Defense nke Pskov: N'ezie nke agha na ndị na-esi

The Livonian War (1558-1583) - kacha mkpa omume maka ebe ugwu ala nke Russia, na ihe ndị kasị mkpa bụ agbachitere Pskov agha akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mba ahụ nọ na-alụ agha maka mba ụzọ azụmahịa na ịnweta Baltic megide Livonian Order. Russian mbụ jisie - a nke ọma na-akpasu iwe na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Livonian ala biri na mmeri. Ma mgbe ida nke Order na 1561 anyị banyere agha agbata obi, kwa, chọrọ iri iberibe gbajiri agbaji na mba. Russia nwere ibuso Lithuania, Poland na Sweden.

ihe kwesịrị ncheta Pskov

N'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke Livonian War Pskov enye ada ifịk akụkụ na ya: ọ were agha Ivana Groznogo na oyi 1558, na n'otu oge ahụ ndị Pskov, gawa site Prince Shuisky sonyeere mkpọsa a. Pskov agbachitere ka na-abịa, ma na 1559 ndị Germany kpara obi nke Red na Sebezh mgbe niile katọrọ. Mgbe ahụ Lithuanians wakporo fọrọ nke nta ka obodo, ravaging na-ere ọkụ na ihe niile ha ụzọ, ha onwe ha kwa na-tie pụtara ngwa ngwa, ma laghachi na 1569, were obodo nke Izborsk.

Ogwe osisi gawa site King Stefan Batory na 1579-m were Polotsk, na a afọ mgbe e mesịrị wakporo Pskov na Novgorod ala. Russian agha na-ugbu a abụghị na-enwe n'oge ndị kasị mma, Batory na ọ maara nke ọma, ma n'ihi na site na ha nnọchiteanya choro na Poland na Livonia nwa afọ Russian ala ọnụ na Pskov, Novgorod na Smolensk. Kwesịrị ịdị, Ivan Grozny dị otú ahụ a ndibiat mere na-aga, na n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1580 na Polish agha bịara Great Bow. Ndị bi a obodo ukwu ike iguzogide a ike agha, na Ya mere onwe ha nsure Posada na gbabara ebe ewusiri ike nke niile. Ha jụrụ-atọgbọ. The agha ndị ahaghị, obodo e, ha nile gburu.

Batory March ka Pskov

Na 1581 eze agha Poland gara Pskov. Ọ bụrụ na Batory jisiri weghara obodo a, ikekwe, Ivan Grozny manyere ekweta ihe dị otú ahụ ezighị ezi ụwa, na-enye ihe niile dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Russian ala. Ma-agbachitere Pskov wee ebe. Ndị a dike ihe anyị maara si ọtụtụ ihe àmà si ma agha ọzọ. Description of ihe omume dị otú ahụ dị ka ndị na-azara ọnụ nke Pskov, ike na-eleghara odeakwụkwọ eze Stanisław Piotrowski, bụ onye debere a edetu, na-akọwa n'ụzọ zuru ezu na onye ọ bụla ụbọchị nke nnọchibido. Iri Atọ na izu guzogidere-agbachitere obodo dum Polish agha, nke a fiercely stormed wusiri ike, na-agbalị ka igwu n'okpuru mgbidi rịa, ruo ihe nye. Ọ bụ ihe niile n'efu. Pskov agbachitere site Ivan 4 guzo ike.

Ọbụna mgbe Batory kpebiri ịkpọrọ Pechora ebe e wusiri ike, ndị kụrụ afọ n'ala. na-agbachitere e gburu. O wee na ọrụ ahụ, dị ka ndị agha ground ka a kwụsị, na ndị agha na ike gwụrụ. January 1582 bụ oge nke bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado nke a truce afọ ise, na nke Bathory jụrụ mbụ n'obi na laghachiri weghaara Russian obodo. Pskov Defense 4 mgbe Ivan bụ ike ịzọpụta ndị mwakpo ha na obodo ya, n'ezie - e chekwara na mbụ Russian ókè. Ná mmalite nke iri na asaa na narị afọ bụ nke abụọ agbachitere Pskov. The iro a bụ dị iche iche, na onye nzọpụta na-agbachitere nke Russian ala - N'otu obodo ahụ, ịzụlite dike. Mbụ ahụ ndị agha kụziiri ụmụ amaala. Ugbu a, ha na-enwe ike bụghị nanị chebe ma ọgụ. A ogologo ma sie ike oge nke mba ọzọ aka biri na mmeri maka persistent na obi ike Russian ndị mmadụ. Na 1611, ndị Swedes e jidere obodo Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov na Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus kpebiri na ndị siri agbachitere Pskov n'oge gara aga. Otú ọ dị, ọ miscalculated.

