Creation na ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR

The Soviet Union ka ebe 1918 ekenịmde nnyocha na nuclear physics na kwadebere ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR. Na Leningrad, na Radium Institute na 1937, na oru a cyclotron, nke mbụ bụ na Europe. "Na ihe afọ mbụ bụ ule nke atọm bọmbụ na USSR?" - Ị na-ajụ. Azịza gị ga-amarakwa nnọọ anya.

Na 1938, November 25, mkpebi nke Academy nke Sciences e guzobere Commission na atọm ntọala. Na ya mejupụtara gụnyere Sergei Vavilov, Abram Alikhanov Abram Joffe, Igor Kurchatov na ndị ọzọ. Sonyeere ha afọ abụọ gasịrị Jesi Gurevich na Vitaly Khlopin. Nuclear research rụrụ site na oge na-ama ihe karịrị 10 nnyocha institutes. Mgbe USSR Academy nke Sciences na otu afọ e haziri arọ mmiri ọrụ, nke e mesịrị mara dị ka ndị Commission on Isotopes. Mgbe na-agụ isiokwu a, ị ga-amụta otú ibido n'ihu ọzụzụ na ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR.

Construction nke a cyclotron na Leningrad, na nchọpụta nke ọhụrụ uranium ore

Na 1939, na September, ọ malitere iwu a cyclotron na Leningrad. Na 1940, na April, ọ e kpebiri ike a pilot osisi, nke ga-ewepụta kwa afọ 15 n'arọ nke arọ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na nke ahụ etiwapụ na oge nke agha, atụmatụ ndị e emejuputa atumatu. Na May nke otu afọ, YU Khariton, Ya Zel'dovich, N. Semenov nyere ozizi ya na mmepe nke uranium na nuclear ihe mkpalite. N'otu oge ahụ, a malitere ịrụ ọrụ na nchọpụta nke ọhụrụ uranium ores. Ndị a bụ ndị mbụ iji na-enye ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị, e kere eke na ule nke atọm bọmbụ na Soviet Union.

Ngosi nke physics nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu atọm bọmbụ

Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ physics si mbubreyo 30 ka n'oge 40 ama ama a ike ike echiche nke otú ọ ga-ele anya. The echiche bụ na-elekwasị anya ngwa ngwa-ezuru otu ebe a ụfọdụ ego nke (a dị oké egwu uka) nke fissile ihe n'okpuru nduzi nke neutrons. Ọ ga-amalite mgbe nnukwu mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke atọm decays. Ya bụ, ọ ga-abụ a yinye mmeghachi omume, dị ka a n'ihi nke a na-ekenyela a nnukwu agbam ume nke ike na a nnukwu mgbawa emee.

The nsogbu okosobode na e kere eke nke atọm bọmbụ

The mbụ bụ nsogbu na-fissile ihe zuru ezu olu. Na ọdịdị, na ụdị umi na ike na - bụ uranium isotope na uka nọmba 235 (ie, ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neutrons na protons na ntọala), ma ọ bụ - uranium-235. Ọdịnaya nke a isotope ke eke uranium - karịa 0,71% (uranium-238 - 99,2%). Ọzọkwa, ọdịnaya nke eke ore ihe onwunwe bụ na ọtụtụ 1%. Ya mere, nnọọ ihe ịma aka bụ nhọrọ nke Na-235.

Dị ka ọ na-adịghị anya wee doo anya ọzọ ka uranium bụ plutonium-239. Ọ fọrọ nke nta adịghị ime na ọdịdị (ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 100 ugboro karịa nke uranium-235). The anabata ịta ọ bụ ike inweta a nuclear chernobyl mgbe ụzarị ọkụ uranium-238 na neutrons. The ewu nke chernobyl n'ihi nzube a nwekwara nke bukwanu ike.

The atọ bụ nsogbu ndị na-anakọta chọrọ ego nke fissile ihe onwunwe na otu ebe ahụ adịghị mfe. Na usoro nke rapprochement subcritical nkeji, ọbụna dị nnọọ ngwa ngwa na ha na-amalite na-eri eri fission mmeghachi omume. Na ike na nke a, ike ghara ikwe ka isi aru nke Onye-atọm abuana ke fission usoro. Enweghị oge na-emeghachi omume, ha achụsasịkwa.

