị naanị na ọha mmadụ nke ndị mmadụ sụrụ ude n'okpuru yoke nke feudal usoro na mmapụta zuru ike na ya arbitrariness. The bourgeoisie bụ ghara inwe afọ ojuju, na o doro anya na ịkwa mmadụ inupụ isi. Mgbanwe ke Austrian Alaeze Ukwu na n'elu ihe bụ nanị apụghị izere ezere.

mba onwe onye na-mkpebi siri ike

All onwe-n'anya mba ọzọ na ụjọ ikwu mmepe na ichebe nke mba omenala. Karịsịa Slavic. Mgbe ahụ, n'okpuru arọ nke buut Austrian, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungary na Ịtali gbalịrị onwe-ọchịchị, mmepe nke akwụkwọ na nkà, chọ ntụziaka na asụsụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Dere, ọmụmụihe n'otu otu echiche - mba onwe onye na-mkpebi siri ike.

Otu usoro ndị Serbia, ndị Croatia. The arọ ghọrọ ọnọdụ ibi ndụ, ndị ayama mụbara nrọ nke nnwere onwe, nke na-apụta ìhè n'ọrụ nke nka, na-ede uri na egwú. National omenala bilie n'elu eziokwu ma na-akpali compatriots na bụrụkwa ihe iji nnwere onwe, ịha nhata, fraternity - ihe nlereanya nke ndị French mgbanwe.

The nsogbu ke Vienna

Na 1847, ndị Austrian Alaeze Ukwu "ka enwetara" ezi amamihe ọnọdụ. Acuity O kwukwara izugbe aku nsogbu na afọ abụọ nke ogbenye-ewe ihe ubi na a push bụ nkwatu nke ọchịchị ndị eze na France. Ugbua na March 1848 mgbanwe ke Austrian Empire matured ma nyawaa.

Ọrụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ, omenkà nọ na-ewu barricades na n'okporo ámá ndị Vienna ma choro na arụkwaghịm nke ọchịchị, ọ bụghị egwu nke onye eze nke ìgwè ndị agha, nominated-ebelata ọgba aghara. The ọchịchị mere ohere, n'iwere Metternich na ụfọdụ ozi. Ọ e kwere nkwa ọbụna a n'usoro ochichi.

Ọha na eze, Otú ọ dị, na-ngwa ngwa jikeere: na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla ikpe na-enweta ihe ọ bụla - ọbụna nri votu. Students kere Ọmụmụ Legion, na bourgeoisie - na National Nche. Na ha na-edi na-eguzogide mgbe ndị a n'uzo na ezighi ezi na njikere iche iche nwara igbari karịa onye eze ukwu na-amanye ndị ọchịchị gbaara Vienna.

The nkịtị, dị ka na mbụ, na mgbanwe wee akụkụ enweghị oge. Places spontaneously nupụrụ isi, na-ajụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ na onye nwe ulo iwu na-akwadoghị igbutu osisi. Nsụhọ na nzukọ nke na-arụ ọrụ na klas bụ, n'ezie, ndị ọzọ. Fragmentation na ihe masịrị onye nke oru ịdị n'otu na-adịghị kwukwara.

incompleteness

Dị ka ihe niile German, Austrian mgbanwe e dechara, ọ bụ ezie na bourgeois-onye kwuo uche na-akpọ ya bụ na-ama na o kwere omume. Ọrụ na-na-adịghị ma zuru ezu matured, na bourgeoisie, dị ka mgbe niile, na-emesapụ aka na-akpa ezi àgwà na-aghọ aghụghọ, plus bụ dị mba esemokwu na agha counter-mgbanwe.

nwere ike ọ gaghị emeri. Onyeeze nke ọhụrụ ma wusie mmeri mmegbu nke ndị dara ogbenye na disenfranchised iche iche. Ọ dị mma na ụfọdụ mgbanwe weere ọnọdụ, na isi ihe - mgbanwe mesịrị gbuo ndị feudal usoro. Good na na mba ka nọgidere na ya n'ókèala, n'ihi na mgbe mgbanwe kụtusịa na ndị ọzọ homogeneous mba karịa Austria. Alaeze Ukwu Card agbanwebeghị.

ndi-isi

Ke akpa ọkara nke iri na itoolu na narị afọ, ruo mgbe 1835, niile metụtara ikwu na dọọ Emperor Franz I. chancelo Metternich bụ smart na nwere oké ibu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kama ka o doo ndị eze ukwu ahụ na-abụkarị agaghị ekwe omume. Mgbe wetara esi nke na-French mgbanwe ke Austria, niile ndị dị egwu nke Napoleonic agha, Metternich kasị agụụ ike ime ka nke a iji na-na mba na udo.

Ma Metternich okpu ike a nzuko omeiwu na ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị niile nke alaeze ukwu ahụ, n'ógbè diets anataghị ọ bụla ezigbo ike. Otú ọ dị, ezi aku na uba backward Austria, na feudal reactionary ọchịchị orú arọ na iri Metternich tụgharịa na ike ikwu na Europe. Great bụ ọrụ ya na ihe e kere eke nke a counter-revolutionary Holy Alliance na 1915.

Ná mgbalị na-alaeze si iberibe nri nke zuru ezu na ida, na Austrian agha brutally gwepịara nsogbu ke Naples na Piedmont na 1821, ma na-ezu na-achị na mba Austrians n'elu neavstriytsami. Ọtụtụ mgbe ewute riots n'èzí Austria, n'ihi nke ndị agha nke mba a nweela ihe nzukọ aha n'etiti ekpe nke mba onwe onye na-mkpebi siri ike.

Magburu onwe diplomaati Metternich e kwere nkwa ọlụlụ site Ministry of Foreign Affairs, na Emperor Franz dọọ esịtidem omume nke ala. On nnyocha na ọ tracks niile okporo ụzọ na mpaghara nke akwụkwọ: isi nditịm enyocha ihe niile na-ike-amụ ma na-agụ. Nnyocha bụ obi ọjọọ. Journalists e kweghị ọbụna icheta okwu "n'usoro ochichi".

Na okpukpe, ọ bụ dịtụ jụụ, e nwere ụfọdụ ndidi. Di ndu na Order nke ndị Jesuit, Katọlik lekọtara isi akwụkwọ, na ghara ịhapụ onye ọ bụla na-enweghị nkwenye nke eze ukwu na chọọchị. Ndị Juu si na ndị Ghetto, na ọbụna na Vienna na-wuru synagogue. Ọ na-ahụ pụta n'etiti bankers Solomon Rothschild, mere enyi na Metternich. Na ọbụna natara baronial aha. N'ụbọchị ndị - ihe ịrịba omume.

Ọgwụgwụ nke a oké ike

The mba ọzọ amụma nke Austria maka nkera nke abụọ nke narị afọ bụ ihe jupụtara ndọghachi azụ. Na-aga n'ihu-emeri n'agha ahụ.

• The Agha Crimea (1853-1856).
• Austria na Prussian War (1866).
• First Italian War of Independence (1866).
• agha Sardinia na France (1859).

N'oge a, e nwere a nkọ nkwụsịtụ mmekọahụ Russia, mgbe ahụ, ihe e kere eke nke na North German Confederation. All a mere ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na Habsburgs efu ha mmetụta na gọọmenti, ọ bụghị nanị na Germany kamakwa ofụri Europe. Na - dị ka a N'ihi - ọnọdụ nke a oké ike.