Swedes

The Swedes na-agbalị na-Pskov na mmalite nke 1615, e tie, na okpomọkụ chikọta a nnukwu agha nọ n'okpuru nke General Horn na ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu obodo. Eze wee bata ịhụ otú Pskov dara. Ma-agbachitere obodo ga na-akpa nganga nke ya onwe ya na-ama la Ivan Grozny. Defense nke Pskov, ebe onye iro a bụ nnọọ ike karịa okporo osisi, na Livonian knight, nọ na-na ihe niile dị ka tightly omume chere si, ọgụ ndị na-emekarị irè. Swedish agha weghaara Snetogorsky obibi ndị mọnk ma biri n'ebe ahụ. N'ụzọ nkịtị otu ụbọchị ndị bi Pskov mere a sortie na kpataara ịrịba mmebi, ọbụna General Horn nwụrụ. The eze egwu nke ndị dị otú a ọdịda, ma kpebie na ndị agha ya bụ nnukwu ezuru. O zeere ya agha ka n'igbere mmiri na Great River, na rịọrọ reinforcements.

A ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e mesịrị wee mercenary agha, na Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk laghachi n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk. The obodo kpamkpam gbara gburugburu, niile okporo ụzọ na-egbochi - zuru mgbochi. Uda nke onye iro kpebiri si n'ebe ugwu - si n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ka Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy ụlọ elu. Wuru wusiri ike, na-etinye egbe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebibi ihe ná mgbidi. Pskov guzogidere. Wall tinyekwa ozugbo rụziri, ihe ahụ mere ihe fọrọ nke nta kwa ụbọchị, na-emekarị na-arọ weere ka onye iro.
Gustavus Adolphus ike gwụrụ nke ndị dị otú ahụ na-eguzogide ma na-udo mkparita uka na Russia. Ọ chọrọ mma udo okwu, ma mgbe ahụ fụọ Pskov na ndị agha ya niile gunpowder. M nwere na-agbahapụ Pskov na-alaghachi na Russian obodo Russia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ala ji site ndị mwakpo. The mbụ agbachitere Pskov - si Stefan Batory agha - ukwuu arọ, ma ndị obodo mụtara ọtụtụ ihe.

Ndị na-akpata nke Livonian War

The Livonian Order e hiwere na mbubreyo iri na abụọ na narị afọ na jide fọrọ nke nta dum n'ókèala nke oge a Baltic - Courland, Livonia na Estonia. Otú ọ dị, site na nke iri na isii na narị afọ, ike ya a na-fọrọ nke nta akpọnwụwo. Akpa, ghara ikwe na ike nke Order nke esịtidem esemokwu N'ịbụ esiwanye krepnuvshim Ndozigharị ije: nrite nwe-enweghị ike ịhụ a otutu mmadu kwenyere na mmekọrịta na Akwa Bishop Riga, obodo na-aghọta ihe ọ bụla nke ha, ibu iro na-esiwanye aggravated. Ebelata Livonia iji niile nke ya agbata obi, ọbụna Russia. Nke bụ eziokwu bụ na tupu mmalite nke Order n'ala ndị a Russian isi akara Baltic n'ókèala ha, otú ahụ ugbu a Moscow Tsar atụle ha ikike ka Livonia ziri ezi.

