Education centralized Russian ala: prerequisites, atụmatụ, milestones

The ikpeazụ ida nke Russia na 1132 bụ-apụghị izere ezere. Mmepe nke feudal otu mgbe na-eduga na nke a. Nke a na ya onwe ya bụ bụghị a na-ezighị ezi onu maka otu nke oge. N'ezie, akụkọ ihe mere eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nakwa dị ka ọmụmụ nke oge ochie ndị e ji amụ ịkụnye ụmụ na-adịghị mma ọnụnụ fragmentation. Ịpụta ihe ọ na-echeta ụfọdụ n'ime ndị dere na "Mirili" ndị isi, dọrọ aka ná ntị ha banyere ihe ize ndụ nke fragmentation nke ala. Otú ọ dị, usoro a, site iche, na-eduga ná mmepe nke mpụta, ae omenala nke elu agha ọ bụla ala. Fragmentation "squeezes" nke fiefdoms kacha n'ihu dịrị n'otu na a siri ike ikwu na a otu ahịa.

Fragmentation ekwekọ n'àgwà nke ndị na mbuso agha

Education centralized Russian ala bụghị ngwa ngwa, n'agbanyeghị niile prerequisites. Iji niile kpatara - mbuso agha na 30s nke narị afọ nke 13 ìgwè nke Mongol-Tatars. Ha mgbasa kewapụrụ guzobe nke centralized Russian ala n'ihi na ọtụtụ narị afọ, na kpọmkwem emmepe nke Russia nke dị ike ọgaranya obodo aghọwo a na-agba ọsọ-ala obodo. The isi ochichi n'oge Mongol arụ akwụsịla na-elekọta-ekenye ha ọrụ. Ya isi ọrụ - na-anakọta-adọ ụtụ ahụ mmeri, ọ bụghị na-echefu onwe ya. The ike ghọrọ ihe gbasara onye isi, na ihe ize ndụ ọ na-atụle n'anya nke Mongol.

Echefu "ịkpa" Aleksandra Nevskogo

The akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a nwere ole na ole mgbe nke ngụkọta mbibi nke dum obodo, anwa anwa inupụrụ ikike nke khans. Akakan ihe dị otú ahụ conspiracies, "mmiri riri ọbara," na Russian-isi. Otu n'ime ndị isi na-akwado nke Mongol - anyị "n'echebe" nke okwukwe Aleksandr Nevsky. Ọtụtụ ugboro na iji nke Khans, enye ke idemesie ada punitive njem megide ndị nnupụisi. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ Alexander Nevsky malitere a ọhụrụ usoro ndị eze, nke na-ejikọrọ na ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow.

Prerequisites Education nke Russian centralized ala

Kpụrụ Russia ike dịrị n'otu na-otu ala. Nke a na-facilitated site:

• A nkịtị asụsụ.
• Common okwukwe.
• Joint omenala, iwu.
• Etozu jikoro akaụntụ.
• Njikọ nkwukọrịta, na otú. D.

Development of agriculture

Ezie na mmepe nke na-arụpụta agha adịghị eru a ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na ógbè ka jikota n'oge na-ekwu. Ma ebe ọ bụ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 14 na-amalite ifịk aku imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti otu ugboro-n'otu ala. Ihe kpatara nke a - na kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mmepe nke ugbo.

Earth mụtara ibi n'okpuru yoke. Ma echefula na "Mongolian okpu 'na-echebe megide nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ agha na mwakpo. Udo development emewo ka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ozugbo ohere iputa ebe malitere imepe ọzọ. Ke adianade do, ndị mwakpo ahụ gosiri ọhụrụ ọrụ na-adịghị na mbụ mụtara Rusich, - ozuzu na ịnyịnya ozuzu. Economic regionalization ka mere, na-enweghị onye nọ n'ọrụ aku na mmekọrịta ga-nanị na-abaghị uru. Ya mere, guzobe nke centralized Russian ala-enwe mmetụta na ọ dị mkpa ka ike a otu ahịa. Ma nke kacha nke ọ dị mkpa imechi ndị nwenụ. The kasị n'ime ha bụ Church. On ya ga-atụlekwu banyere.