The mepụtara Maslov na V. V. Shpinel

Maslov na V. Spinel si Kharkov Physical-ụzụ Institute na 1940 gbara akwụkwọ na ngwa maka mepụtara nke mgbọ, dabere na ojiji nke a ihe mkpalite nke na-amalite na n'amaghi fission nke uranium-235, ya supercritical uka, nke na-kere site ọtụtụ subcritical iche mgbawa impermeable maka neutrons na bibiri a detonation. Large obi abụọ na-akpata operability yiri ụgwọ, ma o akwụkwọ maka onyinye mepụtara ka nwetara. Otú ọ dị, nke a mere na 1946.

Gun American atụmatụ

N'ihi na nke mbụ bombs ndị America na-atụ aro iji a egbe ala atụmatụ na nke na-eji ezigbo egbe gbọmgbọm. Na ya, otu akụkụ nke fissile ihe onwunwe (subcritical) Ome ndị ọzọ. Ma n'oge na-adịghị chọpụtara na ndị dị otú ahụ a atụmatụ bụ adabara a plutonium n'ihi na eziokwu na ọnụego nke convergence bụ na ha erughị eru.

Construction nke a cyclotron na Moscow

Na 1941, April 15, SNK kpebiri amalite na-ewu nke a dị ike cyclotron na Moscow. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ndị na Great Agha Ịhụ Mba n'Anya, a kwụsịrị anyị fọrọ nke nta niile na-arụ ọrụ na ubi nke nuclear physics, iji wetara 1 atọm bọmbụ ule na USSR. Na n'ihu n'ihu ọtụtụ nuclear physics. Ndị ọzọ nọ na ibugharị ọzọ ịpị, dị ka o yiri, a okirikiri.

Collection of ozi na nuclear nke

Ịnakọta ọmụma na nuclear nke kemgbe 1939 aku na 1st Department nke NKVD na Red Army GRU. Na 1940, na October, site J. Cairncross natara mbụ ozi, nke kwuru banyere atụmatụ guzosie ike a bọmbụ nuklia. A nke e degaara na British Committee maka Science, nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ Cairncross. Na 1941, ke ndaeyo, oru ngo-a mma site bọmbụ, nke a na-akpọ "tube elloyz". England mgbe agha bụ otu n'ime ndị ndú ụwa na nuclear development. Ọnọdụ a bụ nnọọ n'ihi na enyemaka nke German ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị gbagara mba a na biakwa obibia nke Hitler ike.

Fuchs, a so na KPD, bụ otu n'ime ha. Ọ gara n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1941 na Soviet Embassy, nke kwuru na nwere ozi dị mkpa banyere ngwá agha dị ike kere England. S. Cramer na R. Kuchinsky (radio ọrụ Sonia) e ekenyela gwa ya okwu. The mbụ radio ozi zigara Moscow nyere ozi na a pụrụ iche na usoro nke uranium isotope nkewa, gas mgbasa, nakwa dị ka a na-ewuli n'ihi nzube a osisi ke Wales. Mgbe isii Kwadobe furu efu ya njikọ na Fuchs.

Ule nke atọm bọmbụ na USSR, ụbọchị nke nke ugbu a maara, nke a kwadebere na ndị ọzọ na Scout. Ya mere, a Soviet spy na United States Semenov (Twain) kọrọ na ngwụsị afọ 1943 na Enrico Fermi na Chicago bụ ike na-ebu akpa yinye mmeghachi omume. The isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma a bụ a physics Pontecorvo. Dị ka Foreign Intelligence akara n'otu oge ya si England emechi ọrụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke West banyere nuclear ike, na-akpa azụ 1940-1942 afọ. The ọmụma ndị dị ha, gosiri na ịrịba e nwewo ọganihu na e kere eke nke atọm bombu.

Konenkov nwunye (nọchiri n'okpuru), ama ọkpụ, na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ na inyocha. Ọ kwagara nso Einstein na Oppenheimer, pụtara ìhè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-nyere a ogologo oge mmetụta na ha. L. Zarubin, ọzọ obibi nke USA, bụ akụkụ nke a gburugburu nke ndị mmadụ Oppenheimer, na L. Szilard. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị inyom a, na USSR ike mejuputa mmadụ na Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, nakwa dị ka Chicago lab - kasị nuclear research emmepe na America. N'ihi na ozi na atọm bọmbụ na United States gafere Soviet ọgụgụ isi na 1944 Rosenbergs, D. Greenglass, Pontecorvo, C. n'Ihi T. Hall, Fuchs.

