Oke aru: Ọdịdị na ọrụ. Excretory akụkụ ke anụmanụ: nkọwa, uru

Ịnọgide na-enwe a n'ọkwa nke metabolism ke idem, na-akpọ homeostasis, site neurohumoral ụkpụrụ Filiks nke respiration, mgbaze, ọbara iche na ozuzu. Isiokwu a ga-atụle site na usoro ngwa oke nke mmadụ na anụmanụ, ha mebere atumatu ma ọrụ, nakwa dị ka uru nke metabolic Jeremaya mere na ndu eme ntule.

The ndu pụtara allocating akụkụ

Dị ka a n'ihi nke metabolism aa na onye ọ bụla cell nke a ndụ organism accumulates buru ibu nke nsi, carbon dioxide, amonia salts. Iji wepu ha na ị chọrọ a usoro nke eliminates nsí n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. The Ọdịdị na ọrụ nke excretory usoro mụọ Mmebe na physiology.

N'ihi na oge mbụ ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ ngwa oke-egosi na invertebrate ụmụ anụmanụ na bilateral symmetry. Mgbidi ahụ ha na-ekewet atọ n'ígwé: na exo meso na endodamụ. Nje ndị a na na-ewepụghị na gburugburu ikpuru, na ọ excretory usoro ha na-anọchi anya protonephridia.

Olee otú iji rụọ excretory akụkụ ke flatworms na nematodes

Protonephridia na-anọchi anya a usoro nke tubular formations inyịme site na isi longitudinal ọwa. Ha na-guzobere si ná mpụta izizi oyi akwa - exoderm. Nsị na ngafe ion na-egosipụta na elu nke aru nke ikpuru site na pores.

The n'ime ọgwụgwụ a na-nyere na otu ìgwè nke Filiks protonephridia - cilia ma ọ bụ flagella. Undulating ha ije kpaliri intercellular ọmụmụ, nke na-eme ka filtration ọrụ nke excretory ducts.

Progressive mgbagwoju oke nke akụkụ si annelids

Annelids, dị ka earthworms, Nereis, lobworm wepụrụ gị ahụ metabolic ngwaahịa iji metanephridia - excretory akụkụ ikpuru. Ha nwere ụdị akpa, n'otu nsọtụ nke leykovidno gbasaa na-nyere na cilia, na ndị ọzọ na-aga ka anụmanụ cover na oghere - oge. Sikwuoro nke ngwa oke na earthworms bụ n'ihi na ntoputa nke a nke abụọ ahụ oghere - coelom.

Akụkụ nke ihe owuwu ma na ọrụ nke Malpighian tubules

The nnọchiteanya nke ụmụ ahụhụ dị ka ngwa oke-ewe n'ụdị branching tubules, nke si hemolymph - intracavitary ọmụmụ - etinye obi gị dum etisasịwo metabolism na ngafe mmiri ngwaahịa. Ha na-akpọ Malpighian tubules na ndị ahụkarị ndị nnọchiteanya nke klas nke arachnids na ụmụ ahụhụ. Nke ikpeazụ, na mgbakwunye na nke excretory ducts, ọ dị ihe ọzọ ahu - abụba ahụ, nke imubanye metabolic ngwaahịa. Malpighian arịa, nke banyere n'ime nsi igba n'ime n'azụ ngalaba nke eriri afọ. Site n'ebe metabolites na-anyụpụ site ike.

oke ahu na crustaceans - ịsha, oporo, oporo, - anọchi anya green glands nke na-gbanwetụrụ metanephridia. Ha na-emi odude na cephalothorax anụmanụ, azụ isi nke antennae. N'okpuru green glands dị na crustaceans eriri afo, excretory mmalite ugboro.

Organ oke nke azu

The nnochite anya nke klas nke bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ bụ ihe ọzọ sikwuoro nke excretory usoro. Ọ nwere n'ụdị a gbara ọchịchịrị-acha ọbara ọbara rịbọn ekara ozu - ogwe akụrụ odude n'elu ikuku eriri afo. Onye ọ bụla nke ha doo ureter site na nke mmamịrị aga si n'ime eriri afo, na-ama si na ya - na urogenital oghere. The nnochite anya nke klas nke cartilaginous azụ (umu azu shark, ụzarị), na ureters efu n'ime cloaca na eriri afo anọghị.

Dabere na Ọdịdị nke ahụ excretory usoro, ihe niile bụrụ naanị ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ azụ na-ekewa atọ dị iche iche: bi ọhụrụ mmiri, mmiri nnu, na otu ìgwè nke ndị na-akpọ ije-site ndụ ma na nnu na mmiri na njikọ na atụmatụ nke na-akpata.

Buo azụ (bass, bream, azu kaapu, bream) iji zere oké mgbakwunye ha ahu nke mmiri anyị nwere iji wepụ a nnukwu ego nke mmiri mmiri site Malpighian tubules na gbasara akụrụ glomeruli. N'ihi ya, azu kaapu extracts 120 ml mmiri kwa 1 n'arọ nke ya ibu ibu, na azụ okpo - ruo 380-400 ml. Iji ahụ na-adịghị na-enweta a enweghị nnu, freshwater azụ gills eme ihe dị ka nfuli, mmiri na-pumped si sodium ion na chlorine. Marine ndụ - okporoko, ndagharị, makarel, - na Kama nke ahụ, na-ata ahụhụ site na a enweghị mmiri ke idem. Iji gbochie akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na iji nọgide na nkịtị osmotic mgbali ke idem, ha na-amanye na-aṅụ oké osimiri mmiri, nke a na-ẹdụk na akụrụ, ọcha site salts. Ngafe sodium chloride wepụrụ site na gills na na nsị.

