Chemical evolushọn: na nkebi na kachasi mkpa

Akakabarede usoro a rụzuru sayensị onwu na-akpọ chemical evolushọn, na mgbanwe nke revolutionary usoro mere mgbe e kere eke na 1777 site na French eke ọkà mmụta sayensị Lavoisier combustion ozizi na-akọwa ọrụ nke oxygen. Mgbe ahụ malitere a nyochaa nke niile isi echiche na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke onwu, gbanwere ala na nomenclature of bekee.

elementrị N'ezie

1789 hụrụ na ntọhapụ nke a akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Lavoisier, ozugbo ghọrọ a isi akwụkwọ maka na-eme nnyocha na practitioners nke sayensị mụrụ. The "elementrị onwu N'ezie" anọwo mbụ na ụwa ndepụta - Isiokwu Ndị dị mfe ozu, na-edepụta ihe mara chemical ọcha. Ndabere nke a Tomé Lavoisier dina kpomkwem oxygen ozizi combustion, adịru chemical evolushọn na-eduzi a kpam kpam ụzọ ọhụrụ. Ndị kasị dị mkpa na ndị definition nke - ahụmahụ, nke bụ ihe a ọkà mmụta sayensị na hoputara isi criterion, na ihe nile na-adịghị egosi na ahụmahụ, dị ka atọm ma ọ bụ molekụla Ọdịdị, Lavoisier ama atụle.

Chemical evolushọn na-arahụ site na iwu o chepụtara - nche-kwa nke uka, banyere ọdịdị nke Njirimara nke ogige, ha iche dị na elemental mejupụtara. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ onwu aghọwo a sayensị nke onwe, na-amụ ihe ndị mejupụtara nke aru experimentally. M nwere ike ime na-enweghị ihe chemical evolushọn nke rationalization nke isiokwu, na otú a, ndi mmadu akpatre hapụrụ alchemical gara aga, dị ka echiche banyere ọdịdị nke okwu na ya Njirimara ịgbanwe adi na ngwa ngwa. Ma kwalite n'ihi na usoro a na-eje ozi Lavoisier nnyocha. Ugbu a, ọbụna akwụkwọ mara na nkebi nke chemical evolushọn (ma ọ bụ prebiotic evolushọn) ga-atụle site n'oge na tupu ntoputa nke ndụ na Earth. Na iri na asatọ na narị afọ, ndị dị otú ahụ echiche nke ụwa na ọ dịtụbeghị onye nwere.

ndụ

Chemical evolushọn malitere na Earth nnọọ adịghị ndụ planet mgbe organic umi nke nta nke nta malitere iputa site inorganic ụmụ irighiri, nke kpọmkwem emetụta ike na nhọrọ ihe. Mkpughe Filiks nke onwe-nzukọ, nke bụ ihe e ji mara nke ọbụna mgbagwoju usoro. N'ihi ya, carbon on Earth pụtara. Kama, e carbonaceous mbụ molekul dị oké mkpa bụghị naanị n'ihi na n'ile anya, kamakwa, n'ihi na n'ihu mmepe nke ihe niile dị ndụ okwu.

Anyị amaghị otú anya, ihe bụ ọdịdị zuru oke nke chemical evolushọn ná mmalite nkebi nke ndụ. The mara onwu nke ọ bụla umi egbochi ndị evolutionary usoro ókè okenye carbon postulate. Ikekwe, na eluigwe na ala na e nwere nhọrọ ndị ọzọ mode nke ịdị adị nke ndụ n'agbanyeghị na mbido nke anyị protein - abụghị naanị "ụzọ". E ghọtara a pụrụ iche Nchikota polima Njirimara na carbon depolarizing Njirimara nke okenye na-ajụ na mmiri mmiri na-adọ. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-ezu na-amalite chemical evolushọn nke ndụ na mkpa maka mmepe nke niile ka anyị mara ihe dịgasị iche iche nke ndụ iche-iche.

Malite usoro

Humanity ọbụna nke onwe ya ku n'aka amaghị niile. Karịsịa banyere ebe na mgbe na-amalite nkebi nke chemical evolushọn na Earth. Nke a bụ ihe anyị, kwa, nwere ike na-eche na. Ebe a, na mbụ, e nwere ike ịbụ nnọọ ọ bụla.