Na 1944, ná mmalite nke February, Beria, ndị mmadụ Commissar nke NKVD, onyeisi oche a nzukọ nke ọgụgụ isi chiefs. E kpebiri-ahazi collection of ọmụma banyere nuclear nsogbu, nke na-abịa site na Red Army GRU na NKVD. "C" Division e kere maka nke a. Na 1945, 27 September, ọ haziri. P. Sudoplatov Commissioner GB, gawa a ngalaba.

Fuchs nyefeela na January 1945 a nkọwa nke atọm bọmbụ imewe. Intelligence gụnyere ndị ọzọ na-kwadebere dị ka ihe maka nkewa nke uranium isotopes site akpa pụtara, ndị data ke akpa ngwa agha, ntụziaka maka mmepụta nke plutonium na uranium bombs, data na size nke a dị oké egwu uka nke plutonium na uranium na imewe na-agbawa agbawa anya m nke plutonium-240, usoro na oge nke arụmọrụ n'ihi na nzukọ na imewe nke bombs. Ozi nwekwara-echegbu a usoro nke na-eweta a bọmbụ initiator mmetụta, na-ewu nke pụrụ iche osisi maka nkewa nke isotopes. na-edetu Ndenye a natara, nke ihe banyere mbụ ule mgbawa nke a bọmbụ na United States na July 1945.

Abata na ozi na ndị a ọwa mee ngwangwa na ikwado ọrụ debere n'ihu Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị. Western ọkachamara kweere na na USSR bombu nwere ike na-mepụtara na afọ 1954-1955. Ma ha na-ezighị ezi. The mbụ ule nke atọm bọmbụ na USSR mere na 1949, na August.

New nkebi nke ihe e kere eke nke atọm bọmbụ

Na 1942, na April, M. Pervukhin, Ndị mmadụ Commissar nke chemical ụlọ ọrụ, e briefed na Stalin si iwu na ihe metụtara ndị ọrụ na atọm bọmbụ, rụrụ ná mba ọzọ. Na-amata depụtara akụkọ Pervukhin ọmụma nyere ike a ìgwè ndị ọkachamara na. Ọ na-agụnye, na nkwanye nke Joffe,-eto eto ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Kikoin, Kurchatov na Alikhanov.

Na 1942, na November 27 nyere iwu "On uranium Ngwuputa" T-emefu. Ọ nyere na nguzobe nke a pụrụ iche na alụmdi, nakwa dị ka mmalite nke ọrụ na nhazi na mmịpụta nke ngwaọrụ, geological prospecting. All a na-azọrọ na mejuputa iji ozugbo o kwere omume bụ ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR. 1943rd afọ ji eziokwu na NKTSM wee mmanụ na nhazi nke uranium ore na Tajikistan on Tabarshskom m. The atụmatụ bụ 4 tọn kwa afọ nke uranium salts.

Chịkọtara na mbụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oge ahụ nọ napụrụ n'ihu. N'otu 1943, 11 February, ọ haziri site Laboratory nọmba 2 Academy nke Sciences. Ya isi a họpụtara Kurchatov. Ọ nọ na-azọrọ na e-ahazi ọrụ na ihe e kere eke nke atọm bombu.

Soviet ọgụgụ isi na 1944 bụ na a ndekọ, nke nwere ihe ọmụma bara uru banyere ọnụnọ uranium-graphite ngwa agha na ịchọpụta na kwa nke chernobyl. Otú ọ dị, ikike download ọbụna a obere ibuo nuclear chernobyl uranium na o nwebeghị adị na mba anyị. Na 1944, 28 September, ndị ọchịchị Soviet mere ka ọ amanyere bụ iwu nke NKTSM iri uranium na uranium salts na a ala enweta ego. Na laabu № 2 nchekwa ọrụ ha, e kenyere.

Ọrụ rụrụ na Bulgaria

A nnukwu ìgwè ndị ọkachamara na, moderated site V. Kravchenko, isi nke 4th Special Department nke NKVD, na 1944, na November, wee na-amụ ngagharị arụpụta ntọhapụ nke Bulgaria. N'otu afọ, na December 8 GKO kpebiri ezo nhazi na mmịpụta nke uranium ore si SCMC 9 Office of State GMP NKVD. Na 1945, na March, isi nke Ngwuputa na Metallurgical ngalaba nke 9 Department họpụtara Egorov. Mgbe ahụ, na January, haziri site NII-9 maka ọmụmụ nke uranium ego, idozi nsogbu nke plutonium na uranium metal, na nhazi nke ngwaọrụ. Bulgaria, site na oge kọrọ banyere a izu na ọkara tọn uranium ore.