Ime migratory azụ, dị ka European eel, bụ a "mgba ọkụ" usoro osmoregulation rụrụ site akụrụ na gills, dabere na ebe na mmiri ha na-.

The excretory usoro ke amphibians

Dị ka oyi-bi n'ala-mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi, amphibian dị ka azụ wepu emerụ metabolic ngwaahịa gafee iferi akpụkpọ mesonephros. Na awọ, newts, Ceylon rybozmeya oke ahu na-anọchi anya paired akụrụ, emi odude ma n'akụkụ nke ọkpụkpụ azụ, na iyuzucha si ureters na-eru n'ime cloaca. Part nke gaseous ngwaahịa nke metabolism na-ewepụ ha site na ìhè agba na-arụ ọrụ excretory ọrụ, tinyere anụ.

Pelvic akụrụ - isi akụkụ nke nnụnụ na mammals oke

Na usoro nke evolushọn mesonephros mutate n'ime a ọzọ na-aga n'ihu ụdị excretory akụkụ - akụrụ pelvis. Ha na-emi odude n'ime ndị pelvic uji eze, ihe fọrọ na-esote na cloaca na nākpu akpu na nnụnụ, na nso gonads (testes na ovaries) - mammals. Ibu na olu nke akụrụ ya ji belata, ma nzacha ike nke akụrụ, nephron mkpụrụ ndụ na-ukwuu mụbara, a na-eduga ná eziokwu ahụ bụ na oke nke akụkụ n'ebe ụmụ anụmanụ nke na klas nke nnụnụ na-enye nwa ara, ọzọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma dị ọcha ọbara nke irighiri ma na-echebe ndị ozu akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.

Ke adianade do, nnụnụ, na iche ndị ọzọ nile na terrestrial vertebrates, ọ dịghị eriri afo, n'ihi ya, mmamịrị anaghị akpọkọtara na ha, ma nke ureter abatakwa ozugbo n'ime ndị cloaca, mgbe ahụ si. Nke a bụ a na ngwaọrụ na-ebelata ịdị arọ ahụ nke ụmụ nnụnụ, nke dị mkpa, nyere ha nwere ike ofufe.

Filtration na adsorption ọrụ nke mmadụ akụrụ

Na ụmụ mmadụ, excretory akụkụ - akụrụ - esịmde ya kasị elu mmepe na iche iche. Ọ nwere ike na-ahuta ka a nnọọ kọmpat (arọ ma okenye akụrụ adịghị gafere 300 g) a ndu iyo, nke Site n'ibu na mkpụrụ ndụ site na ya - nephrons ka 1,500 lita ọbara kwa ụbọchị. Na physiology na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ndị nkịtị na ime nke ahụ itinye otu dị mkpa. Na Chinese usoro nke ahụ ike U-Shin akụrụ bụ isi na-enyere ndụ mmewere.

Gbasara akụrụ parenchyma nwere banyere 2 nde nephrons, esịnede a Capsule nke Bowman-Shymlanskaya nke usoro nke nzacha ọbara na e guzobere isi mmamịrị, na convoluted tubules (loop nke Henle), na-enye reabsorption - nhọrọ mmịpụta nke glucose, vitamin na ala molekụla ibu ndi na-edozi site isi mmamịrị, na laghachi ha ọbara iyi. N'ihi ya, reabsorption kpụrụ abụọ mmamịrị. O nwere ngafe nke mmiri, salts, urea. Ọ uzo n'ime gbasara akụrụ pelvis, ma site na ha - na ureters na n'ime eriri afo. Nke a bụ gburugburu 2 l / ụbọchị. Site na nke a ọ na-ewepụ site na urethra eyi.

N'ihi ya agaghị ekwe ìgwè ọmụmụ na uji eze viscera, ahụ igbu egbu na-gbochie.

N'ihi na ihe excretory akụkụ nke metabolic ngwaahịa

Ọzọkwa akụrụ arụ isi ọrụ osmoregulation ma wepụ ngafe salts na toxins, ikpe excretory ọrụ ahụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ akpa ume, anụ ahụ, ọsụsọ glands na digestive. N'ihi ya, dị ka a n'ihi nke gas mgbanwe, emejuputa alveoli nke ìhè agba emee mkpochapu carbon dioxide, uzuoku, nsi, dị ka decomposition ngwaahịa nke ethanol. Site excretion nke ajirija glands wepụrụ urea, ngafe salts na mmiri. Imeju, e wezụga ndị na-eduga ọrụ ke digestive usoro, inactivates na-egbu egbu mmebi ngwaahịa nke na-edozi, ọgwụ ọjọọ, mmanya, salts nke cadmium na opu ndị dị na venous ọbara.

The ọrụ nke niile akụkụ (akụrụ, akpa ume, anụ ahụ, digestive na ajirija glands), nke bụ pụta ụwa excretory ọrụ na-enye ndị nkịtị N'ezie nke metabolic Jeremaya mere na homeostasis.