Mgbe ị rụchaa nke abụọ okirikiri nke kpakpando guzobere mgbe condensed ngwaahịa nke mgbawa nke supernovas, nke nyere interstellar ohere ọcha na-akpọ arọ, onye ibu karịa iri-na-isii. Mgbe kpakpando na-na abụọ emana hụrụ ha mbara usoro, ebe chọrọ arọ ọcha kemgbe a zuru ezu ego. Ghọtara ọdịdị zuru oke nke chemical evolushọn nwere ike mgbe ọ bụla mgbe Big Bang na otu nkeji nke ọkara a ijeri na ọkara ijeri afọ.

Ebe malitere ndụ

Ebe ọ pụrụ ịmaliteworị - nwekwara ihe na-emeghe ajụjụ. Mgbe na-eke ọtụtụ o yikarịrị nnọọ igba egbe chemical ekolyutsii ọnọdụ nwere ike ime na ihe fọrọ nke nta ọ bụla na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a subsoil na mbara ala, na omimi nke oké osimiri na n'elu ala, ọbụna protoplanetary guzobere kwesịrị ekwesị.

Ọzọkwa, ígwé ojii interstellar gas nwere ike ije ozi dị ka a rata maka agha na-ebi ihe na-adịghị ndụ, na ọ na-egosi na ya organic bekee ahụrụ - na sugar alcohols, aldehydes, amino asịd, glycine na ndị ọzọ nwere ike na-eje ozi dị ka na-amalite ihe n'ihi na ndụ site chemical evolushọn malitere.

ozizi

Ancient Earth na-eme ya na nzuzo, na ndi mmadu na-adịghị ma a pụrụ ịdabere na ihe ọmụma banyere ihe geochemical ọnọdụ nke ya adị tupu ntoputa nke ndụ. Geological research ghara egbo niile ajụjụ, ya mere na-amụ ọtụtụ ihe banyere mbara igwe. Ya mere wuru a ozizi chemical evolushọn. Taa Venusian na Martian ọnọdụ na-atụle ga-yiri Earth na ụfọdụ nkebi nke chemical evolushọn.

Na-enwe ịchọpụta na ụdị na otú nweta niile mara isi data. Ka ihe atụ, iji ịme anwansị nke dị iche iche chemical ikwọ na Ọnọdụ Ihu Igwe na ikuku, na hydrosphere, lithosphere mgbagwoju organic ụmụ irighiri e nwetara. Nnweta nke ọhụrụ data site nnwale bụ mgbe na-ewu enriches Ozizi. Ya mere, ọ e nominated na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hypotheses banyere kpọmkwem usoro na ozugbo na-akwọ ụgbọala agha ẹkenịmde chemical evolushọn.

Research na Russia

Life na Earth e hiwere site abiogenesis, ya bụ, ọmụmụ nke organic ogige onye ọnụnọ bụ ihe e ji mara anụ ọhịa n'ofè ahu na-enweghị nwetụrụ òkè nke enzymes. Nke a bụ akpa ogbo, mgbe e nwere ndụ si nonliving.

Site amụma agụmakwụkwọ Oparin na iri abụọ nke iri na abụọ na narị afọ, ngwọta nke elu-molekụla ogige na-enwe ike na-etolite a na-ebe ha ịta na-ụba, na nkewa, si mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị egbochi ha na-ekwurịta okwu na ya. Ebe ndị a na-akpọ coacervates ma ọ bụ coacervate tụlee.

esenidụt

Mmalite abiotic njikọ emejuputa atumatu a oge ochie ụwa nọrọ ke 1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing amino asịd na ndị ọzọ organic bekee. Ekemende pụtara hypercycles nchepụta nke na-akọwa ịdị adị nke ndụ ke N'ezie nke chemical evolushọn nke ọnụnọ nke a catalytic mmeghachi omume, consecutive, ebe aga na ngwaahịa na-aghọ ndị mkpali maka ọzọ.