Construction mgbasa osisi

Ebe ọ bụ na 1945, na March, mgbe nnata nke US ọwa NKGB schema ọmụma bọmbụ, dabeere na ụkpụrụ nke implosion (ie mkpakọ nke fissile ihe onwunwe site na mgbawa nke ot explosives), ọrụ na atụmatụ na oru, nke a dị ịrịba ama uru n'elu egbe. Na April 1945, B. Mahaney dere a dee Beria. Ọ sịrị na na 1947 na-atụ anya na-amalite ruo-emepụta uranium-235 mgbasa osisi, dị na nọmba 2. Performance Laboratory nke osisi ahụ ga-banyere 25 n'arọ nke uranium kwa afọ. Gaara ezuru abụọ bombs. N'ihi na US n'ezie na ọ were 65 n'arọ nke uranium-235.

Ikwusa research German ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị

May 5, 1945 n'oge agha maka Berlin chọpụtara onwunwe nke na Physics Institute nke Company of Kaiser Wilhelm. A pụrụ iche ọrụ, na-aga site A. Zavenyagin e zigara Germany na May 9. Ya ọrụ bụ ịchọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ atọm bọmbụ, na-anakọta ihe na uranium nsogbu. Ọnụ na ndị ezinụlọ ha na USSR e si a ịrịba ìgwè nke German ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ha gụnyere Nobel Laureates N. Riehl na H. Hertz, a prọfesọ nke Gaibu, M. von Ardenne, P. Thiessen, G. inwe, M. Vollmer, R. Deppel na ndị ọzọ.

Creation nke atọm bọmbụ na-egbu oge

ọ dị mkpa na-ewu a nuclear chernobyl maka amị plutonium-239. Ọbụna a pilot were banyere 36 tọn uranium metal, graphite na 500 t 9 t nke uranium dioxide. Site August 1943 nsogbu e edozi graphite. Ya ntọhapụ na-guzobere na May 1944 na Moscow Electrode Plant. Otú ọ dị, nri ego nke uranium na mba bụ njedebe nke 1945.

Stalin chọrọ ka anya dị ka o kwere mee bụ a ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR. Year ka nke ọ na e rụrụ, ọ bụ na mbụ a 1948-nke (ruo mgbe mmiri). Otú ọ dị, site na nke a na e ọbụna ihe maka ya mmepụta. The ọhụrụ n'obi imecha a họpụtara February 8, 1945 site na iwu gọọmenti nyere. The atọm bọmbụ a kpaliri March 1, 1949.

Ikpeazụ ogbo, kwadebere ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ na USSR

The omume, nke chọrọ ruo ogologo oge, mgbe e mesịrị re-ndokwa. The mbụ ule nke atọm bọmbụ na Soviet Union wee ebe n'afọ 1949, dị ka zubere, ma ọ bụghị na March na August.

Na 1948, na June 19, mbụ ulo oru chernobyl ( "A") na oru. "B" osisi e wuru maka iche nke mmanụ nuklia plutonium emepụta. Uranium nkanka ụzarị ọkụ, etisasịwo na iche iche site chemical pụtara uranium si plutonium. The ngwọta na-ahụ n'ihu ọcha site fission ngwaahịa iji belata ya radieshon ọrụ. Mgbe "B" na April 1949, anyị malitere na-emepụta akụkụ nke bọmbụ-ọkwa plutonium, iji NII-9 technology. The mbụ research chernobyl ji nnukwu mmiri, na oru n'otu oge. Na ọtụtụ ihe mberede wee mmepụta development. Mgbe mkpochapu ha pụta e hụrụ ikpe nke overexposure mkpara. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ahụ anyị ntị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-abaghị uru. Ihe kasị mkpa bụ na-ebu akpa ule nke ihe atọm bọmbụ na USSR (ya ụbọchị - 1949, August 29).

Na July, ihe-ndebe dị njikere kit mmiri. Iji osisi ka e si ahụ nha, ekpe a ìgwè nke ọmụmụ physics, nke mere Fleury. Theory otu edu Zeldovich, e zitere maka nhazi n'ihe results, nakwa dị ka ịgbakọ puru nke na-ezughị ezu agbawa na arụmọrụ ụkpụrụ.