The ọrụ nke ụka

Ọ bụ oké ọrụ nke Church na guzobe nke Russian centralized ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na n'oge Mongol-Tatar mbuso agha, ndị mwakpo ahụ erughị ya. Kama nke ahụ, ha nyere ya ohere na onwe. Mongolian amamihe maara dịghị ukem n'akụkọ ihe mere eme - dịghị mgbe ha gbanwere meriri iche iche. Mgbe, dị ka a na-achị, ala omenala na nkà na ụzụ karịa ndị meriri iche iche, ndị Mongol-Tatars gbalịrị ịmụta niile ịrịba ihe ndị ha na mmepe. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna mgbe ahụ, ha mkpa ya, ọ na-anọgide n'otu: okpukpe, akwụkwọ, nkà. Naanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onwe e-ejedebeghị. Banyere akụ na ụba na omenala mmepe, e nyekwara zuru nnwere onwe ime nhọrọ, dị nnọọ ịbụ na oge ga-akwụ "pụta."

Iji tọghata Islam, na Horde ama mgbe welitere ihe iseokwu nke ịda iwu nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks na Russia na imposition nke okpukpe ọzọ. Ha ghọtara na ụtụ a na-ewere ihe zuru maka onye nkịtị. N'agbanyeghị ebe ọ na-aga - na Kiev ma ọ bụ na n'ọba. Otú ọ dị, agha na okwukwe na mkpụrụ obi - nwoke a nwere ike gaghị anabata. Life hụrụ ka a nwa oge izu ike n'ebe ebighi bụla. Gbalịa ịgbanwe na - na Russian mmadụ ga-anwụ na-alụso ndị mwakpo.

Na-arụ nke Russia na-eduga ná mpụta nke ụka

N'ihi nke a na Church na Russia na-abụghị nanị anyụ, ma, on Kama nke ahụ, na-eto ọgaranya. E nyere ya ohere iputa ala na e kpara aka ọjọọ agha na mbibi. Ke adianade do, chọọchị ahụ a dị ike feudal onyenwe ya. Iji ya bịara na-agba ọsọ mejọrọ na-emegbu emegbu ndị mmadụ. N'ebe ahụ, ha natara ndo, ndo ma bydi ụgwọ na-arụ ọrụ ya uru. Nyere, n'ezie, dị nnọọ softer karịa na mbụ ukwu. Church puru si ugwo nke iwu na Mongol "ụzọ ọpụpụ," na nsọ Fathers ndị ọzọ obi umeala karịa ego oké ozu.

Na-eto eto ike nke ukwu choro a n'otu obodo

The ike nke ebe obibi na ukwu choro otu ala imepụta iwu ya ùgwù ọnọdụ ọ bụla ihe gbasara onye isi, na a otu n'ókèala sara na a dị ike ndutịm ngwa. Ya mere, ụka nke mbụ ukwu akwado ịdị n'otu nke Russian ala gburugburu Moscow. Ọ na-e-akpụ akpụ ebe a si Vladimir nkịtị niile Russian ala mepere ogologo oge tupu ya elu-enye gị ohere ise ndị dị otú ahụ ozugbo.

Ịmepụta a otu steeti: akpa ogbo (njedebe nke narị afọ nke 13 - 1462)

Creation nke a centralized Russian ala mere na ọtụtụ nkebi. Na mbụ, ọ bụ a ajụjụ nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu isi obodo. Taa, ọ bụ ike kwere, ma guzobe nke centralized Russian obodo nwere ike ime n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Tver, Moscow na ọ bụghị, dị ka ọ bụ ihe ọzọ yiri ka ime nke a:

• mma obodo ọnọdụ;
• a isi center;
• mbụ support khans;
• akụ na ụba na ndị agha ike.

