Eri. Sịntetik polyamide eriri

Eri malitere-emepụta industrially emepụta na 1938. N'oge, nke e nwere ndị na-ama ọtụtụ iri na abuo umu. N'ihi na ha niile nwere na-ahụkarị bụ na-amalite ihe onwunwe ndị dị ala molekụla ibu ogige ghọọ Polymers site chemical njikọ. Dissolving ma ọ bụ-agbaze na Polymers nwetara nkwadebe a rụrụ nke ịkpụzi ma ọ bụ spinning ngwọta. Ha na-guzobere si ngwọta ma gbazee, na na mgbe ahụ, ha na-doro gụchara.

umu

Dabere na atụmatụ na ya mara na Ọdịdị nke macromolecules, eri na-na-ekewa hetero na carbon yinye. Ihe mbụ na-agụnye ndị ewepụtara Polymers onye macromolecules ọzọ karịa carbon, na ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị dị ugbu a - nitrogen, sọlfọ, oxygen na ndị ọzọ. Ndị a gụnyere polyester, polyurethane, polyamide na polyurea. Carbochain eri na-ji na na ha isi yinye wuru nke carbon atọm. Nke a na-agụnye polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyolefin, polyvinyl mmanya, na fluorine-nwere.

Polymers eje ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka nkwadebe nke hetero-emep uta eri nwetara site polycondensation na ngwaahịa na-akpụzi si gbazee. Carbochain nwetara site yinye polymerization na guzobere bụ n'ozuzu si ngwọta, na obere okwu, si gbazee. I nwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ otu sịntetik polyamide eriri, nke a na-akpọ siblon.

Ịmepụta na Ime

A okwu dị ka siblon ọtụtụ bụ ihe zuru ezu ọbịa, ma na mbụ na mpempe akwụkwọ na taabụ uwe nwere ike hụrụ na acronym BBM, na-ekpughe viscose elu modulus emep uta eri. Mgbe ahụ ndị na-emepụta chere na nke a aha ga-ele anya nicer karịa siblon na ike ga-metụtara naịlọn na Caproni. Production nke ụdị eri si osisi, dị ka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ adịghị anya incredibly.

atụmatụ

Siblon pụtara na n'oge 70 ies nke ikpeazụ nke narị afọ. Ọ bụ ihe na mma rayon. Na nzọụkwụ mbụ, nkwadebe nke osisi pulp, ọ na-dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ọcha ụdị. Nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-dị na ya owu - banyere 98%, ma n'ihi ndị owu emep uta eri, na-enweghị ihe a ka ndị magburu onwe eri. Ya mere, osisi na-eji na-emepụta pulp, akpan akpan softwood, nke ọ nwere 40-50%, na ndị ọzọ - bụ enweghị isi mmiri. Ha na-chọrọ tufuo na mmepụta nke eri.

The usoro nke na-eke

Eri na-emepụta na nkebi. Na mbụ ogbo nke brewing usoro, n'oge nke osisi ibe nke niile n'ekpere ihe agafere banye ngwọta, na-emepụta a mmebi nke ogologo polima ígwè na iche iche iberibe. Kwesịrị ịdị, e bụghị nanị na-eri nke mmiri ọkụ, dị iche iche nwekwara emepụta reagents: soda na ndị ọzọ. Naanị nri na mgbakwunye na nke sulfates enye a pulp nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka mmepụta siblona, ebe ọ nwere obere adịghị.

Mgbe pulp na-ama gbarie, ọ na-zigara bleaching, ihicha na ịpị, ma kwaga ebe ị chọrọ ya - bụ na mmepụta nke akwụkwọ, cellophane, kaadiboodu na eriri, na bụ isi mmepụta. Gịnị ọzọ na-eme ya?

aftertreatment

Ọ bụrụ na a chọrọ iji nweta sịntetik na eke emep uta eri bụ nke mbụ dị mkpa iji kwadebe a spinning ngwọta. Cellulose bụ a siri ike nke siri ike igbari. Ya mere, ọ na-emekarị converted n'ime a mmiri-soluble ether ditiougolnoy acid. The usoro nke mgbanwe n'ime a umi bụ nnọọ ogologo. First ọkụ alkali cellulose, sochiri a akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ọgwụgwọ, na a ngwọta mgbe na-akpụ akpụ na-enweghị isi ọcha. Mgbe ịtụ uka na-echi ọnụ n'ala mgbe ahụ enịm ke a pụrụ iche ulo ebe predsozrevanie amalite - na e nwere a shortening nke cellulose ụmụ irighiri site fọrọ nke nta ọkara n'ihi oxidative nkịtị. Next e a mmeghachi omume nke alkali cellulose na carbon disulfide inye xanthate. Nke a uka nke oroma-dị ka mgwakota ditiougolnoy acid Ester amalite ihe onwunwe. Nke a ngwọta maka ya viscosity na-akpọ "viscose".