N'ihi ya, ihe mbụ ule nke ihe atọm bọmbụ na USSR e mepụtara n'afọ 1949. 5 The Commission nakweere August E boro ya ebubo plutonium na zigara KB-11, na okporo ígwè pụrụ iche. E nwere ndị a na oge ọ fọrọ nke nta dechara dị mkpa. Control nzukọ-ndebe ẹkenịmde ke KB-11 n'abalị nke 10 August 11. The ngwaọrụ e mgbe a kagburu na ya n'akụkụ na-juru n'ọnụ a na-ezitere landfill. Dị ka ekwuola, mbụ ule nke ihe atọm bọmbụ na Soviet Union wee ebe on 29 August. Soviet bọmbụ otú o guzosie ike 2 afọ na 8 ọnwa.

Ule nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ

Na USSR na 1949, August 29, na e nwere a nuclear warhead ule na Semipalatinsk ule na saịtị. Na rig bu ngwa. The ike nke mgbawa 22 kilotons. The imewe na-eji a ụgwọ ugboro ugboro "Abụba Man" si US, na electronic ndochi e mepụtara site Soviet ọkà mmụta sayensị. The multilayer Ọdịdị bụ ihe atọm ụgwọ. Ọ site compressing * Tụkwasị convergent detonation efegharị efegharị e rụrụ plutonium nyefe a dị oké egwu, ala.

Ụfọdụ atụmatụ nke mbụ atọm bọmbụ

5 n'arọ nke plutonium e debere na etiti nke ihe-ndebe. The umi e hụrụ n'ụdị abụọ ammamihe, gbara ya gburugburu n'ọbọ nke uranium-238. O jere ozi dị ka a zere na isi, bloating n'oge a ihe mkpalite iji oge na-emeghachi omume dị ukwuu nke plutonium. Ke adianade do, ya e ji mee ka a ngosiputa, nakwa dị ka a neutron onye njikwa oge. Tamper gbara ya gburugburu a shei mere nke aluminum. Ọ na-eje ozi maka edo mkpakọ nke ujo ife nke a nuclear ụgwọ.

Nwụnye unit nke nwere fissile ihe onwunwe, maka nchekwa e rụrụ ozugbo tupu n'itinye a ụgwọ. N'ihi na nke a karịsịa site n'aka-conical oghere mmechi nkwụnye nke mgbawa. Na na na n'ime na elu housings na oghere nke na-emechi site na mkpuchite. Kewara nuclei banyere 1 n'arọ nke plutonium bụ n'ihi na ike mgbawa. Ndị fọdụrụ 4 n'arọ enweghị oge na-emeghachi omume na ịgba bụ na-abaghị uru, bụ mgbe mbụ atọm bọmbụ ule e rụrụ na Soviet Union, na ụbọchị nke ị na-a maara ugbu a. Ọtụtụ echiche ọhụrụ maka imeziwanye ebubo bilie n'oge mmejuputa ihe omume a. Ha na-eche, akpan akpan, melite itinye n'ọrụ na-akpata nke ihe onwunwe, nakwa dị ka mbenata ibu na size. E jiri ya tụnyere nke mbụ ọhụrụ ụdị ibu nta, ndị ọzọ dị ike na ndị ọzọ mara.

Ya mere, ihe mbụ ule nke ihe atọm bọmbụ na USSR mere na 1949, 29 August. Ọ bụ mmalite nke ọzọ merenụ na mpaghara ebe a, nke na-nọgidere na-enwe n'oge a. Ule nke atọm bọmbụ na USSR (1949) bụ ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ntolite nke mba anyị, na-enye ịrị elu ya ọnọdụ dị ka a nuklia ike.

Na 1953, n'otu Semipalatinsk ule site, nke mbụ bụ na ihe ndị mere Russian ule nke a bọmbụ hydrogen. Ike ọ ugbua dịrị 400 KT. Tụlee ihe mbụ ule na USSR atọm bọmbụ na hydrogen bọmbụ: ike nke 22 kilotons na 400 kilotons. Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ nanị mmalite.

September 14, 1954 na Totsky nso mere nke mbụ agha omume, n'oge nke atọm bọmbụ e ji. Ha na-akpọ "ọrụ" Snowball "." Atomic bọmbụ ule na 1954 na Soviet Union, dị ka declassified na 1993, e rụrụ tinyere na ebumnuche na-ahụ otú radieshon na-emetụta ndị mmadụ. The sonyere na nnwale a nyere a na ndenye aha na ha agaghị igosipụta ozi banyere irradiation isua 25.