Adịghị ike - na isi uru

Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ nke guzobe nke Russian centralized ala na n'elu-e kwuru uru na-alụ maka ochichi na-ekosa n'ime ọghọm. Hana si enyo anyị enyo nke ndị dị otú ahụ emmepe. Ha mbụ disarmed obodo Vladimir, na-eme nanị ihe ọ na a elu ọnụ center. Cheta na isi aha ke Russia a na-akpọ "The Grand Duke Vladimir." Na ya na-Russian isi nwetara labelụ na ndutịm management na obodo nile. Otú ọ dị, obodo nke Vladimir chigharịkwuuru obodo, dị ka ndị Mongol soro na-apụghị ime nke ya elu. Ha na-atụ egwu ka o wee ghọọ ọkọlọtọ nke ntọhapụ mgba megide ndị Khans.

Mmeri na-na-ekpe ikpe

Mgbe mbụ nwa Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 gg.) Iji Moscow la naanị gburugburu obodo n'ime a dịpụrụ adịpụ ruo nke 40 km. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ ndị na-eto eto nke ndị Germany na Swedes maka afọ 80 mere, ikekwe, ihe niile kwere omume: intermarried na Khan, akwakọba ego, zụta elu niile free knight ala na ndị ọzọ isi, kpaliri Metropolitan obi ya na brutally efịk nsogbu ke Tver megide Khan na mere obodo a n'ala.

mbụ na-eguzogide

Site 1380, ikwere na ike anyị, Prince Dmitry kpebie inye iguzogide Horde. N'ezie, ihe ọ bụla e kwuru na ndekọ na oge ochie Russian authors, agha Kulikovo bụghị megide Khan, na imegide onye nke Tartar nobleman - Mamaia. Na oge a parlance, "upstart" bụ ndị nwere nweghị ezi ikike ofụri Horde. Ma mere eziokwu nnupụisi anana-ihe bụ ugbua ihe ukara Khan Tokhtamysh 2 afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1382, ya onwe ya wee akụkụ ke nkuzi megide Moscow, sure ya n'ala. History akwụkwọ na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe banyere Agha nke Kulikov, ihe ọ pụtara mmeri. Otú ọ dị, nanị abụọ edoghi na-ezo punitive mgbuchapụ nke Russian mgbe ihe omume.

Association anaghị akwụsị

E wezụga agha na-Golden Horde Dmitry Donskoy iso ya akwụkwọ na ndị centralized Russian ala. Site Moscow na-mmasị Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, ebe Beloozero.

Site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 14 mere mbụ nzọụkwụ na accession nke Novgorod Republic. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna iji nwetara onwe ya ikike Dvina ala bụ ekwe omume. Novgorod Kpọrọ ọgaranya trading center bụghị naanị nke Russia ma n'ụwa nile. Nnukwu ego ekwe ya ka ọ bụla iguzogide ndị mwakpo. Nanị mgbe e mesịrị, mgbe ndị accession nke mba niile na-ọnọ nri maka nnwere onwe-n'anya Republic, Moscow iji imebi aha na akụ na ụba mgbochi n'ahụ na Novgorod agbachitere. Aṅụrụma na ọka Novgorod egwuri a ajọ egwuregwu na Republic.

Ikpeazụ ogbo

Ikpeazụ ogbo nke mkpakọrịta bụ nke 1462-1533 afọ - si ọchịchị Ivan III (1462-1505) tupu ọgwụgwụ nke ọchịchị nwa-ya, Vasily III (1505-1533). Mgbe ha, a otu ala ga-adị n'udo nanị n'okpuru Ivan dị egwu. Ọ bụrụ na, n'ezie, nke a oge nwere ike na-akpọ udo. Mgbe nke na-abịa a ogologo oge nke Time of oj oo na-adọ.