Nani onye mbụ "protocell" e kere 2008 site American bayoloji, ndị na site n'ọbọ nke ọdụdụ asịd na lipids na-enwetazi nucleotide monophosphate si na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị a na-arụ ọrụ imidazole "brik" dị oké mkpa maka njikọ nke DNA. Na na 2011 na Japan e kere vesicles na DNA ọcha n'okpuru cationic akpụkpọ ahụ, nke na-enwe ike na-ekewa, dị ka polirazmernaya yinye mmeghachi omume, replication nke DNA.

isi hypotheses

Chemical evolushọn nke ndụ na Earth amụma na-akọwa ndị na-esonụ isi ihe.

1. Ọ bụ mkpa na-egosi na Ụwa ma ọ bụ na ohere ọnọdụ, bụ nke ihe autocatalytic njikọ ugrerodosoderzhaschih ụmụ irighiri ihe, na njikọ ga-enwe nnukwu mpịakọta na a bukwanu iche iche, iji malite usoro nke chemical evolushọn.
2. Omume protocellular owuwu abụrụ si ụmụ irighiri kọwara n'elu. Ndị a anụ mechiri emechi aggregates kewapụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ike mgbanwe nke bekee na-aga ha bibiri. N'ihi ya, e protocellular Ọdịdị.
3. The kpụrụ nkeji e nwere ihe ike na-onwe-mmepe - onwe-replication na onwe-mgbanwe nke ozi niile nke chemical usoro. N'ihi ya, e nwere ihe ndị bụ isi nkeji nke butere n'aka koodu.
4. The ọzọ ogbo - mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị na ọrụ nke enzymes Njirimara nke na-edozi na RNA na DNA dị ka data ebu. Ya mere e nwere n'ezie butere n'aka koodu na a chọrọ maka ndu evolushọn.

chọpụtara

Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, Alexander Oparin dị ka n'oge dị n'afọ iri abụọ nke narị afọ gara aga meghere coacervates. Next Stanley Miller na Harold Urey ke 1953, kọwara ntoputa nke oge ochie ikuku ke simulating mfe biomolecules na usoro nke ha na omume. Next Sidney Foks gwara ụwa banyere microspheres nke protenoidov. Na 1981, T. na S. Ceku Altmane ike na-edebe nkewa nke autocatalytic RNA ka ribozymes na-enwe ike iwekota ozi ma catalysis na molekul, "atụ ihe si" onwe ha si yinye na ejikọta ndị fọdụrụ "nsọtụ".

N'afọ 1986, William Gilbert nke Cambridge mepụtara echiche nke "RNA World", na Gunther von Kidrovski si Germany na n'otu oge ahụ e okwu mbụ onwe-imepụtaghachi usoro dabeere na DNA, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa onyinye na nghọta nke onwe-imepụtaghachi usoro na ha ibu ọrụ. Science emewo ngwa ngwa na-arahụ n'ihu ke direction: Manfred Eigen meghere hyperframe, na mmalite nke ensembles nke RNA ụmụ irighiri, na Yuliy Rebek kere mbụ wuru molekul na onwe-imepụtaghachi na chloroform.

Space & Earth

The Space Flight Center nke NASA Dzhon Korlis mụọ nnyefe usoro nke thermal iyi nke oké osimiri ike na ọgwụ na-eme ka chemical evolushọn onwe ha nke ohere na gburugburu ebe obibi, na taa na ha bụ maka mbụ archaebacteria na-adịgide adịgide ebe obibi. Na ígwè sulfides ụwa, a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hypotheses Gunter Vehterskhoyzera.

Ọ kọwara mbụ onwe-imepụtaghachi owuwu metabolism mere n'elu pyrite (ígwè sulfide), nke nyere ike mkpa maka inyerịta bekee. Na okwu nke nhọrọ na-eto eto na rere ere pyrite kristal nwere ike na-eto eto na mụta nwa, eke a dịgasị iche iche nke bi na. ụrọ minerals maka ọdịdị organic ụmụ irighiri nakwa na e anya mụọ. Otú ọ dị, a n'otu nlereanya nke chemical evolushọn anaghị ma adị, ebe ọ bụ na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke ije nke usoro a bụ ma na-emeghe.