The trading uru nke ala gbara osimiri okirikiri ala nwere nnọọ njikọ, na Livonian Order nanị mmekọahụ n'etiti Russia na Western Europe, agafe site ya ebe ahịa na ndị na-achụ nta ego. Iwusi nke Russia, nakwa dị ka ugbu a, achọghị onye ọ bụla n'ime obodo. Ọzọkwa, European nna ukwu ma na ngwá ahịa si Europe Livonian Order na Russia na-na-atụ uche. N'ihi na nke a, na Russian Livonians emeso ya. Ikiri ebelata recalcitrant agbata obi, Moscow Tsar malitere ịtụ egwu na ebe Livonians nwere ike na-egosi ihe ọjọọ agbata obi. Ivan III wuru na ncherita-iru obodo nke Narva gị Ivangorod. Na ọbụna ihe ndị mepere emepe na-ekwu na ohere na Baltic Oké Osimiri Ivan 4. The agbachitere Pskov, onye iro bụ iji gosi na ya na-ezighị ezi Russian Tsar, o gosiri otú ndị a na-ekwu bụ na-adọ.

Mmalite nke Livonian War

The eze bụ n'aka nke ịga nke ọma nke akpa ume, ma Livonian War dọkpụụrụ na, n'adịghị ka ndị gara aga otu, na Swedes, mgbe pụta bụ nnọọ ngwa ngwa na ezi. Nke a oge Ivan Grozny chetara Livonians ochie nkwekọrịta na-achọ ka ha na-akwụ ụtụ ahụ Russian ala, nke na-adịghị ịme a nnọọ ogologo oge. Livonians mkparita uka, dị ka ogologo oge ka ha nwere ike, na-egbu oge, ma eze ngwa ngwa efu ndidi na kwụsịrị mmekọahụ nke ezi-agbata obi, na 1558 malitere iri-na-afọ ise Livonian War, ibido ọma. Russian agha gaa ije ihe fọrọ nke nta dum Livonia, ma e wezụga ike castles na ike n'obodo. Naanị Livonia enye ezigbo eguzogide bụ enweghị ike - Moscow ama ama zuru ezu ike.

The ala nke Order dara iche, chụọ àjà piecemeal ike kacha ike agbata obi. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, n'àgwàetiti Saaremaa - Danish gertsogts Magnus, Kurland bụ agaghịkwa a na chọọchị ojiji n'ịnwụ echiche ụwa. Master Kettler ghọrọ Duke na rịọrọ Polish nọ n'okpuru. Ọ bụ naanị eke na ọhụrụ nwe nwere choro site Ivana Groznogo na-abụghị nwere n'ókèala. Ọbụna ihe n'ụzọ doro anya, na eze nke ihe ọ bụla abụghị ajụ. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ na Livonian War e nwere ọhụrụ sonyere. O sina dị, Moscow meriwo. The eze agha kpara Lithuania na Vilnius. Lithuanians dị njikere maka udo na inye Polotsk. Ma Zemsky Sobor na Moscow na ụwa ikenyịmeke. The agha wee ruo afọ iri ọzọ. Ka anya dị ka Polish-Lithuanian ocheeze adịghị pụtara otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee nkà isi.

Stefan Batory

Russia nanị e ike na-agwụ site afọ agha. Ke adianade do, kpara mba ahụ na oprichnina. N'ebe ndịda nke Crimea Tatars ewesa, na-achọ niile Volga, Astrakhan na Kazan Khanate. Na 1571, Khan Devlet Giray atụghị anya mnogovoyskovoe mbuso agha e mere ndokwa, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ na-ere ọkụ nke dum Moscow, ma e wezụga ndị Kremlin. Na ndị na-esonụ afọ ikwugharị ihe ịga nke ọma ọ bụghị mere - Russian ratification n'okpuru idu ndú nke Mihaila Vorotynskogo meriri ndị Tatars na-eto eto. Nke a bụ oge na-eme ihe ozugbo malitere na Stefan Batory - State Center nke mba dị nnọọ dara ogbenye na ego, na ndị mmadụ. Large rati maka Livonian asakde iso ese omume na-anakọta. Mwakpo kwesịrị ekwesị rebuff zutere. Na 1578 Russian agha, e meriri na Verdun.