Guzobe nke Russian centralized ala (. 14-15 CC) n'ihi ndị na-esonụ na isi ihe:

• Nkwatu nke Tartar yoke.
• N'abụ Tver.
• N'abụ Novgorod.

Mgbe nkwatu nke Horde na 1480, e nweghị ike ike iji gbochie nke ahụ a usoro, dị ka e guzobere centralized Russian ala.

Ọgụgụ oge nke mmakọ

• 1478 - Ivan III ike attaches Novgorod. Moscow ugboro abụọ ụba n'ọdịdị ya.
• 1485 - akpatre enyekwara isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye iro nke Moscow - Tver.
• 1489 - Vyatka ala na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị-Russian bi.
• 1510 - Pskov, nke na-ná mgbagwoju n'oge Novgorod. Mgbe ahụ, na isonyere ikpeazụ nanị otu okwu nke oge.
• 1514 - Moscow n'oge agha Lithuania recaptures oge ochie Russian obodo nke Smolensk. Obodo a bụ ka na-eme n'ọdịnihu ga-aghọ ihe ịsụ ngọngọ na mba ọzọ amụma nke Russian ala na-eduga a na-adịgide adịgide agha ndị Commonwealth.
• 1521 - chie enyekwara Ryazan, ọ bụ ezie na eziokwu maka a ogologo oge, ndị isi nke Moscow gbanwee ya n'akụkụ nke Ryazan boyars.

Achọrọ m na-ekwu na Muscovy, dị ka ha na-akpọ mba a, bụ ndị kasị ibu na Europe. Ma guzobere na mmepe nke Russian centralized ala bụghị udo. Filiks so site mgbe nile agha, bribes, igbu, orure.

Education centralized Russian ala. Politika Ivana III na Vasily III

a iwu nke n'ịbụ ohu nke ndị nkịtị malitere mgbe ẹkụre mmakọ usoro. N'ezie, ihe ọ chọrọ ka ndị nwenụ, tinyere chọọchị. Ọ bụ na Sudebnik Ivan III na 1497 maka oge mbụ ofu mmachi nke nri na-elekọta ndị nkịtị si nwe ala. N'ezie, tupu ọgwụgwụ nke na aku agaghị akpa ogho, ma ya onwe ya a mmachi kemgbe a dị oké njọ na-akpata. N'ihi ya, anya, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekwe ime otu izu tupu St. George Ụbọchị, ke mbubreyo November, na otu izu gasịrị, n'oge December. Otú ọ dị, nke Iwu 1550 Ivana Groznogo na kwusi iwu a. N'ihi ya, a na-ekwukarị: "Were na, nne nne, na St. George Ụbọchị," nke n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-egosiputa mbụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-ndinọ.

Iwu maka mgbanwe ndị nkịtị

Banyere usoro iheomume nke mgbanwe, ihe niile bụ ihe ezi uche. Okirikiri nke-arụ ọrụ ugbo bụ ókè. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ na-ahapụ onye nwe ulo n'etiti okirikiri, ọ ga-eme ka mbibi ya. Ọhụrụ na ntughari e abụọ:

• Short okwu bụ izu abụọ na mgbụsị akwụkwọ.
• The mkpa ka a kwụọ "agadi."

The ikpeazụ mgbe pụtara na ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọ bụghị ndị nwere ikike dị nnọọ na-eje ije n'ebe onyenwe ya. Ka nwere na-akwụ ụgwọ maka manpower uru maka post, ya bụ, ibi n'ulo. Ọ bụrụ na onye na-arụ ka na-enwe na-yad maka ihe karịrị afọ anọ, ọ dị mkpa ka na-akwụ zuru na-eri nke ọhụrụ ụlọ.

N'ihi ya, e guzobere otu na steeti emeela ka mmalite nke n'ịbụ ohu nke ndị nkịtị na ala, n'ihi na e nwere onye na-achị ikike nke ịchịkwa ha mmegharị.