Next abịa filtration wepụ ikpeazụ adịghị. Etisasịwo ikuku atara site "effervescence" ether na vacuo. All ndị a arụmọrụ iduga eziokwu ahụ bụ na xanthate aghọ ka na-eto eto na mmanụ aṅụ - odo na stringy. Na nke a spinning ngwọta dị njikere.

inweta esiwọrọ

The ngwọta e extruded site spinneret. Ru eri adịghị nnọọ ua na omenala ụzọ. Nke a na ime ihe na-esi ike iji tụnyere a mfe akwa ga-ziri ezi ikwu na ọ bụ a chemical usoro na-enye ohere ọtụtụ nde iyi nke mmiri mmiri viscose emep uta eri na-siri ike. Na Russian n'ókèala viscose pulp nwetara na siblon. The abụọ ụdị eriri na ọkara ike karịa na nke mbụ, e ji ukwuu iguzogide alkalis, anụ ahụ dị iche na ya hygroscopicity ala ogo shrinkage na crease. Na iche dị na usoro nke mmepụta nke viscose na siblona egosi na a mgbe coagulation bath mgbe dies bụ nanị "ndị mmadụ" eri.

Chemistry enyemaka

N'ihi na viscose n'ime a bath jupụtara na igirigi ibu sulphuric acid. Ọ na-zubere maka decomposition nke ether, adịru a dị ọcha cellulose emep uta eri. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa iji nweta siblona bath e kwukwara zinc sulfate, ikpe hydrolyzed Ester nke na-enye ihe na-egbochi, otú ahụ filaments ga-ebu mmapụta xanthate. Ya mere, ihe na-enye? The emep uta eri mgbe ahụ doro ndinyanade mbịne na-akpụ. Mgbe polymeric emep uta eri na-foduru nke xanthate nwetara sere polymeric cellulose n'agbụ tinyere eriri axis, kama ebe ha na-enweghị usoro, dị ka a na-ahụkarị maka ot viscose. Mgbe na-eru a ikpu akwara na-bee n'ime shpatelki 2-10 millimeters n'ogologo. Mgbe a ole na ole ọzọ na usoro rụrụ ịpị emep uta eri n'ime Bales. Ise osisi zuru ezu iji nweta 500 n'arọ nke pulp, nke na-emepụta site na 400 kg siblona emep uta eri. cellulose spinning a rụrụ banyere ụbọchị abụọ.

Gịnị na-eme na siblonom?

Na eighties, ndị a eri na-eji dị ka nwekwara ka owu na yarn ua mma na bụghị adọwa. Site siblona mere mkpụrụ n'okpuru wuru anụ ahụ, na iji ya eme ihe na imewe nke Asbestos. Mgbe ahụ injinia enweghị mmasị n'ime ihe e kere eke nke ihe ọhụrụ, a chọrọ ka ihe eriri dị ka o kwere maka mmezu.

Na West na a oge elu modulus viscose rayon emep uta eri iji na-emepụta ákwà nke dị iche na ike na cheapness tụnyere owu, ma ọma etinye obi gị dum mmiri na-eku ume. Ugbu a Russia adịghị anọgide na-onwunwe nke owu na mpaghara, otú siblon atụmanya dị elu. Naanị ina n'ihi na ọ bụ adịghị ma dị nnọọ ukwuu, nke mere ka akwa na uwe anụ ụlọ mmepụta bụ ugbu a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịghị onye na-ịzụ.

polima esiwọrọ

Ha na-na-ekewa eke, sịntetik na keakamere. Natural emep uta eri na-ndị guzobere a rụrụ n'okpuru eke ọnọdụ. Ha na-na-nkewa site, nke chọpụta ha chemical mejupụtara na anụmanụ na nri. The mbụ mejupụtara protein, ya bụ carotene. Nke a silk na ajị anụ. Nke ikpeazụ iso nke cellulose, hemicellulose na lignin.

Ru eri-enwetara site chemical nhazi nke Polymers nke adị ke uwa. Ha nakweere ka acetate, rayon, alginate na protein emep uta eri. Dị ka ngwaọrụ n'ihi na ha nkwadebe bụ kraft ma ọ bụ sulfite osisi pulp. Ntọhapụ nke eri arụpụtara n'ụdị nro na cables, nakwa dị ka n'ụdị staple eriri nke esichara ọnụ na ndị ọzọ emep uta eri n'oge n'ichepụta usoro nke dị iche iche akwa.

Sịntetik polyamide eriri enwetara site Polymers ewepụtara artificially. The feedstock-eji na ndị dị otú ahụ a usoro ihe polymeric esiwọrọ kpụrụ si mgbanwe linear macromolecules ma ọ bụ ubé branched owuwu enwe ọkpụrụkpụ uka - karịrị 15,000 amu na a warara nke ukwuu molekụla ibu nkesa. Dabere ụdị nke eri ndị nwere ike a elu ogo ike, a ịrịba uru ikwu na elongation, ekwedo, iguzogide multiple ibu, obere mmapụta deformation na gbakee ngwa ngwa mgbe mwepụ nke ibu. Ọ bụ ya mere na mgbakwunye na nke ojiji na textiles ha na e ji dị ka a nwee ume mmewere ke imewe nke composites, na ya niile mere ka ndị pụrụ iche Njirimara nke eri.

ọgwụgwụ

N'oge gara aga afọ ole na ole, otu onye nwere ike na-edebe ihe a dị nnọọ otu ebe na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọganihu na mmepe nke ọhụrụ polymeric emep uta eri, karịsịa para-aramid, polyethylene, okpomọkụ na-eguzogide, ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara, bụ nke Ọdịdị - a isi-shei heterocyclic Polymers, nke na-agụnye dị iche iche ahụ, n'ihi na ihe atụ, ọlaọcha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ ọla. Ugbu a naịlọn onwunwe - nke a abụghị a top engineering, dị ka ugbu a, e bụ nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọhụrụ emep uta eri.