Na Livonian War mgbanwe. A afọ mgbe e mesịrị, Stefan Batory napụtara Polotsk, mgbe ahụ, Great Luke na Velizh. Ivan Grozny gbalịrị pịa na Batory diplomatically, eziga embassies na Austrian Emperor na Pope. Ma Polish eze-enweghị mmasị na amụma nke Russian Tsar, na 1581-m, ọ nọchigide Pskov. Ọ bụ ike, ma, guzogideworo agbachitere Pskov. Stefan Batory gbalịrị izere ọbụna ntuli aka nke eze site Diet, ma Germany ma ọ bụ Moscow bụghị ike gānọkwasi n'oche-eze nke ọ bụla onyeisi ma ọ bụ onyeisi. Ọ a họọrọ na-egosi ya niile ike Transylvanian gọvanọ. Na mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke truce agha maliteghachiri. Otú ọ dị, ọ malitere Russian eze ukwu, na-agbachitere Pskov n'oge Livonian War, ndị West gosiri persistent na zie ezie nwere ike na-ihu nke Russian mwakpo.

Ọnọdụ na mmalite nke agha

N'otu oge e nwere ndị agha na Sweden, ebe Russian ike jikwaa weghara obodo nke Revel, na ohere na Baltic Oké Osimiri. Livonia na-adọrọ adọrọ na mmeri nke Russian Ọkaakaa na ahụ adịteghị nnọọ ogologo. Ọ vainly ala bụ Stefan Batory, adịghị akpọ nwanne m nwoke na mkparita uka, na onye agbata obi - n'ihi na nke si malite bụ nke eze. Livonia Ivan Grozny mgbe niile na-ewere a fiefdom. Na ndị nkịtị họpụtara uche nke ndị mmadụ obi tara mmiri na agha, mkpọsa pụtara German na Hungarian bipu ngwá agha nke o mefuru, o nwere ọtụtụ egbe - nnukwu ma dị mma.

Na, n'ezie, ọ bụ na-atụ anya nke a mmeri agụghị oké njikere agazi ahịrị Russian agha. Onye Ndú Stefan Batory bụ a ọkà. Ma ọ dịghị-nzuzu, na Ivan Grozny. Defense Pskov gosiri - otú. Polotsk-echebekwa karịa izu atọ, ma ọ bụghị anwụghị, ọ bụ ezie na-agbachitere e gara site niile ndị mmadụ, ma nwata ma okenye - emenyụla ọkụ, nyeere agha. Mgbuchapụ na Polotsk mgbe na-ewere Stefan Batory bụ monstrous, dị ka e mesịrị, mgbe ndị Polish eze were obodo mgbe obodo - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Luke.

chọrọ Batory

Ivan Grozny manyere kpakorita, ebe o nyere Poland Livonia - ma e wezụga obodo anọ. Otú ọ dị, Stefan Batory choro bụghị naanị dum Livonia, ma Sebezh. E wezụga, a otutu ego - puku mmadụ anọ gold ekpuchi ha na-akwụ ụgwọ nke agha.

Na akwụkwọ ozi, o ji anyaike na-ewe ya iwe na Russian eze, na-akpọ ya Moscow Fero na wolf. Mgbalị kwe nke a adịghị ghọọ ihe ịga nke ọma. Na 1581, Polish agha wee agwaetiti nọchibido Pskov. Na ebe a niile ọma na niile na nganga nke gentry na n'elu, n'ihi na ọ malitere agbachitere Pskov. Livonian War ruru a ọhụrụ larịị.

Pskov ebe e wusiri ike

City nwere n'oge ahụ a wusiri ike pụtara anụ: na-adịbeghị anya maliteghachiri mgbidi siri ike, ha na-etinye ọtụtụ egbe, kpụrụ a dị ike agha na ahụmahụ ndị gọvanọ. Defense nke Pskov gawa site Ivan Shumsky - ama n'ihi na ya n'ike agha Prince. Agaghị echefu echefu ihe, ndị a na-kọwara na zuru ezu akụkọ - "The Akụkọ nke nnọchibido nke Pskov". agbachitere obodo e wuru iji ike esịtidem na mpụga e wusiri ike mgbidi, ka okporo osisi gwuru trenches na-etinye ya na egbe na perimeta.

Dawn malitere September 7 hurricane ọkụ nke iri abụọ egbe. Batory mkpa n'ezie na izu na mgbidi agha. N'ezie, mgbidi e ngwa ngwa kwaturu n'ọtụtụ ebe, na n'uzọ obodo e meghere. Ndị nduzi obodo nọ ọdụ na nri abalị, na-ama hụrụ dị ka ndị nwere nri abalị na Pskov. Ma-agbachitere Pskov Batory kwụsịrị. Agha nnọchibido mgbịrịgba efehe niile bi n'obodo a, ọ bụghị nanị na ndị agha. All onye nwere ike agha, me ngwa na-agbaji na kasị dị ize ndụ ebe. Si mgbidi ahụ na-abịanụ mkpanaka ndị mmiri arọ ọkụ, ma obi ike na mmeri amanye ha na-atụ bụ n'ụzọ nkịtị n'elu ozu. Na obodo ha ka na-mebiri.

Russian ọrụ ebube

Pskov ama elu abụọ kpuwere Polish eze ọkọlọtọ, na Russian nwere mere n'okpuru nrụgide nke onye iro ìgwè. Prince Shuisky, sara ya ọbara na a na-amabughị, ahapụ a nwụrụ anwụ ịnyịnya na ihe nlereanya ya na-alaghachi azụ Russian n'ohu. Na ndị a siri ike nke Pskov ụkọchukwu pụtara na oké nke agha na-oyiyi nke anyị Lady na ihe onwunwe nke senti, n'ala brightened n'ime Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Alụso otú ahụ perked elu na bugara n'ime agha na ume ọhụrụ. Svinuzskaya ụlọ elu, jupụta na-iro, na mberede sprung n'ime ikuku - Russian ọchịagha adaha ya. Na okporo mmiri na ọtụtụ n'ígwé nke ozu nke ndị iro ahụ, bụ ndị na-elu. onye iro agha ju ha anya, jupụta egwu na nyeghị ya ọnụ okwu. N'ezie, Russian adịghị masịrị na kụrụ ọnụ. Polish ndị agha gburu na meriri n'ụzọ nkịtị na-agba ọsọ.

Pskov bi isonye dokwara na agha - wepụrụ merụọ, wetara mmiri ịkwaga na ha mgbidi ẹsịn onye iro egbe na-anakọtara mkpọrọ. Ndị siri agbachitere Pskov mmeri tụgharịa mbụ na peeji nke ya akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọzọkwa, n'ụzọ ọ bụla na-agbalị imeri Pskov Batory: a ọwara, firing red-ekpo ọkụ cores elekere, mụnye ọkụ obodo, monitory letters Russian nduzi obodo na-ekwe nkwa uru na ihe omume nke na-eru nso na egwu ọnwụ n'otu ahịhịa. Site n'ụzọ, m nwere na-eziga akwụkwọ ozi na-enyemaka nke na-agbapụ akụ, n'ihi na ndị nke Pskov agaghị kpakorita. Azịza ya, ha zigara ke otu ụzọ. N'ebe ahụ Russian asụsụ e dere enye Pskov, adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, anyị ga-alụ ọgụ. Na imegide mebie na Pskov e mepụtakwara ya mines. Ndị na-amaja na-agbaji mgbidi, na-ezo n'azụ mbadamba, nwetara tar esi.

ụwa

Ivan Grozny ụwa ka na-mere, na ọ bụ a otutu ihe mere. Batory tụrụ anya maka ihe dị mfe mmeri, ma Pskov ka na-adịghị ekemende. Anọ na ọkara puku ndị agha Pskov megide puku iri ise J.Randall agha nke Polish guzo nnọchibido ma merie iri atọ izu n'ụzọ nkịtị na-agwụ ike na onye-iro regiments. Chebe onwe ọrụ na ịkwụnye n'oghere mgbidi, na-egwu ala ọwa ndị na-adịgide adịgide bi na rụrụ.

Posada nso n'obodo a na mbụ ọkụ ndị Pskov na ndị nile bi posadov agbabawo n'ime obodo. Iro agha ekpe na-enweghị nkwukọrịta, n'ihi na ndị bi na obodo mee ihe mgbe raids, nkịtị zuuru Polish convoys, awakpo Scout na foraging na họrọ nri nye Pskov. Batory na-aghọta na o furu efu. Ma na 1581, ọ gara ka kpakorita na Russian Tsar na mere a truce.